scholarly journals Growth, Water Relations, and Ion Content of Field-grown Celery [Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.] under Saline Irrigation

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania De Pascale ◽  
Albino Maggio ◽  
Celestino Ruggiero ◽  
Giancarlo Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
The One

We irrigated field-grown celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce [Mill.] Pers. 'Tall Utah') with four concentrations of saline water, NSC (nonstressed control), SW1, SW2, and SW3, corresponding to EC of 0.5, 4.4, 8.5, and 15.7 dS·m-1, respectively, plus a nonirrigated control (NIC) and investigated the effects of the treatments on water relations, yield and ion content. In addition, we compared simultaneously plant response to both salt and drought stress by using a modified version of the threshold-slope model. Increasing salinity of the irrigation water reduced fresh and dry weights of the shoots, but increased the dry matter percentage in shoots. The marketable yield was moderately affected by salinity (25% reduction at EC 8.5 dS·m-1). In contrast, a severe water stress dramatically decreased the marketable yield from 23 t·ha-1 (average of the irrigated treatments) to <7 t·ha-1 (nonirrigated control). Na+ and Cl- concentrations increased in salinized plants whereas nitrogen content, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations decreased upon salinization. Midday leaf water potentials (Ψt) decreased from -1.48 MPa (0.5 dS·m-1) to -2.05 MPa (15.7 dS·m-1) and - 2.17 MPa (nonirrigated control), though the reduction in leaf cellular turgor was less severe. The maintenance of high leaf cellular turgor was positively correlated to a decrease in osmotic potential and to an increased bulk modulus of elasticity. These results indicate that it is possible to irrigate celery with saline water (up to 8.5 dS·m-1) with acceptable losses in marketable yield and confirmed that in the field, this species has the ability to efficiently regulate water and ion homeostasis. In the absence of irrigation, celery plants were unable to cope with the drought stress experienced, although this was comparable, in terms of soil water potential, to the one caused by saline irrigation.

scholarly journals Physiological Responses of Pepper to Salinity and Drought

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania De Pascale ◽  
Celestino Ruggiero ◽  
Giancarlo Barbieri ◽  
Albino Maggio
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio

Production of vegetable crops can be limited by saline irrigation water. The variability of crop salt tolerance under different environmental conditions requires species-specific and environment-specific field evaluations of salt tolerance. Data on field performances of vegetable crops grown on soils that have been irrigated with saline water for many years are lacking. In this study we analyzed the long-term effect of irrigation with saline water on soil properties and on responses of field-grown pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants in these soils. Yield, gas exchanges, water relations, and solute accumulation were measured in plants grown under three different irrigation treatments: a nonsalinized control (ECw = 0.5 dS·m-1) and two concentrations of commercial sea salt, corresponding to ECw of 4.4 and 8.5 dS·m-1, respectively. In addition, a nonwatered drought stress treatment was included. Irrigation water with an EC of 4.4 dS·m-1 resulted in 46% reduction in plant dry weight (leaves plus stem) and 25% reduction in marketable yield. Increasing the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water to 8.5 dS·m-1 caused a 34% reduction in plant dry weight and a 58% reduction in marketable yield. Leaf and root cellular turgor and net CO2 assimilation rates of leaves in salt-stressed plants decreased along with a reduction in leaf area and dry matter accumulation. High concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the irrigation water did not significantly alter the level of K+ in leaves and fruit. In contrast, drought stressed plants had higher concentrations of leaf K+ compared to well watered control plants. These results indicate that Na+ and K+ may play similar roles in maintaining cellular turgor under salinity and drought stress, respectively. The regulation of ion loading to the shoots was most likely functionally associated with physiological modifications of the root/shoot ratio that was substantially smaller in salinized vs. drought stressed plants. From an agronomic perspective, irrigation with moderately saline water (4.4 dS·m-1) it is recommendable, compared to no irrigation, to obtain an acceptable marketable yield in the specific environment considered.

scholarly journals Growth and Water Relations of Sun-cured Tobacco Irrigated with Saline Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 394-401
Author(s):  
G Angelino ◽  
S Ascione ◽  
C Ruggiero
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

AbstractWe have investigated the effects of saline irrigation on growth and water relations of two sun-cured tobacco genotypes, Xp102 and Px107, which belong to the Xanthia and Perustitza tobacco ecotypes, respectively. We compared three commercial sea salt concentrations of the irrigation water (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% w/v) plus a non-salinized control, corresponding to an electrical conductivity (ECw) of 4.4, 8.5, 15.7, 0.5 dS m-1 and osmotic potentials of -0.22, -0.35, -0.73, -0.02 MPa, respectively. The ECsoil increased with the salinity of the irrigation water. At high salinity (1%), the soil where Px107 plants were grown showed a significantly higher salinity compared to the soil of Xp102. For both genotypes, the soil water content increased at increasing salinity and during the growth season. Increasing salinity progressively reduced the leaf turgor pressure and enhanced the cellular osmotic adjustment. The latter resulted to be more pronounced in Px107 compared to Xp102 (0.36 vs. 0.20 MPa). At higher salinity (0.5% and 1%), both genotypes showed reduced leaf surface area, dry matter accumulation, water use, net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR). Px107 roots were more sensitive than shoot to salinity (3% reduction per dS m-1) and compared to Xp102 roots, which showed a reduced development only at 1% salinity. Assessment of plant salt tolerance according to the Maas and Hoffman model revealed a slope of 1-2% for both genotypes, indicating that these tobaccos are relatively more salt tolerant compared to other species.

scholarly journals (25) Effects of Saline Irrigation Timing on the Physiology and Marketable Yield of Bell Peppers Growing in Mulch or Nonmulch Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074E-1075
Author(s):  
Dagobiet Morales ◽  
Katrine A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Final Harvest

The effect of applying saline water (2.5 dS·m-1) via a drip irrigation system at different growth stages of mulched or nonmulched bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. Red Knight) was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The study 6 × 2 factorial was arranged as a randomized complete-block design. The six irrigation treatments were: 1) control—nonsaline water throughout growth; 2) saline irrigation throughout growth; 3) saline irrigation from transplanting until formation of the first fruit set; 4) saline irrigation from transplanting until appearance of the first flower and from first harvest to final harvest; 5) saline irrigation from appearance of the first flower until first harvest; and 6) saline irrigation from fruit set until final harvest. A measurement of stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and photosynthesis (A) rates was performed during vegetative growth, at flowering, at fruit set, and during fruit growth and development. Mulched plants had higher photosynthetic rates than nonmulched plants, although values were only significant for treatments 2, 3, 5, and 6. In addition, nonmulched plants were slower to recover after periods of saline irrigation than mulched plants. Mulched plants had significantly greater yields than nonmulched plants regardless of irrigation treatment. Saline irrigation when applied throughout growth or from fruit formation until harvest reduced marketable yields by 38% and 45% compared with the control plants.

scholarly journals Influence of Salinity of Water for Irrigation on NPK Nutrients Uptake in Greenhouse Traditional Cultivation of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Sretenka Marković ◽  
Dimitrije Marković ◽  
Nataša Čereković ◽  
Dijana Mihajlović
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Nutrients Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Practice ◽  
The One

The NPK nutrients uptake in the production of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) irrigated with different water quality (fresh and saline water of 4 dS/m) has been analyzed in the experiment conducted in the greenhouse of Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari. The highest nitrogen (N) consumption was observed 10 weeks after transplantation, while the highest consumption of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) was recorded 12 and 8 weeks after transplantation, respectively. The highest concentration of N in vegetative part was obtained in cauliflower under saline water irrigation (3.5%), while in the fresh water treatment concentration of N was 3.2%. The phosphorus uptake was significantly affected under saline irrigation practice with respect to the fresh water being with total P uptake value corresponding to about 61% of the its uptake under the fresh water treatment. Irrigation with the salinity level of 4 dS/m resulted in significant increase in the accumulated salts in soil being with an electric conductivity (EC) value 17% greater than the one where fresh water was practiced. Evolution of chloride (Cl-) and its average values during the whole cropping period indicate that Cl- behaved in a manner identical to the one characterizing the EC parameter. This proves that Cl- concentration in the soil can be taken as a measure expressing the soil salinity.

scholarly journals Salinization effects on coastal ecosystems: a terrestrial model ecosystem approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1764) ◽  
pp. 20180251 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Pereira ◽  
I. Lopes ◽  
I. Abrantes ◽  
J. P. Sousa ◽  
S. Chelinho
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Delayed Effects

In coastal areas, intrusion/irrigation with seawater can threaten biodiversity along with crop yields, and the leaching of salts from areas affected by these processes can increase the salinity of water bodies nearby. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of salinization on coastal soil ecosystems due to saline intrusion/irrigation. Terrestrial model ecosystems were used to simulate two soil salinization scenarios: (i) seawater intrusion and irrigation with distilled water and (ii) seawater intrusion and irrigation with saline water. Three sampling periods were established: T0—after acclimation period; T1—salinization effects; and T2—populations' recovery. In each sampling period, the abundance of nematodes, enchytraeids, springtails, mites and earthworms, and plant biomass were measured. Immediate negative effects on enchytraeid abundance were detected, especially at the higher level of saltwater via intrusion+irrigation. Eight weeks after the cessation of saline irrigation, the abundance of enchytraeids fully recovered, and some delayed effects were observed in earthworm abundance and plant biomass, especially at the higher soil conductivity level. The observed low capacity of soil to retain salts suggests that, particularly at high soil conductivities, nearby freshwater bodies can also be endangered. Under saline conditions similar to the ones assayed, survival of some soil communities can be threatened, leading to the loss of biodiversity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

scholarly journals Water Relations and Gas Exchanges of West Indian Cherry under Salt Stress and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco V. da S. Sá ◽  
Hans R. Gheyi ◽  
Geovani S. de Lima ◽  
Emanoela P. de Paiva ◽  
Pedro D. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Chlorophyll A Fluorescence ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
West Indian ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Gas Exchanges

This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between the fertilization with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and irrigation with saline water on the water relations, gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence in West Indian cherry in the vegetative stage. The study was carried out in protected environment, using lysimeters filled with clay loam Regolithic Neosol, with low P content, installed in a randomized block design, arranged in a factorial scheme with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw), and four managements of P and N fertilization, with three replicates and one plant per plot. Along the experiment, water relations, gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated in West Indian cherry plants. The increase in irrigation water salinity reduces the gas exchanges of the plants, but the increment of 40% in N supply increases the photosynthetic activity of West Indian cherry at recommendation levels higher than 100:100% of the P/N ratio, when irrigated with ECw of up to 3.0 dS m-1. The combined action of N and P, at doses of 140:140% N/P recommendation, increases leaf turgor in the plants, regardless of the ECw level. The increment of 40% in N dose reduces the effects of salinity on the initial fluorescence of chlorophyll a in West Indian cherry irrigated with up to 2.2 dS m-1.

scholarly journals Saline Irrigation Water Retards Growth of Amaranthus in Coastal Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogalo Baka Oluoch ◽  
Esther Mwende Muindi ◽  
Elisha Otieno Gogo
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Emergence Rate

Salinity is a major biotic factor that negatively affects growth and yield of crops. Over 90% of the coastal region of Kenya is arid and semi-arid, most farmers in the region use borehole irrigation water which is saline. Amaranthus spp. is one of the main vegetables grown in coastal region. There is limited information regarding the effect of salinity on amaranthus production. The study sought to determine the effect of saline irrigation water on amaranthus growth in coastal Kenya. Two experiments were set up, one at Mivumoni Secondary School farm in Kwale County and another at Pwani University farm in Kilifi County from beginning of September 2019 to the end of January, 2020. The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The six treatments tested were: fresh water alone, 75% saline water alone, 100% saline water alone, fresh water + DAP, 75% saline water + DAP, 100% saline water + DAP. Crop growth data collected were: emergence rate, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stem thickness, root density, root weight, root volume and total plant biomass. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical package (SAS, Version 10) and treatment effects were tested for significance using F-test. Significant means at F-test was ranked using Tukey’s test at 5% level of significance. Amaranthus seeds sown in fresh water had higher emergence rate compared to seeds sown in saline water. Salinity regardless of concentration used and application of DAP, resulted in decrease in height, leaf number, leaf area, stem tickness, chlorophyll content, root length, root weight, root volume and total biomass. The study demonstrates that saline irrigation water in coastal Kenya has a negative effect on Amaranthus growth.

scholarly journals Stem girth changes in response to soil water potential in lowland dipterocarp forest in Borneo: a time-series analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Newbery ◽  
M. Lingenfelder
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Relative Depth ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Flux Dynamics ◽  
Negative Relationships

AbstractTime series data offer a way of investigating the causes driving ecological processes. To test for possible differences in water relations between species of different forest structural guilds, daily stem girth increments (gthi), of 18 trees across six species were regressed individually on soil moisture potential (SMP) and temperature (TEMP), accounting for temporal autocorrelation (in GLS-arima models), and compared between a wet and a dry period. Coefficients were estimates of response in gthi to increasing SMP or TEMP. The best-fitting significant variables were SMP the day before and TEMP the same day. The first resulted in a mix of positive and negative coefficients, the second largely positive ones. Negative relationships for large canopy trees can be interpreted in a reversed causal sense: fast transporting stems depleted soil water and lowered SMP. Positive relationships for understorey trees meant they took up most water at high SMP. The unexpected negative relationships for these understorey trees may have been due to their roots accessing deeper water supplies (SMP being inversely related to that of the surface layer), this influenced by competition with larger neighbour trees. A tree-soil flux dynamics manifold may have been operating. Patterns of mean diurnal girth variation were more consistent among species than, but weakly related to, time-series coefficients, suggesting no simple trait-based differentiation of responses. Expected differences in response to SMP in the wet and dry periods did not support a previous hypothesis for drought and non-drought tolerant understorey guilds. Trees within species showed highly individual responses. Time-series gthi-SMP regressions might be applied as indicators of relative depth of access to water for small trees. Obtaining detailed information on individual tree’s root systems and recording SMP at many depths and locations are needed to get closer to the mechanisms that underlie complex tree-soil water relations in tropical forests.

scholarly journals Production of Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) Luckow & R.W. Jobson (Fabaceae) seedlings irrigated with saline water

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-188
Author(s):  
Adriana dos S. Ferreira ◽  
Caio C. P. Leal ◽  
Bruno da S. Guirra ◽  
Salvador B. Torres ◽  
Marco Porceddu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B

ABSTRACT Saline irrigation water at high levels causes disturbance in the growth of more sensitive plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the initial growth of Pityrocarpa moniliformis seedlings under different electrical conductivity in irrigation water through physiological and biochemical analyses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with five water electrical conductivities (0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and four repetitions of 20 plants each, arranged in a randomized block design. Application of the treatments with irrigation water containing NaCl began at 30 days after sowing. To determine the behaviour of the species, the following variables were analysed: stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, Dickson quality index, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass, as well as the biochemical variables, such as the concentrations of total soluble sugars, free proline and chlorophylls a and b. The increase in irrigation water salinity hampered the growth of P. moniliformis seedlings, with electrical conductivity of 0.5 dS m-1 being the limit for maximum production. The results also indicated that the deleterious effects of salt stress on P. moniliformis seedlings variables increase in concentrations of proline, total soluble sugars and betaine glycine.

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