Substrates, Wounding, and Growth Regulator Concentrations Alter Adventitious Rooting of Baldcypress Cuttings

In previous studies, baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] clones were selected for tolerance to high pH soils, drought and salt exposures, and ornamental characteristics. The objective of the current research was to determine the treatment combinations that yielded optimum root quantity (percentage) and rooted cutting quality (root number, length, dry mass, and shoot dry mass) on vegetative cuttings for a representative clone. Cuttings were treated with factorial combinations of one of four potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) concentrations [0, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000 mg·L−1 (0, 20.72, 41.44, 62.16 mm, respectively)], wounded or not wounded (1-cm long basal incision), and rooted in one of three substrates (100% perlite, 100% peatmoss, or 50% perlite:50% peatmoss). Data indicated a tradeoff between potential rooting quantity and root quality measurements in response to different substrates. Although rooting percentages were affected by substrates only at P ≤ 0.10 (53% in 100% perlite versus 36% in 100% peatmoss), there were highly significant (P ≤ 0.0001) differences in rooted cutting potential among substrates as measured by the percentage of cuttings with basal callus. Cuttings placed in 100% perlite callused at 85%, whereas cuttings placed in 100% peatmoss callused at ≈53%. The 100% peatmoss treatment, however, yielded cuttings with significantly greater root quality for all measurements, except root number per cutting. Wounding cuttings proved to have deleterious effects on root quality measurements. Total root length was ≈14.5 cm for non-wounded cuttings and ≈10.8 cm for wounded cuttings. Increasing K-IBA concentrations did not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affect rooting or callus percentages but did significantly affect root dry mass, total root length, and average root length per cutting. Total root length increased from 10.8 cm at 0 mg·L−1 K-IBA to 16 cm at 15,000 mg·L−1 K-IBA. Mean root number per cutting increased from ≈1.6 with wounded cuttings planted in 100% peatmoss to ≈3.1 with non-wounded cuttings planted in 100% perlite. Results suggested that high-quality softwood baldcypress cuttings should not be wounded, should be treated with 15,000 mg·L−1 K-IBA, and grown in a substrate with intermediate water-holding capacity to achieve an acceptable balance between rooting percentage and rooted cutting quality objectives.

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Comparing Vegetative Propagation of Two ‘Schipkaensis’ Common Cherrylaurel Ploidy Levels

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03600-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 69-72

Author(s):

Justin A. Schulze ◽

Ryan N. Contreras ◽

Carolyn F. Scagel

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Propagation ◽

Root Length ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

The United States ◽

Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Rooted Cutting ◽

Nursery Production

‘Schipkaensis’ common cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus) is an important nursery crop across the United States. In our breeding efforts to reduce shot-hole symptoms and weediness, we have created chromosome doubled forms of this cultivar. Vegetative propagation is an important factor in nursery production, and we have found no studies that have looked at comparative adventitious rooting of stem cuttings using induced polyploids. The objective of this research was to determine if rooting ability varied between these two ploidy levels. Semihardwood stem cuttings from wild-type (22x) and polyploid (44x) ploidy levels were taken at the end of July 2015 and the beginning of July 2016. Cuttings were dipped in 1030 ppm (0.10%) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 660 ppm (0.066%) 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) before being set in rooting substrate. After 1 month, cuttings were removed from substrate and data collected. Data included; rooting percentage, root number per rooted cutting, average root length, and total root length. In 2015, 88% of the cuttings from the 44x plants and 63% of the cuttings from the 22x plants rooted. In 2016, 100% of cuttings from both ploidy levels rooted. In both years, average root length and total root length were similar between ploidy levels; however, cuttings from 22x plants generally had more roots than those from 44x. Chromosome-doubled ‘Schipkaensis’ common cherrylaurel rooted effectively, and produce transplantable cuttings similar to the standard ploidy.

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AVOCADO SEEDLINGS MULTIPLE STEMS PRODUCTION

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452016221 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MARCUS VINICIUS SANDOVAL PAIXÃO ◽

JOSÉ CARLOS LOPES ◽

EDILSON ROMAIS SCHMILDT ◽

RODRIGO SOBREIRA ALEXANDRE ◽

CAROLINE MERLO MENEGHELLI

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Federal Institute ◽

Multiple Stems

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the potential of multi-stems in avocado seeds according to their mass as well as the adventitious rooting of multi-stem budding with or without the use of auxin. The research was carried out at the Vegetation House of Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Santa Teresa -ES, with seeds of different masses: <60 g, 61 to 80 g, 81 to 100 g and >100 g, in which each experimental unit was made of five seeds, distributed within five repetitions, under a completely randomized design. The seeds were put to germinate and the percentage number of emergence and multiple stems were evaluated. After 150 days, the following evaluations were carried out: survival of rooted cuttings; number of leaves; stem diameter; root length; root volume; root and shoot fresh mass; root and shoot dry mass; shoot height; absolute growth and shoot growth rate; shoot dry weight/root dry mass ratio; shoot height/stem diameter ratio; shoot height/root length and Dickson's quality index ratio. Avocado seeds with mass over 100 g and between 81-100 g presented higher percentage of multiple stems. Rods over 20 cm that were not treated with IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) resulted on avocado plants of better quality. The use of IBA (2000 mg L-1) does not affect the rooting and growth of avocado's multi-stem plants.

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Shading and IBA Treatment Do Not Improve Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides ‘Emerald Sentinel’

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-17.3.123 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 123-125

Author(s):

Jason J. Griffin ◽

Frank A. Blazich ◽

Thomas G. Ranney

Keyword(s):

Solar Irradiance ◽

Root Length ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Shoot Tip ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Indolebutyric Acid ◽

Rooted Cutting ◽

Quercus Phillyraeoides

Abstract Shoot tip cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray ‘Emerald Sentinel’ (‘Emerald Sentinel’ oak), in a transitional growth stage between softwood and semi-hardwood, were collected from containerized plants growing under uniform fertility on June 4, 1998. Cuttings were treated with talc formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), ranging from 0 to 8000 ppm (0.8%), and placed under intermittent mist with shade levels excluding 0%, 30%, 60% or 90% of full solar irradiance. After 14 weeks, percent rooting averaged 18% and was unaffected by either IBA concentration or shading regime. Similarly, both mean root number per rooted cutting and mean root length were unaffected by IBA concentration or shading. Roots per rooted cutting and mean root length averaged 2.6 and 41 mm (1.6 in), respectively. Results suggest that shading stem cuttings of ‘Emerald Sentinel’ during propagation does not affect rooting.

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Developmental Stage and Growth Regulator Concentration Differentially Affect Vegetative Propagation of Select Clones of Taxodium Rich.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.2.238 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 238-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew R. King ◽

Michael A. Arnold ◽

Douglas F. Welsh ◽

W. Todd Watson

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stage ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Root Length ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Alkaline Soils ◽

Root Number ◽

High Concentration ◽

Rooted Cutting ◽

Stem Damage ◽

Ornamental Traits

In previous studies, baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] clones were selected for improved field tolerance to alkaline soils, drought, foliar or soil salinity exposure, and for ornamental traits. Objectives of the current research were to 1) determine the clonal responses to potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) across seasonal developmental stages of cuttings; and 2) to determine whether rooting and callus percentages and rooted cutting quality (root number, length, and mass) would be sufficient for commercial production should these clones be released to industry. Cuttings were taken from 24 clones at three distinct stages of stem maturity (softwood, semihardwood, and hardwood). Three concentrations of K-IBA were tested [0, 7,500, and 15,000 mg·L−1 (0, 31.1, 62.2 mm, respectively)] on each clone at each stage. Rooting percentages ranged from ≈94% (clone MX1MC33) at the softwood stage to 0% for several clones at the hardwood stage. Some clones such as MX5MC17 rooted at statistically similar percentages in the softwood and semihardwood stages (88% and 83%, respectively). Clone EP3DC16 rooted at low levels (less than 20%) in all stages. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) interactions occurred between growth stage and clone in some cases. Clone EP8DC14 rooted at 59% at the softwood stage but only 37% at the semihardwood stage. Root number and length exhibited three-way interactions (P ≤ 0.05) among clone, developmental stage, and K-IBA concentration. Mean total root length ranged from 2 cm per cutting on semihardwood cuttings of MX2MC31 treated with no growth regulator to 81 cm per cutting on softwood cuttings of TX8DC38 treated with 7500 mg·L−1 K-IBA. Mean root length varied from 2 cm for several clones at the semihardwood stage to 11 cm for softwood cuttings of MX2MC31 treated with 15,000 mg·L−1 K-IBA. The greatest rooting percentages across K-IBA concentrations were typically at the softwood stage. Cuttings treated with either 7,500 or 15,000 mg·L−1 K-IBA rooted at the greatest percentages across stem maturity stages. No clone rooted well in the hardwood stage. The high concentration of K-IBA (15,000 mg·L−1) sometimes induced basal stem damage.

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Antitranspirant Treatments of Stock Plants do not alter Growth and Adventitious Rooting of Shoots of ‘Montaigne’ Lilac and White Fringetree

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-20.4.240 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 240-244

Author(s):

Susan M. Switras-Meyer ◽

Jeffrey H. Gillman

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Root Number ◽

Stock Plant ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Acrylic Emulsion ◽

Film Forming ◽

Rooting Of Cuttings ◽

Plant Treatment

Abstract Antitranspirants were evaluated for their effectiveness as a stock plant treatment to improve adventitious rooting of softwood cuttings of Syringa vulgaris L. ‘Montaigne’ (Montaigne lilac) and Chionanthus virginicus L. (white fringe tree). New shoots of S. vulgaris ‘Montaigne’ and C. virginicus were sprayed with one of two film-forming antitranspirants including Clear Spray® (aqueous acrylic emulsion) and sodium silicate; or Atrazine®, a herbicide that acts as a stomate-regulating antitranspirant. Shoot caliper of antitranspirant-treated lilacs increased more slowly than controls. Thirty days after treatment cuttings were taken from both taxa. All treatments resulted in 80 to 85% rooting of cuttings in lilac after 6 weeks, but cuttings from Clear Spray®-treated plants rooted more quickly. Chionanthus virginicus cuttings treated with Clear Spray® had significantly lower rooting (16%) than cuttings taken from Atrazine® treated plants (50%). In a subsequent experiment, antitranspirant treatment had no significant effect on shoot length or caliper of ‘Montaigne’ lilac. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and location of cutting on the stock plant were all positively correlated with shoot length, shoot caliper, and cutting diameter. Shoot length and caliper and cutting diameter, however, were all negatively correlated with root number and root length. There were no significant treatment effects on rooting percentage, root number or root length.

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EFFECT OF SUBSTRATES ON ROOTING OF STEM CUTTINGS OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES Clematis socialis

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.875d ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 875d-875

Author(s):

C. N. Johnson ◽

D. J. Eakes ◽

L. L. Bruner ◽

A. N. Wright ◽

J. L Sibley

Keyword(s):

Endangered Species ◽

Root Growth ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Root Length ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Root Initiation ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Cutting Propagation ◽

Root Quality

Clematis socialis Kral, also known as the Alabama Leatherflower, is an endangered species with only six known populations in northeast Alabama and northwest Georgia. Cutting propagation of the species would be beneficial for establishing additional self-sustaining populations and providing genetic material for future hybridization. A study conducted in 2000 and 2004 determined the effects of four nonamended substrates on root initiation and growth, as well as survival of C. socialis stem cuttings. Of the four substrates tested, including sand, perlite, vermiculite, and 1:1:1 (by volume) peat (P): pine bark (PB): sand (S), cutting survival was highest in sand in both 2000 and 2004. In 2000, sand also produced the longest roots and highest root quality. Vermiculite produced the longest and most roots and highest root quality in the 2004 study. In 2004, cuttings rooted in fine-particled substrates, such as sand and vermiculite, had higher cutting survival, root growth, root number, and root quality than those rooted in perlite and 1:1:1 (by volume) P:PB:S. The 1:1:1 P:PB:S substrate produced the lowest averages for all data collected in both the 2000 and 2004 studies. Sand was among the two highest performing media in both years, regardless of differences in IBA concentration, misting times, and environmental conditions, making it the overall best substrate for rooting C. socialis stem cuttings. Increasing the concentration of IBA in the rooting solution, providing a cooler environment, and decreasing the number and duration of misting cycles the cuttings received increased cutting survival, root length, root number, and root quality for all four substrates from 2000 to 2004.

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193 Fine Root Turnover and Mycorrhizal Morphotypes in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.424b ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 424B-424

Author(s):

Wei Qiang Yang ◽

Amy K. Dunbar ◽

Mary A. Topa

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Root Length ◽

Fine Root ◽

Root Turnover ◽

Root Production ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Root Number ◽

Fine Root Turnover

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is the most widely planted tree species in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. To maximize its aboveground yield, it is vital to understand how root production, particularly fine root production, affects root carbon allocation to its root systems under various environmental conditions. Over a 2-year period (1998-99), we conducted a field study using minirhizotron technology to investigate fine root production and turn over in four families of a 6-year-old loblolly pine stand in Scotland County, N.C. A total of 144 minirhizotron tubes were installed to examine potential genetic differences in fertilizer effects on fine root turnover. Data analyses indicated an interaction between these families and fertilizer treatments for total fine root length and total fine root number. The effect of treatment on total root length was less clear in the faster-growing families. However, fertilization increased total root length in a slow-growing family but decreased total root length in a faster-growing family. Total root number was decreased by fertilizer treatment in the two fastest-growing families, but increased in the two slowest-growing families. Because ectomycorrhizae are significant carbon sinks in pine root systems and more than 90% of short roots in these loblolly pine families were colonized, ectomycorrhizal short roots (clusters) were classified into nine different morphotypes. No treatment and family interactions were found. Fertilizer treatment decreased the number of mycorrhizal clusters per unit root length. Dark and brown morphotypes were dominant mycorrhizal morphotypes among all the families. Our results suggest possible genetic differences and treatment effects on root system carbon demands of loblolly pine.

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Shoot and Root Responses to Water Deficits in Rainfed Lowland Rice

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9860567 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 567 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

RT Cruz ◽

JC O'Toole ◽

M Dingkuhn ◽

EB Yambao ◽

M Thangaraj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Mechanical Impedance ◽

Rice Cultivar ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Land Area ◽

Area Index

A field study was conducted to determine the response of the rice cultivar IR54 to a gradient of soil moisture conditions imposed for 19 days at the vegetative stage using a line source sprinkler system. A mild plant water stress at the vegetative growth stage decreased tiller number, leaf area index (LAI), apparent canopy photosynthetic rates, leaf nitrogen per unit land area, shoot and total root dry mass, and total root length density. After complete stress relief by reflooding, LAI and crop growth remained below that of unstressed plants. The lower cumulative assimilation per unit land area in the stressed treatments resulted in reduced shoot and root dry matter yields and lower grain yields. Water stress increased the ratio of shoot dry mass to root dry mass, and the ratio of leaf area to total root length. The decrease in root length was attributed to increased soil mechanical impedance.

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Stumping Height, Crown Position, and Age of Parent Tree Influence Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Fraser Fir

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.771 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 771-777 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Christopher L. Rosier ◽

John Frampton ◽

Barry Goldfarb ◽

Farrell C. Wise ◽

Frank A. Blazich

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Primary Root ◽

Quantitative Description ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Tree Age ◽

Root Production ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Fraser Fir ◽

Primary Roots

Two experiments were conducted to develop a protocol for rooting stem cuttings from 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees. The first experiment tested the effect of stumping treatments and tree age on shoot production and subsequent adventitious rooting. One auxin concentration [4 mm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)] and a nonauxin control were tested. Stock plants were stumped to the first whorl (trees in the field 3 and 5 years) or the first, third, and fifth whorls (trees in the field 7 years). Intact (nonstumped) controls were also included for each age. The second experiment was designed to create a quantitative description of the effects that crown (foliage and above ground branches of a tree) position have on the rooting of stem cuttings collected from stumped and nonstumped trees. The exact position was determined by measuring the distance from the stem, height from the ground, and the degrees from north. Crown positions were recorded as cuttings were collected and then cuttings were tested for rooting response. The rooting traits assessed in both experiments included rooting percentage, percent mortality, number of primary roots, total root length, root symmetry, and root angle. In the first experiment, rooting percentage, primary root production, and total root length increased as the age of the stock plant decreased and the severity of the stumping treatment increased. Auxin treatment significantly increased rooting percentage, root production, root lengths, and root symmetry while decreasing mortality. Overall, the highest rooting percentages (51%) and the greatest number of primary roots (8.1) occurred when 3-year-old stock plants were stumped to the first whorl and treated the cuttings with 4 mm IBA. The greatest total root lengths (335 mm) occurred in cuttings from the 3-year-old stock plants. In the second experiment, rooting percentage was significantly affected by the position from which the cuttings were collected. Cuttings collected lower in the crown and closer to the main stem rooted more frequently than cuttings collected from the outer and upper crown.

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Cutting Type and IBA Treatment Duration Affect Teucrium fruticans Adventitious Root Quality

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4229611 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 478-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Leo SABATINO ◽

Fabio D’ANNA ◽

Giovanni IAPICHINO

Keyword(s):

Acid Solution ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Root Development ◽

Root Length ◽

Treatment Duration ◽

Acid Treatment ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

Root Quality

Root development of stem cuttings of Silver Germander (Teucrium fruticans) was investigated in relation to cutting type and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment. Terminal cuttings of a clone grown in Sicily were trimmed to three types: terminal cuttings with apex (TWA), terminal cuttings without apex (TWOA) or sub-terminal cuttings (ST). To verify the cutting response to exogenous auxin, cuttings were dipped to a 2.0 cm depth in a 0.5% indole-3-butyric acid solution for 0, 5 or 7 minutes. Overall percent survival was 97 to 98%. Rooting percent, root number and root length were affected by cutting type and indole-3-butyric acid treatment. In general, TWA cuttings demonstrated a higher capacity to form roots than cuttings without apex (TWOA and ST cuttings). In absence of indole-3-butyric acid treatment, TWA and ST cuttings gave higher rooting percentages than TWOA cuttings. Exposing cuttings to indole-3-butyric acid improved percent rooting, number of roots per cutting and root length. The best results in terms of rooting percentage and root number per cuttings were obtained with TWA cuttings in combination with 7 min indole-3-butyric acid basal dip. However, cuttings taken farther down the stem, such as sub-terminal cuttings gave satisfactory rooting performance as well. We suggest that the use of all cutting types tested associated to indole-3-butyric acid basal dip for 5 or 7 min may be beneficial to propagators wishing to produce T. fruticans rooted cuttings with well-developed root system.

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