Fertigation Frequency Affects Growth and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Swingle Citrumelo Citrus Rootstock Seedlings

We determined if frequency of application of irrigation water plus fertilizer in solution (fertigation) could modify root and shoot growth along with growth per unit nitrogen (N) and water uptake of seedlings of the citrus rootstock Swingle citrumelo growing in a greenhouse. In the first experiment, all plants received the same amount of water with sufficient fertilizer N but in three irrigation frequencies applied in 10 1.5-mL pulses per day, one 15-mL application per day, or 45 mL applied every 3 days. Plants irrigated at the highest frequency grew the least total dry weight and had the highest specific root length. Plants with lowest irrigation frequency grew the most and used the least water so had the highest water use efficiency. There were no irrigation frequency effects on relative growth allocation between shoot and roots, net gas exchange of leaves, or on leaf N. A second experiment used identical biweekly irrigation volumes and fertilizer rates, but water and fertilizer were applied using four frequency combinations: 1) daily fertigation; 2) daily irrigation with fertilizer solution applied every 15 days; 3) fertigation every 3 days; or 4) irrigation every 3 days and fertilizer solution applied every 14 days. Total plant growth was unaffected by treatments, but the highest frequency using the lowest fertilizer concentration grew the greatest root dry weight in the uppermost soil depths. Roots grew less and leaf N was highest when N was applied every 15 days, implying that root N uptake efficiency was increased when fertigated with the highest fertilizer concentration. All plants had similar water use efficiencies. A third experiment was conducted with irrigation every 3 days and with four different N application frequencies: every 3, 6, 12, or 24 days using four fertilizer concentrations but resulting in similar total N amounts every 24 days. There were no differences in growth, gas exchange, or water use efficiency. Given the fact that all treatments received adequate and equal amounts of water and fertilizer, fertigation frequency had only small effects on plant growth, although very high frequency fertigation decreased N uptake efficiency.

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Nitrogen Leaching, Water, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Citrus Trees Fertilized at Three Rates of Nitrogen

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.780c ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 780C-780

Author(s):

Jim Syvertsen ◽

M.L. Smith

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

N Uptake ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

N Leaching ◽

Volkamer Lemon ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Leaf N Concentration ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

Leaf N

Effects of nitrogen (N) rate and rootstock on tree growth, fruit yield, evapotranspiration, N uptake, and N leaching were measured over a 2-year period. Four-year-old `Redblush' grapefruit trees on either sour orange (SO), a relatively slow-growing rootstock, or `Volkamer' lemon (VL), a more-vigorous rootstock, were transplanted into 7.9-m3 drainage lysimeter tanks filled with native sand and fertilized at three N rates. N rates averaged from about 14% to 136% of the recommended rate when trees were 5 and 6 years old. More N leached below trees on SO as trees on VL had greater N uptake efficiency. Canopy volume and leaf N concentration increased with N rate, but rootstock had no effect on leaf N. Fruit yield of trees on SO was not affected by N rate, but high N increased water use and yield for larger trees on VL. Canopy growth or yield per volume of water used (water use efficiency) was lowest at low N, but N use efficiency was highest at the low N rates.

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590 Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Diploid and Tetraploid Citrus Rootstock Seedlings Grown at Elevated CO2

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.548d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 548D-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.P. Syvertsen ◽

J.W Grosser ◽

L.S. Lee

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Water Use ◽

Root Length ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Volkamer Lemon ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Leaf N

We grew three diploid (2X) Citrus rootstock seedlings and their autotetraploids (4X) at elevated CO2 to obtain insights into limitations on growth and net gas exchange that have been associated with tetraploidy. Well-nourished Volkamer lemon (Volk), Troyer citrange (Troy), and Cleopatra mandarin (Cleo) were grown in greenhouses at ambient or twice ambient CO2 for 3 months. We measured plant growth, water relations, mineral nutrition, and net gas exchange characteristics of leaves. Overall, tetraploid roots were thicker as 4X had lower root length: dry weight ratio or specific root length (SRL) than 2X roots. Tetraploid plants were smaller and had higher root/shoot ratios, shorter fibrous roots, and lower whole plant transpiration than 2X. Tetraploids also had lower leaf N and P concentrations on a dry weight basis. Since 4X leaves had thicker leaves (more dry weight per area) than 2X leaves, these nutrient differences disappeared when expressed on an leaf area basis. Elevated CO2 increased plant growth but decreased leaf N, P, and K apparently by a growth dilution effect. Elevated CO2 also increased fibrous root thickness, leaf thickness, and net assimilation of CO2 (ACO2) but decreased stomatal conductance and transpiration such that leaf water use efficiency increased. There was no effect of ploidy level on ACO2 but 4X Volk and Troy had lower rates of ACO2 than their diploids at elevated CO2. Hydraulic conductivity of intact root systems (measured in a pressure pot) was correlated to total plant growth but variability obscured effects of CO2 or ploidy on root conductivity. The low SRL of tetraploids were correlated with lower rates of water use and lower leaf nutrient concentrations, which may be operative in determining the growth characteristics associated with tetraploidy.

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432 Irrigation Frequency Affects Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Two Xeriphytic Landscape Plants

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.468a ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 468A-468

Author(s):

Linda B. Stabler ◽

Chris A. Martin

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Feedback Effects ◽

Landscape Plants ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Cercidium Floridum ◽

Use Efficiency

Growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of two Southwest landscape plants under various regimes of irrigation frequency was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Red bird of paradise (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L.) and blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum Benth. ex A. Gray) were grown at three levels of irrigation frequency intended to mimic a range of watering practices determined via survey data from the Phoenix, Ariz., metropolitan area. During two irrigation cycles, measurement of mid-day water and osmotic potentials, lysimetric whole-plant transpiration (T), and mid-day shoot gas exchange was made. Irrigation frequency treatments affected Cercidium more than Caesalpinia. Frequent irrigations increased Cercidium shoot length and dry weight. For both species, infrequently irrigated plants showed patterns of osmoregulation in response to drying soil. Transpiration (T) was consistently highest for infrequently irrigated plants. WUE was affected by treatment for Cercidium, but not Caesalpinia. Gas exchange was unrelated to plant growth or T. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) was negatively correlated to the ratio of intracellular CO2 to ambient (CICA) in all treatments, suggesting that under well-watered conditions, WUE might be reduced by negative feedback effects of high internal CICA ratios.

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Elevated CO2 Increases Growth and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Citrus Rootstock Seedlings

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.531b ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 531B-531

Author(s):

J.P. Syvertsen

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Plant Size ◽

Single Leaf ◽

Plant Water Use ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Volkamer Lemon ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Cleopatra Mandarin ◽

Swingle Citrumelo

The objectives of these greenhouse experiments were to determine the effects of elevated CO2 on growth, mineral nutrition, and gas exchange physiology of seedlings of four commercial Citrus rootstocks. We grew well-watered and fertilized seedlings of `Volkamer' lemon (VL), `Cleopatra' mandarin (CL), `Swingle' citrumelo (SW), and `Troyer' citrange (TC) cultivars (in decreasing order of vigor) in unshaded, air-conditioned greenhouses at ambient CO2 (350 μmol/mol) or 2x ambient CO2 for 5 months. CL was the smallest cultivar, had the lowest root/shoot (r/s) ratio,and lowest rates of CO2 assimilation (A) of leaves, transpiration (E), and water-use efficiency, (A/E). Overall, daily whole-plant water use was correlated with single-leaf E. Elevated CO2 increased both shoot and root growth similarly; therefore, r/s was not affected. Elevated CO2 increased A, leaf dry wt/area, and leaf C, but decreased transpiration and leaf N so that leaf C/N, A/N, and A/E all increased. Although plant size of the four cultivars ranked similarly at both ambient and high CO2, the more-vigorous cultivars grew proportionately more at high CO2 than the less-vigorous cultivars. Growing cultivars at elevated CO2 can yield insights into mechanisms determining vigor and relationships between A and plant growth.

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A STELLA-Based Model to Simultaneously Predict Hydrological Processes, N Uptake and Biomass Production in a Eucalyptus Plantation

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12050515 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 515

Author(s):

Ying Ouyang ◽

Gary Feng ◽

Heidi Renninger ◽

Theodor D. Leininger ◽

Prem Parajuli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Net Primary Production ◽

N Uptake ◽

Hydrological Processes ◽

Modeling Tools ◽

Eucalyptus Plantation ◽

Simulation Scenario ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Use

Eucalyptus is one of the fastest growing hardwoods for bioenergy production. Currently, few modeling tools exist to simultaneously estimate soil hydrological processes, nitrogen (N) uptake, and biomass production in a eucalyptus plantation. In this study, a STELLA (Structural Thinking and Experiential Learning Laboratory with Animation)-based model was developed to meet this need. After the model calibration and validation, a simulation scenario was developed to assess eucalyptus (E. grandis × urophylla) annual net primary production (ANPP), woody biomass production (WBP), water use efficiency (WUE), and N use efficiency (NUE) for a simulation period of 20 years. Simulation results showed that a typical annual variation pattern was predicted for water use, N uptake, and ANPP, increasing from spring to fall and decreasing from fall to the following winter. Overall, the average NUE during the growth stage was 700 kg/kg. To produce 1000 kg eucalyptus biomass, it required 114.84 m3 of water and 0.92 kg of N. This study suggests that the STELLA-based model is a useful tool to estimate ANPP, WBP, WUE, and NUE in a eucalyptus plantation.

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Integrated Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Sowing Methods on Weed Dynamics and System Productivity of Maize–Cowpea Sequence on Vertisols

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040808 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 808

Author(s):

Hanamant M. Halli ◽

Sanganabasappa Angadi ◽

Prabhu Govindasamy ◽

Raghavendra Madar ◽

Manjanagouda S. Sannagoudar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

System Productivity ◽

Weed Density ◽

Soil Moisture Availability ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Weed Dynamics ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Irrigation Levels

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of sowing methods and deficit irrigation on weed dynamics, yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) of the maize–cowpea system during the summer and monsoon seasons, respectively. The field experiment was carried out for two years (2015 and 2016) using a split design with three replicates under irrigated (maize) and rainfed (cowpea) conditions on vertisols of a semi-arid region. Treatments included three sowing methods [i.e., broad bed and furrow (BBF), corrugated furrow (CF) and ridges and furrow (RF)] and four irrigation levels [i.e., irrigation once in 10 days (I10D), irrigation at 40% (I40), at 50% (I50) and at 60% (I60) depletion]. The results indicated that, regardless of weed flora (monocots, dicots and sedges), the RF method produced higher weed density (2.09–2.98 No. m−2) compared to CF (2.00–2.80 No. m−2) and BBF (1.85–2.64 No. m−2) in maize at 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). The RF method with irrigation at I40 and I50 recorded significantly higher weed density, followed by the CF and BBF method. A similar trend was also observed with dry weight of weeds (monocot; 24.19%, dicot; 25.52%, and sedges; 29.80%) in maize at 30 and 60 DAS. Higher weed density and dry weight of weeds in the RF method with I40 was due to higher soil moisture availability and higher nutrient uptake due to larger lateral wetting of the soil and greater water use (29.27%). However, the BBF method favoured the growth of weeds (9.33–16.60%) in cowpea at 55 DAS and coped under rain-fed situation over CF and RF. The CF with moderate depletion (I50) method produced significantly higher maize equivalent yield (MEY) of cowpea (10,000 kg ha−1) with considerable reduction in the total water usage (19.33%). Therefore, under a water scarcity situation, growers can practice CF and I50 for higher yield and WUE of maize–cowpea sequence cropping.

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Effect of irrigation frequency and fungicide spray on yield and disease infection of onion

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3967 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 417-424

Author(s):

SK Biswas ◽

MA Razzaque Akanda ◽

M Rafi Uddin ◽

PK Sarker

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Water Use ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Research Station ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Irrigation Water Use ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Bulb Yield

A two-year field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jessore during the rabi seasons of 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 to find out the level of disease incidence under different levels of irrigation and fungicide spray on the bulb yield of onion. Four irrigation levels: no irrigation (I1), irrigation at 10 days interval (I2), 20 days interval (I3), and 30 days interval (14) with 4 spray schedules: no spray (F1), one spray at 40 days after transplanting (DAT) (F2), two sprays each at 40 and 55 DAT (F3) and three sprays each at 40, 55, and 70 DAT (F4) were used. Yield and yield attributes varied significantly (p = 0.05) between sprayed and unsprayed, and irrigated and non-irrigated treatments, respectively. Higher yields were obtained with the higher frequencies of irrigation and spray. Application of fungicide reduced the disease severity significantly, while irrigation had no significant effect on disease infection. But there was a decreasing trend of the disease severity with increasing irrigation frequency. The highest bulb yield of onion (12.45 t/ha) was obtained with a total water use of 245 mm in six applications including an effective rainfall of 16 mm and three sprays. The disease severity between sprayed and unsprayed plots ranged from 1.33 to 3.16 for I1, 1.08 to 2.33 for I2 1.16 to 2.83 for I3, and 1.16 to 3.00 for I4, respectively. Key Words: Onion, disease incidence, irrigation, water use efficiency. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3967 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 417-424, September 2009

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Penggunaan Azotobacter dan Kompos Kulit Buah Kakao Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Efisiensi Penggunaan Nitrogen Pada Pembibitan Utama Kelapa Sawit

Agrosains: Jurnal Penelitian Agronomi ◽

10.20961/agsjpa.v23i1.49042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Wilda Lumban Tobing ◽

Mariani Sembiring

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Oil Palm ◽

N Uptake ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Research Area ◽

College Of Agriculture ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Fruit Skin ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

The University

<p>The expansion of oil palm plantations continues to increase so that it requires quality seed. Nurseries need to be done before moving to the field. The use of Azotobacter and cocoa fruit skin compost is one way to increase the growth and nitrogen use efficiency in oil palm in main nursery. This research was aimed to know the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of palm oil in main nursery. This research was conducted on the research area of the Agricultural Agribusiness College of Agriculture Practices (STIPAP) Medan and the Laboratory of Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) of North Sumatra and the Agricultural Laboratory of the University of North Sumatera from February until Juli 2013. The method used was Randomized Group Design factorial with 3 replications and followed by Duncan test at α=5%. The first factor is Azotobacter including without giving Azotobacter (A0), 20 ml/polybag (A1) and 40 ml/polybag (A2). The second factor is cocoa fruit skin compost, which consists of 3 of them, namely without compost (K0), 125 g/polybag (K1), and 250 g/polybag (K2). The research parameters were plant dry weight (g), nitrogen uptake (mg) and N use efficiency (EPN). The results showed that the use of Azotobacter and cocoa fruit skin compost were able to significantly increasing dry weight of plant and N uptake of oil palm seeds and gave the highest EPN value of 12.93. </p>

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Shade Intensity Influences Water Use and Growth of Three Viburnum Species

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898.31.4.259 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 259-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arjina Shrestha ◽

Janet C. Cole

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Water Use ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Curvilinear Relationship ◽

Total Water ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Daily Water ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Leaf Necrosis ◽

Growth Quality

Water use, growth, and leaf necrosis of Burkwood viburnum, Korean spice viburnum, and leatherleaf viburnum were evaluated on plants grown in 0 (full sun), 30, or 60% shade during 2010 and 2011. In both years, total water use of Burkwood viburnum decreased with increased shade intensity. Water use of leatherleaf viburnum was lowest in 0% and highest in 30% shade. Daily water use was lower in 0% than in 30 or 60% shade for leatherleaf viburnum plants in August of both years and September of 2010 due to greater leaf necrosis, leaf abscission, and less growth in height and width. In both years, growth in height and width, and leaf number at harvest generally increased in all three species with increased shade intensity. All species had a larger leaf area, stem dry weight, and root dry weight in 30 and 60% than in 0% shade. Shade intensity did not influence root to shoot (R/S) ratio in Burkwood viburnum in 2010, but in 2011, a curvilinear relationship occurred between R/S ratio and shade intensity. Root to shoot ratio of Korean spice and leatherleaf viburnum decreased linearly in 2010 but curvilinearly in 2011 with increasing shade. Leaf necrosis ratings were lower in shaded plants of all three species in both years. Results indicate that greater plant growth, quality, and water use efficiency occurs when these three viburnum species are grown in shade than when they are grown in full sun.

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Amaranth irrigation frequency in northeast Patagonia, Argentina

BASE - Numéro 3 ◽

10.25518/1780-4507.19310 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 247-258

Author(s):

Maria Fany Zubillaga ◽

Roberto Simon Martínez ◽

Ricardo Camina ◽

Gustavo Adolfo Orioli ◽

Mauricio Failla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Production Potential ◽

Amaranthus Cruentus ◽

Negro River ◽

Rio Negro ◽

Grain Crop ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Plant Stand

Introduction. The production potential of grain amaranth has recently been demonstrated in northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. This crop under irrigation and in a temperate semi-arid climate showed an adequate development of the plants in their different phenological stages with high economic performance. Objectives. This study explored the response of Amaranthus cruentus cv Mexicano to different irrigation frequencies in the lower valley of Río Negro river, Patagonia, Argentina. Method. The experimental design was of three blocks with randomized treatments (subplots), each one corresponding to a different irrigation frequency. The first six irrigations were performed every 7 days for all the treatments, to ensure the establishment of the crop. Then the following treatments were applied: irrigation every 7 days (FI), every 14 days (FII), and every 21 days (FIII). The following biometric variables and their components were measured: height of plant, number of leaves, biomass and economic yield. Results. The results suggest that the optimum irrigation frequency was FII (14 days), resulting in an adequate plant stand at panicle initiation and allows a proper development of plant with optimal biological and economical yields and the highest efficiency of water use (4.02 kg·m-3). Conclusions. The contributions of this study demonstrated the production potential of A. cruentus crop in the lower valley of the Río Negro river under irrigation, representing the southernmost study on irrigation frequency made for this grain crop in the world. A management of irrigation water of 7 days for the establishment of the crop and then with a frequency of 14 days showed the highest yield and the best water use efficiency.

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