scholarly journals Late-season Surface Water Induces Skin Spot in Apple

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1324-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Winkler ◽  
Eckhard Grimm ◽  
Moritz Knoche ◽  
Julian Lindstaedt ◽  
Dirk Köpcke
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Skin Spot ◽  
Surface Wetness ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Threshold Score ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Rainy Days

Skin spot is a commercially important disorder of the fruit skin of ‘Elstar’ apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). The disorder is characterized by patches of small brownish dots (“skin spots”) that usually appear on the skin after fruit are removed from storage. Water-induced cuticular microcracks are implicated in the etiology of skin spot. The objectives of our study were 1) to establish the effect of surface wetness on the severity of skin spot; and 2) to identify possible relationships between meteorological records of rainfall over a number of seasons and the severity of skin spot in those seasons. Surface wetness treatments were imposed on fruit using overhead sprinklers installed above trees grown under a plastic rain shelter. During early fruit development [14 to 44 days after full bloom (DAFB)], surface wetness did not affect the severity of skin spot. However, during the later part of the growing season (greater than 44 DAFB), increased surface wetness increased the incidence and severity of skin spot and also the severity of cuticular microcracking. Most skin spots and microcracks were already present at harvest before storage, but skin spots and microcracking did increase slightly during subsequent controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Over a 9-year period, the severity of skin spot in ‘Elstar’ apples grown and stored locally under standard orchard and storage conditions was positively correlated to the number of rainy days. This correlation was greater for the period between 1 Aug. to harvest than for periods 1 June to harvest or 1 July to harvest. Fruit treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were more susceptible to skin spot than untreated control fruit. Calculating regression equations for the relationship between the severity of skin spot and the number of rainy days (period 1 Aug. and harvest) revealed that the (commercially important) threshold score for skin spot of 2 is predicted to occur after 44 rainy days for control fruit and after 34 rainy days for 1-MCP-treated fruit. Our data demonstrate that skin spot arises from cuticular microcracks, which in turn result from numerous exposures to surface wetness (rain, dew), especially those occurring during later stages of fruit development.

Effects of Storage Conditions on Physical Properties of Cut Tobacco

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 3041-3045
Author(s):  
Hua Liu ◽  
Rong He ◽  
Qi Zhong Tan ◽  
Zhi Huang ◽  
Yan Peng Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Uniform Design ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Cut Tobacco ◽  
And Storage

In order to research effects of storage conditions on physical properties of cut tobacco, storage temperature, storage humidity and storage time were studied by uniform design method in this paper. Intuitive analysis results showed that the best store process parameters such as storage temperature, humidity and time were 26°C, 61% and 32h respectively. Stepwise regression analysis results indicated storage process parameters affected physical properties of cut tobacco such as moisture content, filling power, proportion of long strands and its conversion extremely. And the regression equations were significant effective. But there was no efficacious regression equation between proportion of small strands of cut tobacco and storage process parameters.

Ethephon Alters the Physiology of Young Apple Fruits

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 497b-497
Author(s):  
Daniel Ward ◽  
Richard Marini
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Apple Fruits ◽  
Fruit Diameter

Methods are needed to quickly assess the efficacy of chemical thinning treatments, so, if needed, additional treatments can be applied. When fruit diameter averaged 19 mm, `Smoothee' trees were sprayed with Ethrel at the rate of 3.7 ml formulation/L to induce abscission of most fruits on the tree. The diameter of 10 fruit/tree were measured daily and fruits were sampled 2, 4, and 6 days after treatment (DAT) to evaluate fruit development. Fruit on nontreated trees increased in diameter at the rate of about 0.7 to 0.9 mm/day. Fruit growth on treated trees was normal for 1 day, slowed to 0.5 mm for 2 days, and grew <0.1 mm/day thereafter. Fruit water potential was less negative for treated trees 2 DAT. Fresh and dry mass of treated fruit ceased increasing after 4 DAT. Percent dry mass of control fruit declined on each sampling date, but did not decline for treated fruit after 4 DAT. Cellulase was active in the abscission zone 4 DAT for treated fruit, but not control fruit. Compared to control fruit 6 DAT, treated fruit had elevated respiration and less starch accumulation. Fruits began to abscise 6 DAT. Following Ethrel application. The first indication that a fruit is destined to abscise are reduced fruit growth and changes in water potential 2 DAT.

scholarly journals Comparing surface wetness inside and outside grape canopies for regionwide assessment of plant disease risk

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
W.R. Henshall ◽  
R.M. Beresford ◽  
R.W. Chynoweth ◽  
P. Ramankutty
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Risk Models ◽  
Surface Wetness ◽  
Risk Monitoring ◽  
Bunch Rot

Wetness duration measured by flat plate sensors inside and outside a grape canopy was recorded from DecemberMarch Sensors outside the canopy generally recorded longer wetness duration than sensors inside the canopy For days with rain short wetness durations detected by outside sensors were not detected by inside sensors because of sheltering by the canopy When wetness arose solely from dew duration inside was much shorter than outside for prolonged wet periods Wetness was used to calculate infection periods according to two botrytis bunch rot risk models Agreement between sensors was worse inside the canopy than outside although on occasions when rainfall exceeded 10 mm there was greater uniformity between sensors For regionwide disease risk monitoring wetness duration measured outside leaf canopies at standard meteorological sites would give a worstcase estimate of disease risk Regression equations are presented that allow estimation of inside wetness duration from outside wetness duration for rainy and nonrainy days

Sternochetus mangiferae (mango seed weevil).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren-kang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Fruit Flesh ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Mango Seed

Abstract S. mangiferae is a monophagous pest on mangoes. It is one of the most important mango pests and widespread in most mango-growing countries. Adults usually emerge after fruits fall and enter a diapause until the following fruiting season. Long-range dispersal occurs through the transport of fruit, seeds, seedlings and/or cuttings containing larvae, pupae or adults. The greatest damage caused by this pest is to interfere with fruit export because of quarantine restrictions. The damaged fruits have obvious hard, amber-coloured, protective resin marks over eggs on the fruit skin, often resulting in fruits being downgraded. For late-maturing cultivars, emerging adults can cause post-harvest damage to the fruit flesh. S. mangiferae infestation can increase fruit drop during early fruit development, and reduce the germination capacity of seeds.

scholarly journals Persistence of chloramphenicol in the fish flesh patin (Pangasius Hypothalamus) and tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalal, K.C.A. ◽  
Helaluddin, A. B. M. ◽  
Akbar John B ◽  
Mahbuba Bulbul ◽  
Nur Hafizah, M. N.a
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Extraction Processes ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Antibiotic Residue ◽  
Harmful Effects

Introduction: Increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious global problem. This study was aimed to extract the antibiotic Chloramphenicol (CAP) from different parts of the fish flesh. Methods: Fish fleshes were excised from two commercially important fishes: Oreochromatis niloticus.(Red Tilapia) and Pangasius hypothalamus (Patin). The fleshes were chosen form head and tail region where generally antibiotics are spiked to avoid bacterial contamination while kept in cold storages of supermarkets. Each fish fleshes were weighed and spiked with 20,40,80 and 160ppm of CAP and stored at 4°C. The CAP residue from the flesh was extracted immediately after the first spiking was considered as Day-1. The whole extraction processes were done for 1,7,14 and 28 days. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was used to determine the presence of CAP residue in the tested fish flesh. Results: The results showed variations on the percentage of antibiotic residue recoveries at different concentration. In this study, CAP did not degrade and showed variations on the presence of antibiotic residue in the fish flesh. The recoveries of the entire CAP spiking samples ranged from 4.0% -100%. It also revealed the presence of antibiotic residue in Malaysian freshwater cultured fishes. Thus, the relevant authorities should take immediate action regarding this issue in order to prevent the harmful effects especially to human. Conclusions: Nevertheless, the study portrays that antibiotic residues can be sustained long time in the food products under storage conditions, which might have harmful effects on human when they consumed these frozen fishes.

scholarly journals SONIC VIBRATION AS A NONDESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR APPLE FIRMNESS MEASUREMENT

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 745G-746
Author(s):  
Judith A. Abbott ◽  
Louis A. Liljedahl
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Rupture Strength ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Resonant Frequencies ◽  
Accelerated Ripening ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Vibrational Characteristics ◽  
Puncture Force

Sonic vibrational characteristics of intact apples are related to flesh elasticity which is, in turn, related to firmness. Firmness changes in Golden Delicious and Delicious apples were followed during accelerated ripening and under storage conditions. Firmness was measured by Magness-Taylor puncture force and by compression of tissue cylinders (modulus of elasticity and rupture strength) for comparison with sonic vibrational characteristics of intact apples. Influences of apple temperature, size, shape, and skin on sonic spectra were investigated. Sonic resonant frequencies were significantly correlated with destructive firmness measurements and decreased as storage time increased. Sonic amplitudes were not closely related to firmness. Regression equations incorporating sonic data and size were developed to predict Magness-Taylor force. Use of sonic vibrational characteristics is proposed as a rapid nondestructive method for firmness sorting of apples.

scholarly journals 669 PB 119 VARIABILITY AND INHERITANCE OF RAPD MARKERS IN JAPANESE-TYPE PLUMS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 528f-528
Author(s):  
Unaroj Boonprakob ◽  
David H. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chilling Requirement ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Linkage Relationships ◽  
Made In

Six controlled crosses of cultivated and advanced selection Japanese-type plums adapted to southeast and southwest regions of the United States were made in 1990 and 1991. Over 800 seedlings from these crosses along with open pollinated seedlings of the parents were established in Suiting nurseries. The long range objective of this study is to determine linkage relationships between RAPD markers and commercially important traits (soluble solid, resistance to bacterial leaf spot, chilling requirement, fruit development period). The first step in the projects to characterize RAPD genotypes in the progenies. Eighty oligodecamers have been screened and 57 yielded successful reactions with an average of two to three bands per primer. The variability and inheritance of the RAPD markers in these plum populations will be described.

scholarly journals Progress toward Understanding the Molecular Basis of Fruit Response to Hypoxia

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Dubravka Cukrov
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Environment ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Postharvest Management ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Normal Cellular Function

Oxygen has shaped life on Earth as we know it today. Molecular oxygen is essential for normal cellular function, i.e., plants need oxygen to maintain cellular respiration and for a wide variety of biochemical reactions. When oxygen levels in the cell are lower than levels needed for respiration, then the cell experiences hypoxia. Plants are known to experience root hypoxia during natural environmental conditions like flooding. Fruit, on the other hand, is known to be hypoxic under normal oxygen conditions. This observation could be explained (at least partially) as a consequence of diffusional barriers, low tissue diffusivity, and high oxygen consumption by respiration. From the physiological point of view, hypoxia is known to have a profound impact on fruit development, since it is well documented that a low oxygen environment can significantly delay ripening and senescence of some fruit. This effect of a low-oxygen environment is readily used for optimizing storage conditions and transport, and for prolonging the shelf life of several fruit commodities. Therefore, further understanding of the complex relationship between oxygen availability within the cell and fruit development could assist postharvest management.

scholarly journals Fruit Stem-End Rot

Horticulturae ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ortal Galsurker ◽  
Sonia Diskin ◽  
Dalia Maurer ◽  
Oleg Feygenberg ◽  
Noam Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Physical Control ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Endophytic Microorganisms

After harvest, the fruit ripens and stem-end rot (SER) starts to develop, leading to significant fruit losses. SER is caused by diverse pathogenic fungi that endophytically colonize the stem during fruit development in the orchard or field and remain quiescent until the onset of fruit ripening. During the endophytic-like stage, the pathogenic fungus colonizes the phloem and xylem of the fruit stem-end; after fruit ripening, the fungus converts to a necrotrophic lifestyle, while colonizing the fruit parenchyma, and causes SER. The fruit stem-end is colonized not only by pathogenic fungi, but also by various nonpathogenic endophytic microorganisms, including fungi, yeast and bacteria. However, little is known about the fruit stem-end endophytic microbiome, which could contain new and existing biocontrol agents. To control fruit SER, treatments such as ripening inhibition, harvesting with the stem, application of chemical or biological fungicides, or physical control such as heat treatments, cold storage, or exposure to light have been suggested. This review focuses on the characterization of SER pathogens, the stem-end microbiome, and different pre- and postharvest practices that could control fruit SER.

scholarly journals Effects of the Type and Point of Inclusion of Soy-Melon-Protein Supplement on the Sensory Qualities of “Gari” Semolina

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Oluwamukomi
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Sensory Qualities

The effects of the type of enrichment and the stage of application of supplement on the sensory qualities of Soy-melon protein-enriched gari semolina were studied. Three protein supplements (Full fat, Defatted and Milk residue) were added to the gari meal before fermentation, after fermentation and after toasting. After toasting and cooling, the samples were subjected to sensory evaluation at weekly interval over a period of 32 weeks by 20 member sensory panel of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria in order to determine its shelf life. The panel members were students and staff members who were used to the consumption and sensory evaluation of gari. They were instructed to evaluate differences in overall sensory quality between the control and other samples packaged in HDPE film and Woven sack and subjected to storage at 20, 30 and 40°C. A nine-point hedonic scoring system was used for the evaluation, where 1 = extremely disliked and 9 = extremely liked. Results obtained from other data on the flavor difference scores for each product were subjected to regression analysis based on the critical minimum panel mean score of 5.0 for shelf stability of the samples. The shelf lives for the samples at different storage conditions were determined from the slopes of the regression equations. Results showed that enrichment with soy-melon flour reduced the shelf life at a high temperature above 40°C from 148 weeks to 17 weeks. The shelf lives of samples packaged in HDPE were significantly higher than those packaged in woven sack. The shelf life was reduced significantly by increase in temperature which exhibited a negative correlation with the flavor scores.

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