scholarly journals White Clover (Trifolium repens) Establishment within Dormant Bermudagrass Turf: Cultural Considerations, Establishment Timing, Seeding Rate, and Cool-season Companion Grass Species

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1556-1561
Author(s):  
James D. McCurdy ◽  
J. Scott McElroy ◽  
Elizabeth A. Guertal
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Cultural Considerations ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Mechanical Surface ◽  
Initial Seeding

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) inclusion is a proposed means of increasing the sustainability of certain low-maintenance turfgrass scenarios through increased pollinator habitat and as a result of the legume’s ability to biologically fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). Proper white clover establishment is key to maximizing stand uniformity and N contribution to associated grasses. However, there are few guidelines for white clover establishment within warm-season turfgrasses. Four studies were conducted to evaluate seeded white clover establishment within a dormant hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy × C. dactylon (L.) Pers.] lawn as affected by 1) pre-seeding mechanical surface disruption; 2) establishment timing; 3) seeding rate; and 4) companion grass species. White clover establishment was improved by scalping before October seeding, but these effects were not further enhanced by the addition of verticutting or hollow tine aerification. Unscalped turfgrass yielded nearly 50% lower white clover densities than those scalped before seeding, possibly as a result of decreased seed-to-soil contact and increased bermudagrass competition. January and February establishment dates generally yielded the lowest spring clover densities, whereas October timing yielded superior establishment. Clover densities resulting from six seeding rates (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 g live seed/m2) were fit to the linear model (y = y0 + axb, where y equals trifoliate leaves/m2 and x is equal to initial seeding rate). An important feature of this model was that it accurately represented the diminishing response of increasing seeding rate. Clover establishment was negatively correlated with companion grass densities with the largest densities occurring when planted with tall fescue and the smallest when planted with annual ryegrass. Ultimately, scalping alone or in combination with other mechanical surface disruption should be paired with a clover variety acceptable to the height of cut and the environmental conditions of individual scenarios. Likewise, seeding rates and the decision to include a cool-season companion grass species will be dependent on the use of a turf and the desired green cover.

General effects of management and grazing by domestic livestock on the rangelands of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales.

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
RDB Whalley ◽  
GG Robinson ◽  
JA Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Natural Pasture

Three major pasture types probably occurred on the Northern Tablelands prior to European settlement. The dominants were probably Poa sieberana Spreng. and Themeda australis (R.Br.1 Stapf. at the higher elevations, T. australis, P. Sieberana and Sorghum leiocladum (Hack.) C.E. Hubbard on fine textured soils at lower elevations and T. australis, Aristida ramosa (R.Br.) and Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.1 A. Camus. on coarse textured soils. The subsidiary species composition of these pasture types is also suggested, derived from fragmentary early accounts, earlier published work and observations on the behaviour under grazing of the different species involved. The characteristics of the important native and naturalised grass species are described. These species are classified into warm season perennials, warm season annuals, cool season perennials and cool season annuals. The native warm season perennials is the largest group of species at present on the Tablelands. The effects of grazing on the species composition of natural pastures is described. The grazing behaviour of merino sheep leads to a striking zonation of herbaceous species resulting from uneven grazing intensity and distribution of dung and urine. Data from an unreplicated stocking rate by superphosphate application rate trial at Shannon Vale are presented. This trial indicated that the proportion of white clover in the pasture depended on both stocking rate and superphosphate rate and that the proportion of Danthonia spp. increased when white clover decreased. Wool production data are also presented which show that high levels of pro- ductivity per hectare can be obtained from topdressed natural pastures. A number of different natural pasture types occur on the Tablelands. A schemeis presented showing the interrelationship$ between the original and the present pasture types as affected by grazing intensity and the addition or depletion of plant nutrients.

scholarly journals Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Thomas Serensits ◽  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.

Grass-white clover relationships during pasture development. 1. Effect of superphosphate

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Wolfe ◽  
A Lazenby
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Clover Content

The effects of superphosphate (0, 42, 125, and 375 kg ha-1 year-1), grass species (tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and phalaris) and grass seeding rate (0, 1.1, 4.5, and 17.9 kg ha-1) on the productivity and botanical composition of grass-white clover pastures were investigated from 1967 to 1970 on a previously unfertilized site at Armidale, New South Wales. In all years, total pasture yields were increased by each additional increment of superphosphate applied. During the establishment year, the addition of 375 kg ha-1 superphosphate increased clover dry matter yield by more than 3500 kg ha-1, whereas grass production was low (< 1500 kg ha-1) on all treatments. Thereafter, the increases in grass yields at each level of superphosphate were the equal of, or exceeded, the clover responses, which were mainly linear throughout the experiment. Neither grass seeding rate nor grass species had a major effect on total pasture productivity. Their effects on the relative yields of the grass and clover components were most evident at the highest rate of superphosphate. At SP0, grass and clover percentages declined from 1967 to 1970 and at SP125 the proportions of grass, clover and weeds were about equal in all years. At SP375, the strong overall trend from clover-dominance in 1967 to grass-dominance in 1970 was most rapid in treatments sown with 4.5 or 17.9 kg ha-1 grass and least rapid in phalaris-white clover pastures. In 1969 and 1970, when most pastures at SP375, had reached the grass-dominant stage of their development, within-year fluctuations in grass and clover content were least in the fescue-white clover pastures.

Effect of Aminocyclopyrachlor on Seedling Grasses

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie L. Wirt ◽  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Western Wheatgrass ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

When invasive weeds are removed with herbicides, revegetation of native species is often desirable. The extended soil activity of aminocyclopyrachlor is important for long-term weed control but could reduce recovery of native species as well. The effect of aminocyclopyrachlor applied alone or with chlorsulfuron on cool- and warm-season grass species commonly used for revegetation was evaluated. The cool-season grasses included green needlegrass, intermediate wheatgrass, and western wheatgrass, whereas the warm-season grasses were big bluestem, sideoats grama, and switchgrass. A separate experiment was conducted for each species. Aminocyclopyrachlor was applied at 91 to 329 g ha−1 alone or with chlorsulfuron from 42 to 133 g ha−1 approximately 30 d after emergence. Warm-season grasses generally were more tolerant of aminocyclopyrachlor than the cool-season grasses evaluated in this study. Switchgrass and big bluestem were the most tolerant of the warm-season species when aminocyclopyrachlor was applied at 168 g ha−1 and averaged 199 and 150% forage production, respectively, compared with the control. Green needlegrass was the most tolerant cool-season grass. Western wheatgrass was the least tolerant species evaluated because forage production only averaged 32% of the control the year after treatment and thus would not be suitable for seeding if aminocyclopyrachlor was applied. The effect of chlorsulfuron applied with aminocyclopyrachlor varied by grass species. For example, green needlegrass injury 8 wk after treatment (WAT) averaged 30 and 48% when aminocylopyrachlor was applied alone, respectively, but injury was reduced to less than 16% when aminocyclopyrachlor was applied with chlorsulfuron. However, injury on the less-tolerant intermediate wheatgrass ranged from 48 to 92% by 4 WAT when aminocyclopyrachlor was applied alone and from 60 to 86% when chlorsulfuron was included in the treatment.

Assessment of genetic diversity in cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) detected by SSR polymorphisms

Genome ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 919-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie George ◽  
Mark P Dobrowolski ◽  
Eline van Zijll de Jong ◽  
Noel O.I Cogan ◽  
Kevin F Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Simple Sequence

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an important temperate pasture legume that plays a key role as a companion to grass species, such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Due to the outbreeding nature of white clover, cultivars are highly heterogeneous. Genetic diversity was assessed using 16 elite cultivars from Europe, North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. Fifteen simple sequence repeat markers that detect single, codominant polymorphic genetic loci were selected for the study. The genetic relationships among individuals were compared using phenetic clustering, and those among cultivars were compared using nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Intrapopula tion variability exceeded interpopulation variability, with substantial overlap among populations and weak interpopula tion differentiation. No obvious or significant differentiation was observed on the basis of morphology or geographic origin of the cultivars. The number of parental genotypes used to derive each cultivar was not a major determinant of genome-wide genetic diversity. The outcomes of this assessment of genetic variation in elite white clover germplasm pools have important implications for the feasibility of molecular marker-based cultivar discrimination, and will be used to assist the design of linkage disequilibrium mapping strategies for marker-trait association.Key words: white clover, allotetraploid, genetic diversity, polymorphism, simple sequence repeat, cluster analysis, nonmetric multidimensional scaling.

COMPARISON OF HUIA WHITE CLOVER AND MAKU LOTUS OVERSOWN SEPARATELY OR AS A MIXTURE

1976 ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
W.L. Lowther
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Grassland Soil ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tussock Grassland ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Four Levels

Results are given from two experiments comparing the establishment and production of 'Grasslands Huia' white clover (Trifolium repens) aid 'Grasslands Maku' lotus (Lofus pedunculatus) . 'These were oversown alone or as a mixture on to a low-fertility, acid, tussock grassland soil (pH 4.6) near Berwick, Otago. Establishment of both species was slow and in the second year there were only small differences in yield between white clover and lotus. However, in the third year iotus markedly outyielded white clover in the presence and absence of lime; at four levels of P from 7.5 to 60 kg/ha; and at seeding rates from 2 to 10 kg/ha. Lotus also outyielded the lotus/white clover mixture at the .5 and 10 kg/ha seeding rate.

Growth and survival of white clover (Trifolium repens) transplanted into patches of different grass species

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1243-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loyal A. Mehrhoff ◽  
Roy Turkington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Reciprocal Transplants ◽  
Neighbouring Plant ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Biotic Differentiation

Previous studies on Trifolium repens L. showed differentiation with respect to neighbouring plant species and local environmental conditions. In this study, we conducted a series of reciprocal transplants among and within different pastures and among neighbouring grass species (Lolium perenne L., Dactylis glomerata L., and Holcus lanatus L.). While the presence of a grass neighbour decreased survival and growth of T. repens, no evidence of differentiation by T. repens to either local environmental conditions or to neighbouring grass species was found. We suggest that T. repens, in systems like our study pastures that have small, transient grass patches, may show inconsistent and ephemeral responses to the presence of neighbouring plants, whereas in other systems with larger grass patch size and a longer period of exposure to selection processes, T. repens show fine-scale biotic differentiation to neighbouring grass species. Keywords: population differentiation, white clover, selection, microevolution, transplantation.

scholarly journals POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO CONTAMINATION OF WHITE CLOVER SEED CROPS BY BURIED SEED

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
P.T.P. Clifford ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
W.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Seed Crops

Buried hard seed from seed returned to the soil during harvesting and incorporated by cultivation, poses the greatest threat of contamination. When a different white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is sown, contamination will occur when hard seeds within the germinating zone soften and emerge. Harvest losses can return 40 to 210 kg/ha of hard seeds to the soil. Flowering management and efficient harvesting are necessary to minimise quantities of hard seed returned to the soil. For a buried seed load of 845/m* in the germinating zone of a cultivated seed bed at sowing in March, 8% of that seed load gave rise to establishing plants of which one-third (19/m') were surviving in mid-October. At closing the percentage crop contamination within the sown row was directly proportional to the within-row seeding rate of the sown cultivar. At wider-than-normal row spaces, (45 cm compared with 15 cm) either inter-row cultivation or spraying for removal of contaminants was necessary at closing to reduce contaminants to a density similar to that in 15 cm spacing treatments. Physical contamination of the harvested seedline, compared with levels present at closing, had doubled for normal, but trebled for wider-than-normal spacings. Lowest percentage physical contamination of a seedline gained was 13% for a 6 kg/ha seeding at 15 cm spacings. The results indicate that successful cultivar change on many areas will be difficult. A buried seed count is considered an essential guideline to aid choice of paddock. Future management systems now being developed, include the use of herbicides and direct drilling, and should help to minimise this problem. Keywords: White clover, Trifolium repens, seed production, contamination, cultivar change, harvest losses, hard seed, cultural practices.

scholarly journals Seeding Rate Effects on Forage Mass and Vegetation Dynamics of Cool-Season Grass Sod Interseeded with Sorghum-Sudangrass

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2449
Author(s):  
John A. Guretzky ◽  
Daren D. Redfearn
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Interseeding annual warm-season grasses into perennial cool-season grasses has the potential to increase summer forage mass and nutritive value. Knowledge of how seeding rate affects annual warm-season grass establishment, forage mass, and vegetation dynamics remains limited. From 2016–2017, we conducted a field experiment evaluating the effects of seeding rates on sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense) density and forage mass and on the frequency of occurrence of plant species in cool-season grass sod in Lincoln, NE. The experiment had a completely randomized design consisting of six replicates of four seeding rates [0, 14, 28, and 35 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha−1] in sod mowed at a 2.5-cm height and one unseeded, non-mowed control treatment. Sorghum-sudangrass establishment increased with seeding rate from an average of 20 to 45 plants m−2 as the seeding rate increased from 14 to 35 kg PLS ha−1. Forage mass depended on a seeding rate × harvest interaction, showing positive linear and cubic responses to seeding rate in consecutive harvests at 45 and 90 d after interseeding. To increase forage mass in perennial cool-season grass sod, producers should interseed sorghum-sudangrass with at least 28 kg PLS ha−1. One-time seedings into cool-season, perennial grass sod have no residual effects on subsequent forage mass and vegetation dynamics.

Some effects of botanical composition of pasture on growth and wool production of weaner sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (57) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
KFM Reed
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Fleece Weight

August-born Corriedale lambs were weaned at ten weeks old and, for the following 12 months, were grazed on 16 plots. Each plot had been sown six years previously, to one of eight pasture mixtures which differed in their grass component, but not in their clover component. Trifolium perenne, Phalaris tuberosa, Dacylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, T . subterraneum, and T. fragiferum were sown. Hordem leporinum volunteered in most plots. Where perennial grass species were sown, Trifolium repens (white clover) contributed less than two per cent to the pasture present on the plots. For the two plots where perennial grass was not sown, white clover contributed up to 31 per cent. The total for all sown clover species present in the pasture varied from approximately 100 to 1000 kg ha-1, or approximately 3-30 per cent. Apart from the two plots where perennial qrass was not sown, the clover species present was mainly Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover). Average fleece weights varied from 3.1-4.9 kg on the different plots. The amount of sown clover present in the pasture accounted for 77 per cent of the between-plot variation in fleece weight and 66 per cent of the between-plot variation in annual liveweight gain. Measurements of pasture growth were made for four pasture mixtures. Total pasture growth showed differences of over 50 per cent due to pasture mixture, yet, when grazed at 20 weaners per hectare, differences in annual liveweight gain and fleece weight (10 months wool), due to pasture mixture, did not exceed 10 per cent. Annual liveweight gain and fleece weight were not correlated total pasture growth. However, pasture growth rate measured at monthly intervals, accounted for 43 per cent of the variation in mean daily liveweight gain during these individual months.

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