scholarly journals (25) Effects of Saline Irrigation Timing on the Physiology and Marketable Yield of Bell Peppers Growing in Mulch or Nonmulch Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074E-1075
Author(s):  
Dagobiet Morales ◽  
Katrine A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Final Harvest

The effect of applying saline water (2.5 dS·m-1) via a drip irrigation system at different growth stages of mulched or nonmulched bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. Red Knight) was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The study 6 × 2 factorial was arranged as a randomized complete-block design. The six irrigation treatments were: 1) control—nonsaline water throughout growth; 2) saline irrigation throughout growth; 3) saline irrigation from transplanting until formation of the first fruit set; 4) saline irrigation from transplanting until appearance of the first flower and from first harvest to final harvest; 5) saline irrigation from appearance of the first flower until first harvest; and 6) saline irrigation from fruit set until final harvest. A measurement of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and photosynthesis (A) rates was performed during vegetative growth, at flowering, at fruit set, and during fruit growth and development. Mulched plants had higher photosynthetic rates than nonmulched plants, although values were only significant for treatments 2, 3, 5, and 6. In addition, nonmulched plants were slower to recover after periods of saline irrigation than mulched plants. Mulched plants had significantly greater yields than nonmulched plants regardless of irrigation treatment. Saline irrigation when applied throughout growth or from fruit formation until harvest reduced marketable yields by 38% and 45% compared with the control plants.

scholarly journals Production of Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) Luckow & R.W. Jobson (Fabaceae) seedlings irrigated with saline water

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-188
Author(s):  
Adriana dos S. Ferreira ◽  
Caio C. P. Leal ◽  
Bruno da S. Guirra ◽  
Salvador B. Torres ◽  
Marco Porceddu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B

ABSTRACT Saline irrigation water at high levels causes disturbance in the growth of more sensitive plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the initial growth of Pityrocarpa moniliformis seedlings under different electrical conductivity in irrigation water through physiological and biochemical analyses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with five water electrical conductivities (0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and four repetitions of 20 plants each, arranged in a randomized block design. Application of the treatments with irrigation water containing NaCl began at 30 days after sowing. To determine the behaviour of the species, the following variables were analysed: stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, Dickson quality index, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass, as well as the biochemical variables, such as the concentrations of total soluble sugars, free proline and chlorophylls a and b. The increase in irrigation water salinity hampered the growth of P. moniliformis seedlings, with electrical conductivity of 0.5 dS m-1 being the limit for maximum production. The results also indicated that the deleterious effects of salt stress on P. moniliformis seedlings variables increase in concentrations of proline, total soluble sugars and betaine glycine.

scholarly journals The Response of Fordhook Giant / Swisschard (Beta vulgaris var Cicla) and Mustard (Brassica Juncea) Spinach Vegetables to Irrigation with Saline Water

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. V. Dlamini ◽  
M. T. Masarirambi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The University

Saline irrigation water is becoming an important water source as fresh water is fast becoming a scarce resource in many areas of the world, including Eswatini, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.  A study to test the response of two varieties of spinach (fordhook giant and mustard) to salinity was conducted in a field pot experiment at the Faculty of Agriculture at the Luyengo Campus of the University of Eswatini.  The treatments were laid in a randomized block design (RCBD).  The experiment consisted of four treatments, each replicated twelve times.  Treatments were salinity levels of 0.0 dS/m, 1.5 dS/m, 2.0 dS/m and 3.5 dS/m.  All the treatments were subjected to similar agronomic practices. Spinach was grown and observed for a period of five weeks.  Plant height was measured and the number of leaves counted weekly throughout the experiment. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between salinity treatments were obtained for plant height beginning in week 2 but were more pronounced in week 3, 4 and week 5.  No significant differences were obtained for the number of leaves.  There were however, clear significant differences between spinach irrigated with none saline irrigation water compared to saline irrigation water.   It was concluded that irrigating spinach with saline water of more than 2.0 dS/m drastically reduce plant growth but not the number of leaves under the conditions of the experiment.

scholarly journals Effects of Saline Water and Two Types of Plastic Mulch on Physiology and Yield of Bell Pepper Plants

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 852C-852
Author(s):  
Dagobiet Morales-Garcia* ◽  
Katrine A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Bell Peppers

In order to examine the effects of saline water (0.2, 1.5, 4.0, 6.5 and 9.0 dS·m-1) without or with plastic mulch (black or green infrared transmitting) on the physiology and yield of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. Red Night), plants were drip irrigated and grown in greenhouse conditions. Salinity did not significantly decrease the rate of photosynthesis until fruit set after which irrigation with 6.5 and 9.0 dS·m-1 reduced rates by 35%-38% and during fruit development by 50% compared with the control treatment. Plants receiving 4.0 dS·m-1 had significantly lower (30%) photosynthetic rates than the control during fruit development. Stomatal conductance decreased as the rate of salinity increased which in turn affected transpiration. No consistent differences in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates were obtained with or without plastic mulch. The marketable yield was negatively affected as salinity increased having being reduced by 17%, 64%, 96%, and 100% for saline treatments compared with the control. The number of fruit of fruit per plant was significantly lower at rates of 4.0 dS·m-1 or higher. No significant differences were detected among plastic mulches and non-mulch condition in marketable yield and number of fruits. Water consumption decreased as salinity level increased with decreases of 11%, 20%, 38%, and 52% of the control value. Mulching the soil reduced water consumption by 30% compared with bare soil.

scholarly journals GAS EXCHANGE AND GROWTH OF TWO FIELD-GROWN MAPLE TREE SPECIES IN RESPONSE TO THREE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BASED IRRIGATION REGIMES

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 879d-879
Author(s):  
Thayne Montague ◽  
Lindsey Fox
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Irrigation Volume

Recent droughts and depleted water tables across many regions have elevated the necessity to irrigate field-grown (FG) nursery trees. At the same time, ordinances restricting nursery irrigation volume (often without regard to plant water requirements) have been implemented. This research investigated gas exchange and growth of two FG maple tree species (Acer × freemanii `Autumn Blaze' and A. truncatum) subjected to three reference evapotranspiration (ETo) irrigation regimes (100%, 60%, and 30% of ETo) in a semi-arid climate. During Spring 2002, nine containerized (11.3 L) trees of each species were field planted in a randomized block design. Each year trees were irrigated through a drip irrigation system. During the first growing season, all trees were irrigated at 100% ETo. Irrigation treatments began Spring of 2003. Gas exchange data (pre-dawn leaf water potential and midday stomatal conductance) were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons and growth data (shoot elongation, caliper increase, and leaf area) were collected at the end of each growing season. For each species, yearly data indicates irrigation regime influenced gas exchange and growth of these FG trees. However, it is interesting to note gas exchange and growth of these FG maple trees were not necessarily associated with trees receiving the high irrigation treatment. In addition, it appears the influence of irrigation volume on the growth of these FG trees is plant structure and species specific. Our data suggests irrigation of FG trees based upon local ETo measurements and soil surface root area may be a means to conserve irrigation water and produce FG trees with adequate growth. However, continued research on the influence of reduced irrigation on FG tree species is needed.

scholarly journals Vegetative and Reproductive Response of Olive Cultivars to Moderate Saline Water Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Weissbein ◽  
Zeev Wiesman ◽  
Yhonathan Ephrath ◽  
Moshe Silberbush
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Soil Leaching ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Reproductive Response ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Olive Cultivars

Selected superior olive cultivars cultivated on a large scale in various countries in the Mediterranean region were tested in a special saline irrigation experimental plot established in 1997 in the center of the semiarid Israeli Negev area. The plot comprised two subplots containing the same 12 olive cultivars in a mirror image design. One subplot was drip-irrigated with tap water (1.2 dS·m−1) and the second with moderate saline water (4.2 dS·m−1). All cultivation practices applied to the two subplots were similar in terms of fertilization, irrigation, soil leaching, and so on. The present study summarizes the vegetative and reproductive response of the tested olive cultivar trees during the 5 years after they reached maturation and full yield. Evaluation of trunk growth, olive yield, oil percentage, olive oil yield, and fatty acid composition of the oil, sodium and chloride leaf levels, and soil fractions up to 90 cm enabled characterization and comparison of the horticultural performance of the various olive cultivars intensively cultivated with the two tested irrigation treatments. The data clearly showed a significant difference between the tested cultivars in terms of growth, yield, and oil parameters. Grouping the tested cultivars in terms of olive oil production yielded the following three groups: Group A—‘Barnea’, ‘Maalot’, and ‘Picholin’—their average oil yield ranged from 8 to 10 kg/tree; Group B—‘Souri’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Leccino’, ‘Arbequina’, ‘Picual’, ‘Kalamata’, ‘Koroneiki’, and ‘Picholin di Morroco’—their average oil yield ranged from 5 to 8 kg/tree; and Group C—‘Picudo’—ranged from 3 to 4 kg/tree. Saline irrigation treatment at 4.2 dS·m−1 demonstrated only a low rate of retardation effect on growth or yield of olive trees compared with water at 1.2 dS·m−1 of the same cultivar in each subplot. The data obtained from the present study suggest that efficient productive cultivation of mature olive cultivars in Israeli Negev semiarid conditions, irrigated with moderate saline water, is closely related to proper soil leaching methodology and maintaining the soil electrical conductivity level in the root zone in a range lower than 6 dS·m−1.

The response of four perennial grass species to sodium chloride salinity when irrigated with saline waters

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Matter Production

The response of 4 temperate grass species (Lolium perenne cv. Victorian, Thinopyrum ponticum cv. Tyrell, Austrodanthonia richardsonii cv. Taranna, A. bipartita cv. Bunderra) to saline irrigated conditions was evaluated over 4 seasons at Tatura in northern Victoria. This experiment followed earlier research where the salt tolerance of ~20 species of grasses was evaluated in the greenhouse. Field plots were established under non-saline conditions and were irrigated with saline water at 1.6, 2.5, and 4.5 dS/m. Measurements made on these plots included dry-matter production, tissue ion (Na+, Cl–, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) concentrations, in vitro dry-matter digestibility, root distribution, and soil chemistry. Soil salinity (EC1 : 5) and sodicity (SAR1 : 5) levels peaked at 0.30–0.60 m depth and reached 1.3 dS/m and 9.8, respectively, for the highest saline irrigation treatment. Cumulative plant dry-matter production was lower in T. ponticum compared with the Austrodanthonia species and L. perenne at all salinity levels, but in relative terms there was no difference in the salt tolerance among any of the 4 species (the reduction in dry weight at 4.5 dS/m was 10–15% for all species). Leaf tissue concentrations of Na+ and Cl– were significantly lower in A. richardsonii and A. bipartita compared with T. ponticum and L. perenne, and in vitro dry-matter digestibility tended to be greater in L. perenne under saline conditions than in the other 3 species. This research suggests that the 2 native Austrodanthonia species can be grown under moderately saline conditions—either under saline irrigation or in a dryland discharge area—in environments where perennial ryegrass may also be grown.

scholarly journals Macronutrient accumulation and partioning in fertigated sweet pepper plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Fernando Noronha Marcussi ◽  
Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas ◽  
Leandro José Grava de Godoy ◽  
Rumy Goto
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Pepper Plants

Information on nutrient demand during each growth stage is essential for efficient application of nutrients. A pot experiment was carried out with a Typic Hapludox under greenhouse conditions in Botucatu, SP, Brazil, aiming was to determine nutrient uptake and partition of sweet pepper plants, cultivar Elisa in randomized block design with four replications. The fertigation was simulated through 2-L PET bottles (neck down with a tube and a flow regulator at the end, simulating a drip irrigation system). Four plants per replication were collected at eight growth stages (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 days after the seedling transplant - DAT). The period of largest extraction of nutrients for the plant occurred from 120 to 140 DAT, which coincides with the highest accumulation of dry phytomass. The highest Mg and Ca accumulation occurred in the leaves, while N, K, S and P were mostly accumulated in the fruits. Only 8 to 13% of the total amount of the accumulated macronutrientes at 140 DAT were absorbed up to the 60th DAT. Between the 61st and 100th DAT, K was the most absorbed macronutrient (60% of the macronutrients accumulated during the whole cycle). P, Ca and S were the most absorbed nutrients at the end of the cycle. Considering rates (g per plant), the most absorbed macronutrients were: N (6.6) > K (6.4) > Ca (2.6) > Mg (1.3) > S (1.1) > P (0.7).

scholarly journals Growth, Water Relations, and Ion Content of Field-grown Celery [Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.] under Saline Irrigation

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania De Pascale ◽  
Albino Maggio ◽  
Celestino Ruggiero ◽  
Giancarlo Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
The One

We irrigated field-grown celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce [Mill.] Pers. 'Tall Utah') with four concentrations of saline water, NSC (nonstressed control), SW1, SW2, and SW3, corresponding to EC of 0.5, 4.4, 8.5, and 15.7 dS·m-1, respectively, plus a nonirrigated control (NIC) and investigated the effects of the treatments on water relations, yield and ion content. In addition, we compared simultaneously plant response to both salt and drought stress by using a modified version of the threshold-slope model. Increasing salinity of the irrigation water reduced fresh and dry weights of the shoots, but increased the dry matter percentage in shoots. The marketable yield was moderately affected by salinity (25% reduction at EC 8.5 dS·m-1). In contrast, a severe water stress dramatically decreased the marketable yield from 23 t·ha-1 (average of the irrigated treatments) to <7 t·ha-1 (nonirrigated control). Na+ and Cl- concentrations increased in salinized plants whereas nitrogen content, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations decreased upon salinization. Midday leaf water potentials (Ψt) decreased from -1.48 MPa (0.5 dS·m-1) to -2.05 MPa (15.7 dS·m-1) and - 2.17 MPa (nonirrigated control), though the reduction in leaf cellular turgor was less severe. The maintenance of high leaf cellular turgor was positively correlated to a decrease in osmotic potential and to an increased bulk modulus of elasticity. These results indicate that it is possible to irrigate celery with saline water (up to 8.5 dS·m-1) with acceptable losses in marketable yield and confirmed that in the field, this species has the ability to efficiently regulate water and ion homeostasis. In the absence of irrigation, celery plants were unable to cope with the drought stress experienced, although this was comparable, in terms of soil water potential, to the one caused by saline irrigation.

scholarly journals Deficit Irrigation during Fruit Set Influences Fruit Number of Watermelons

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 525F-526
Author(s):  
D.I. Leskovar ◽  
J.C. Ward ◽  
A. Meiri
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Final Harvest

Reductions in the supply of high-quality irrigation water from underground aquifers is affecting production and irrigation management in the Winter Garden of southwestern Texas. This study was conducted to determine how growth, yield, and quality of watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] grown with subsurface drip are affected by synchronizing irrigation with specific growth stages. In 1995 irrigation rates were: 1.0 evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the entire growth period (T1); 1.0ET until fruit set followed by 0.6ET until final harvest (T2); 1.0ET until fruit set followed by 0.6ET until first fruit maturity followed by 0.4ET until final harvest (T3); 1.0ET until fruit set followed by 0.6ET until first fruit maturity followed by 0.2ET until final harvest (T4). In 1996, two irrigation rates were constant 1.0ET (T1) and 0.5ET (T4), and two with varying ET rates throughout the entire growth period. Varying irrigation rates with specific growth stages had more influence on fruit set and early yield than on leaf and vine growth. Total marketable fruit yield ranged from 94.4 to 71.8 Mg·ha–1 when 569 mm (T1) and 371 mm (T4) of irrigation water, respectively, were applied in Spring 1995, and from 90.3 to 80.9 Mg·ha–1 when 881 mm (T1) and 577 mm (T4) of irrigation water, respectively, were applied in Spring 1996. However, plants irrigated with constant 0.5ET demonstrated greater water use efficiency than those with 1.0ET. Information on water use will assist farmers in designing management strategies that minimize risks due to uncertainties in weather and water supplies.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Using Saline Drainage Water for Processing-tomato Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 838B-838
Author(s):  
J.P. Mitchell ◽  
D.M. May ◽  
C. Shennan
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Processing Tomato

Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to assess the effects of irrigation with saline drainage water on processing-tomato fruit yields and quality constituents. Saline water (ECiw = 7 dS/m) was used for 66% of the seasonal irrigation requirements in 1992 and 82% in 1993. Yields of tomatoes irrigated with saline water were maintained relative to nonsaline irrigation in 1992, but were decreased by 33% in 1993. Juice Brix and Bostwick consistency were generally improved by irrigation with saline water. pH was unaffected by irrigation treatment, and titratable acidity, an estimate of citric acid content, was increased only in 1993. Calculated quantities for various marketable processed product yields reflect the dominant influence of fresh fruit yield that masked, to a large extent, whatever quality enhancements that may have derived from saline irrigation. The substantial tomato yield reduction that occurred in the second year of this study in plots irrigated with saline drainage water, the gradual surface accumulation of boron, as well as the significant salt buildup in lower portions of the crop root zone following drainage water irrigations demonstrate definitive limitations to the reuse approach and restrict options for the crops that can be grown in this system and the frequency of saline drainage reuse.

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