scholarly journals Preharvest Application of Phellodendron Bark Extracts Controls Brown Rot and Maintains Quality of Peento-shaped Peach

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1857-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyuan Feng ◽  
Baogang Wang ◽  
Wensheng Li ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Jiankang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Peach Fruit

Preharvest application of Phellodendron bark (Phellodendron chinese Schneid) extract (PBE) on brown rot and postharvest quality of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. platycarpa (Decne.) L.H. Bailey] was investigated. PBE at 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg·mL−1 totally inhibited conidial germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation, respectively, of Monilinia fructicola in vitro. Preharvest PBE treatment at 21.0 mg·mL−1 at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days after full bloom controlled brown rot caused by M. fructicola on peach fruit after harvest and reduced disease incidence and lesion diameter by 37% and 61%, respectively, than those of the control 96 h after inoculation in in vivo experiments. The results from field experiments were consistent during a 3-year period. Fruit from PBE-treated trees showed higher activities of defense enzymes, including peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase, compared with those of the control during storage. PBE also delayed softening and loss of titratable acidity and inhibited flesh browning during storage. Total soluble solid contents were unaffected by treatment. The results indicate that preharvest application of PBE may be an alternative for controlling brown rot of peach fruit.

scholarly journals Assessment of Mint, Basil, and Lavender Essential Oil Vapor-Phase in Antifungal Protection and Lemon Fruit Quality

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata M. Sumalan ◽  
Raufdzhon Kuganov ◽  
Diana Obistioiu ◽  
Iuliana Popescu ◽  
Isidora Radulov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Set Up

There is an increasing interest in developing natural methods to replace the current chemicals used for maintaining postharvest quality of citrus fruits. The essential oil antifungal activity of mint (MEO), basil (BEO), and lavender (LEO) acting as the vapor-phases was tested against Penicillium digitatum. The minimum doses with fungistatic and fungicidal effect, in vitro, acting as the vapor-phases, were set up. The minimum fungicidal dose was 300 μL for BEO and 350 μL LEO, while for MEO only minimal dose with fungistatic effect was reached. The IC50 values were calculated and used (v/v) for testing preservation of lemon fruits, in close space enriched in vapor oil. For this purpose, the following two independent in vivo experiments were carried out: experiment 1, inoculated lemons with P. digitatum stored without chemical treatments 7 days, at 22 ± 2 °C, at two concentrations (C1—IC50 equivalent; C2—half of C1); and experiment 2, the non-inoculated lemons kept under the same conditions and concentrations of EO vapor served to evaluate the lemon quality properties. The results showed that antifungal protective effect was provided in the order of LEO-C1 > BEO-C1 > MEO-C1 > BEO-C2 > MEO-C2 > LEO-C2. The quality indicators like weight loss, pH, and firmness were not negatively influenced.

scholarly journals Postharvest quality of peaches harvested from integrated and conventional production systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Seibert ◽  
Michel Elias Casali ◽  
Marcos Laux de Leão ◽  
Ernani Pezzi ◽  
Adriana Regina Corrent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Conventional Production ◽  
The City

Over three years the postharvest quality of 'Marli' peaches harvested from the integrated (IFP) and conventional production (CFP) systems was evaluated. The peaches were harvested from commercial orchards of Prunus persica at two locations close to the city of São Jerônimo, RS, Brazil, and stored at 0.5°C for 10, 20 or 30 days. The peaches were evaluated at harvest, at retrieval from storage and after ripening periods at 20°C. No differences in fruit weight losses were determined. Decay incidence was low, and no differences were detected amongst systems in both 2001 and 2002 seasons, but in the 2000 season CFP peaches were more decayed. Flesh firmness of peaches from the IFP system were greater than CFP fruits in the years 2000 and 2001. In 2002, firmness changed little during storage and ripening. Peaches from the IFP in 2000 had higher titratable acidity and lower soluble solids. In the 2000 season, flesh browning was observed in decayed fruits, always at ripening after 20 or 30 days of cold storage Chilling injuries such as browning, woolliness and leatheriness ocurred in 2002. There were no differences amongst systems related to peach quality.

scholarly journals Use of sodium metasilicate for management of peach brown rot

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizandra Pivotto Pavanello ◽  
Auri Brackmann ◽  
Ivan Francisco Dressler da Costa ◽  
Vanderlei Both ◽  
Vagner Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Flesh Firmness

ABSTRACT Peach brown rot, caused by the Monilinia fructicola fungus, is the main disease affecting peach crops, and it is mainly controlled via frequent fungicide applications. This study aimed at searching for alternatives to the intensive use of chemicals, evaluating silicon doses to control pre and postharvest peach brown rot and their influence on maturation parameters and fruit quality. Treatments consisted of control (water) and sodium metasilicate doses (2 g L-1, 4 g L-1, 6 g L-1, 8 g L-1 and 10 g L-1 of water). The following assessments were made: spore germination and in vitro mycelial growth, brown rot incidence, soluble solids, titratable acidity, flesh firmness, total polyphenol content and fruit ethylene production and respiration rate. The 2 g L-1 dose reduced spore germination by 95 %. Doses of 6 g L-1 and 8 g L-1 satisfactorily reduced the disease incidence in the field, with 77 % and 89.2 % control, respectively. Sodium metasilicate resulted in the maintenance of great fruit firmness, reduced respiration and ethylene production and increased total polyphenol synthesis, but it did not influence the titratable acidity or soluble solids. Applying 6 g L-1 may potentially control pre and postharvest peach brown rot, besides increasing the total polyphenol synthesis and maintaining a higher flesh firmness.

scholarly journals Effect of Alcoholic Extracts of Cymbopogon citratus upon the Control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro and upon the Post-harvest Quality of Guavas

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ana P. F. A. Santos ◽  
Amanda P. Mattos ◽  
Adriana T. Itako ◽  
João B. Tolentino Júnior ◽  
Gabriela S. Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Dose Dependent

Aims: This work aimed at evaluating the effects of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of lemongrass upon the control in vitro of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and upon the post-harvest quality of guavas “Paluma”. Methodology: We analyzed the inhibition of mycelial growth and sporulation of the pathogen at different concentrations of the extracts (8%; 5%; 3%; 1.5% and 0.5%). In the post-harvest assay, the guavas were treated by immersion in distilled water, ethanolic and methanolic extracts (1%; 0.5% and 0.25%) and stored at 25ºC ± 2ºC for eight days. We evaluated mass loss, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, ratio, reducing and non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and pH and the incidence of anthracnose. Results: In the test in vitro, the pathogen growth inhibition was dose-dependent and the sporulation was completely inhibited upon higher concentrations of extract. At post-harvest, the fruits maintained their physicochemical characteristics, and the treatments were not efficient at retarding fruit ripening. Although the tested treatments inhibited the plant pathogen C. gloesporioides in vitro, they were not efficient at controlling the disease in vivo. Conclusion: The extracts showed control in vitro of C. gloeosporioides at 8%. However, the extracts were not effective at controlling the disease after harvest.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa isolates from Brazil: monocyclic components of peach brown rot

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sthela Siqueira Angeli ◽  
Louise Larissa May De Mio ◽  
Lilian Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Beta Function ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Conidia Germination ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Important Disease

ABSTRACT: Brown rot is the most important disease of peaches in Brazil. The objective of this study was to compare the brown rot monocyclic components from Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa isolates from Brazil on peaches, due to the detection of M. laxa in the São Paulo production area. Conidia germination and pathogen sporulation were assessed in vitro under a temperature range of 5-35oC and wetness duration of 6-48h. Incubation and latent periods, disease incidence, disease severity and pathogen reproduction on peach fruit were evaluated under 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30oC and wetness duration of 6, 12 and 24h. Six of seven parameters of a generalised beta function fitted to conidia germination of M. fructicola and M. laxa were similar. Only the shape parameter was higher for M. fructicola indicating that the range of temperatures and wetness periods favourable for germination is wider for M. laxa than for M. fructicola. The optimum temperature for brown rot development caused by M. fructicola was 24.5oC and for. Monilinia laxa was 19.8oC. At 10oC M. laxa lesions produced more conidia than M. fructicola, and the opposite occurred at 30oC. The estimated maximum temperature for lesion development was also higher for M. fructicola than for M. laxa. M. fructicola is favored by warmer weather than M. laxa and the presence and impact of this specie in Brazil must be investigated especially in the South states.

scholarly journals Characterization of Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase and Its Inhibitory Effect on Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth in Selected Tree Fruit

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levava Roiz ◽  
Uzi Ozeri ◽  
Raphael Goren ◽  
Oded Shoseyov
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tube Growth

Aspergillus niger B-1 (CMI CC 324626) extracellular RNase (RNase B1) was purified to homogeneity. It was found to contain two isoforms of 32- and 40-kDa glycoproteins, sharing a 29-kDa protein moiety. Optimal RNase activity was observed at 60 °C and pH 3.5. In `Almog' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Group) `Almog'] and `Murcott' tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco `Murcott') the enzyme inhibited pollen germination and pollen tube growth in vitro as well as in vivo. In field experiments, spray application of the RNase caused a reduction in `Fantasia' nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Nectarine Group) `Fantasia'] fruit set and interfered with embryo development. The biological effect of the RNase may be of horticultural value, due to its potential to control fertilization.

scholarly journals Chitosan-based foliar application modulated the yield and biochemical attributes of peach (Prunus persica L.) cv. Early Grand

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sajid ◽  
Abdul Basit ◽  
Zafar Ullah ◽  
Syed Tanveer Shah ◽  
Izhar Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Peach Fruit

Abstract Background Peach fruits are highly perishable leading to many pre- and post-harvest problems, which adds to the reduction in the potential yield and productivity. Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide, produced after alkaline chitin deacetylation. It is one of the most preferred biopolymers due to its biocompatibility, antioxidant, anticancer, biodegradability, antimicrobial, and non-toxic properties as well as being an economical material. A pre-harvesting experiment was carried out based on the problems of peach and the importance of chitosan. Results Peach trees were foliar sprayed with different concentrations of chitosan (0, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0%) at different times (30, 50, and 70 days after full bloom) to elucidate the effect of chitosan to peach yield and fruit quality. The results showed that foliar application of chitosan (1%) caused significant increases in fruit weight, volume, tree yield−1, fruit firmness, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content but caused significant decreases in total soluble solid fruit juice pH and disease incidence of peach fruit. Similarly, foliar application of chitosan after 50 days of full bloom increased fruit weight, volume, yield tree−1, firmness, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content with the number of fruit kg−1, total soluble solids, juice pH, and disease incidence as compared to other application times. Conclusions It is concluded that chitosan at 1% applied after 50 days of full bloom improved most of the peach attributes studied compared to the other concentrations of chitosan at 0.50 and 0.75, and control for the production of quality peach fruit.

scholarly journals Reduced Sensitivity in Monilinia fructicola Field Isolates from South Carolina and Georgia to Respiration Inhibitor Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Amiri ◽  
P. M. Brannen ◽  
G. Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Significant Difference

Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SdhI) fungicides are respiration inhibitors (RIs) used for preharvest control of brown rot of stone fruit. Both chemical classes are site-specific and, thus, prone to resistance development. Between 2006 and 2008, 157 isolates of Monilinia fructicola collected from multiple peach and nectarine orchards with or without RI spray history in South Carolina and Georgia were characterized based upon conidial germination and mycelial growth inhibition for their sensitivity to QoI fungicides azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, SdhI fungicide boscalid, and a mixture of pyraclostrobin + boscalid. There was no significant difference (P = 0.05) between EC50 values for inhibition of conidial germination versus mycelial growth. The mean EC50 values based upon mycelial growth tests for 25 isolates from an orchard without RI-spray history were 0.15, 0.06, 2.23, and 0.09 μg/ml for azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. The respective mean EC50 values for 76 isolates from RI-sprayed orchards in South Carolina were 0.9, 0.1, 10.7, and 0.13 μg/ml and for 56 isolates from RI-sprayed orchards in Georgia were 1.2, 0.1, 8.91, and 0.17 μg/ml. Overall, mean EC50 values of populations from RI-sprayed orchards increased three-, two-, five-, and twofold between 2006 and 2008 for azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. A subset of 10 M. fructicola isolates representing low and high EC50 values for azoxystrobin, boscalid, and boscalid + pyraclostrobin was selected for a detached fruit assay to determine disease incidence and severity following protective treatments of formulated RI fungicides at label rates. Brown rot incidence was greater than 50% when fruit were inoculated with isolates having EC50 values of 2, 4, and 0.6 μg/ml for azoxystrobin, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. Pyraclostrobin failed to control any of the isolates tested in detached fruit assays. Based on minimum inhibitory concentration and brown rot incidence data, we recommend using 3 and 0.75 μg/ml as discriminatory doses to distinguish between sensitive isolates and those with reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. Results from our in vitro and in vivo assays indicate a shift toward reduced sensitivity in M. fructicola from the southeastern United States. No cross-resistance was observed between the QoI and the SdhI fungicides, which implies that rotation or tank mixtures of these two chemical classes can be used as a resistance management strategy.

Animal Models and Alternatives in the Quality Control of Vaccines: Are In Vitro Methods or In Vivo Methods the Scientific Equivalent of the Emperor's New Clothes?

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Coenraad Hendriksen ◽  
Johan van der Gun
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Vitro Test

In the quality control of vaccine batches, the potency testing of inactivated vaccines is one of the areas requiring very large numbers of animals, which usually suffer significant distress as a result of the experimental procedures employed. This article deals with the potency testing of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, two vaccines which are used extensively throughout the world. The relevance of the potency test prescribed by the European Pharmacopoeia monographs is questioned. The validity of the potency test as a model for the human response, the ability of the test to be standardised, and the relevance of the test in relation to the quality of the product are discussed. It is concluded that the potency test has only limited predictive value for the antitoxin responses to be expected in recipients of these toxoids. An alternative approach for estimating the potency of toxoid batches is discussed, in which a distinction is made between estimation of the immunogenic potency of the first few batches obtained from a seed lot and monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches. The use of animals is limited to the first few batches. Monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches is based on in vitro test methods. Factors which hamper the introduction and acceptance of the alternative approach are considered. Finally, proposals are made for replacement, reduction and/or refinement (the Three Rs) in the use of animals in the routine potency testing of toxoids.

scholarly journals Tyrosol-Enriched Tomatoes by Diffusion across the Fruit Peel from a Chitosan Coating: A Proposal of Functional Food

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Silvia Tampucci ◽  
Antonella Castagna ◽  
Daniela Monti ◽  
Clementina Manera ◽  
Giuseppe Saccomanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Food Matrix ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
In Vitro Permeation ◽  
Active Transfer

Chitosan is receiving increasing attention from the food industry for being a biodegradable, non-toxic, antimicrobial biopolymer able to extend the shelf life of, and preserve the quality of, fresh food. However, few studies have investigated the ability of chitosan-based coatings to allow the diffusion of bioactive compounds into the food matrix to improve its nutraceutical quality. This research is aimed at testing whether a hydrophilic molecule (tyrosol) could diffuse from the chitosan-tyrosol coating and cross the tomato peel. To this end, in vitro permeation tests using excised tomato peel and an in vivo application of chitosan-tyrosol coating on tomato fruit, followed by tyrosol quantification in intact fruit, peel and flesh during a seven-day storage at room temperature, were performed. Both approaches demonstrated the ability of tyrosol to permeate across the fruit peel. Along with a decreased tyrosol content in the peel, its concentration within the flesh was increased, indicating an active transfer of tyrosol into this tissue. This finding, together with the maintenance of constant tyrosol levels during the seven-day storage period, is very promising for the use of chitosan formulations to produce functional tomato fruit.

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