scholarly journals Morphological Anatomy of Leaf and Rhizome in Zingiber officinale Roscoe, with Emphasis on Secretory Structures

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Huanfang Liu ◽  
Chelsea D. Specht ◽  
Tong Zhao ◽  
Jingping Liao
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Exploitation And Utilization ◽  
Meristematic Activity

The morphological anatomy of leaf and rhizome was studied at different developmental stages in Zingiber officinale Roscoe using both light and electron microscopy, with an emphasis on characterizing secretory structures. The results show that the leaf comprises epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, and vascular bundles. Oil and crystal cells are scattered throughout the parenchyma, and some are within or in close contact to the vascular bundle sheath. The rhizome consists of epidermis, cortex, and stele. The pericycle of the rhizome remains meristematic and produces tissues centripetally, whereas the endodermis has no meristematic activity. Starch grains vary in shape from round to oval and vary in size from small to large throughout rhizome development. Oil cells and cavities are scattered and cavities are of lysigenous origin. When mature, the starch grains decrease in abundance while an increasing number of oil cells and cavities are formed. This anatomic characterization provides a theory foundation for medicinal exploitation and utilization of Z. officinale Roscoe.

Studies on Graminicolous Species of Phyllachora Fckl. II.. Invasion of the host and development of the fungus

1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Parbery
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Full Life ◽  
Made In ◽  
Mechanical Tissue

Infection of grasses by species of Phyllachora Fckl. has been observed, and a detailed examination of the life cycle of two species of this genus has been made on hosts artificially inoculated while growing under glass-house conditions. Gemiiiatiiig ascospores of P. ischaemi and P. parilis prodced appressoria on the leaves of their respective hosts, Ischaemum australe and Paspalurn orbiculare. From each appressorium an infection peg penetrated into the lumen of an epidermal cell and expanded into a normal hypha. Some branches of this hypha invaded adjacent epidermal cells, thus laying the foundations of the clypeus, while other branches invaded the underlying mesophyll cells. At first all hyphae were intracellular and passed from cell to cell by means of fine infection hyphae produced by appressorium-like swellings of the hyphae appressed to the cell wall. Intercellular mycelium was found at a later stage when hyphae were forming perithecium initials. The observation that the clypeus developed independently of the perithecium dispels some existing confusion about its origin. The clypeus developed in the epidermal cells of the host and not as an outgrowth of the ostiolar region of the perithecium. The perithecium initial developed deep in the mesophyll, and in the case of Phyllachora parilis was preceded by the formation of a subclypeal pycnidium containing filiform spores. In each case, the perithecium expanded until its ostiolar region came into close contact with the clypeus. The ostiole then developed right through the ciypeus, and its development is believed to be lysigenous. The mouth of the ostiole remained closed by a membrane which appeared to be the undissolved cuticle. It was noted that asci of all species examined possessed an ascus crown, a structure not previously observed in species of this genus. It has been found that the anatomy of the host can determine the form of some structures of Phyllachora spp. Clypeus thickness is governed by the size of the epidermal cells, while its radial expansion is checked by the mechanical tissue associated with vascular bundles. Similarly, perithecium size and shape are influenced by the amount of mechanical tissue in a leaf. The time for P. ischaemi to complete its life cycle was influenced by seasonal conditions. Colonies arising from infections in April 1961 discharged ascospores in 32 days, whereas infections made 1 month later did not produce sporulating colonies until 54-58 days later. The full life cycle of P. parilis took 62-77 days when inoculations were made in May 196 1.

Differences in symptom development in subterranean clover infected with Kabatiella caulivora Race 1 and Race 2 are related to host resistance

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Bayliss ◽  
J. Kuo ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam ◽  
M. J. Barbetti ◽  
E. S. Lagudah
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Incompatible Interaction ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Kabatiella Caulivora ◽  
Race 2 ◽  
Clover Scorch

Clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora) is a severe fungal disease of Trifolium spp. contributing to the collapse of pasture swards across southern Australia during warm, humid spring weather. Host plant responses associated with resistance to the disease were determined in 2 cultivars of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) separately inoculated with K. caulivora Race 1 or Race 2. Germination of conidia of both races reached a maximum 5 days post-inoculation on cv. Woogenellup (susceptible to both races) and 4 days post-inoculation on cv. Daliak (resistant to Race 1 but susceptible to Race 2). Germ tube growth of Race 1 was inhibited on cv. Daliak and the percentage of conidia penetrating leaf surfaces was lowest on this race–cultivar combination. Susceptibility was characterised by large petiole lesions, with invasive hyphae extending through the mesophyll tissue into the pith and then through the phloem tissue of vascular bundles, eventually causing the petioles to collapse. Resistance was characterised by small, black lesions with invasive hyphae extending no further than the fourth layer of mesophyll cells. A suberin-based material was observed beneath infected mesophyll cells in the incompatible interaction, beyond which no further growth of hyphae occurred. Race 2 caused a faster rate of host tissue necrosis than Race 1 and also the breakdown of starch grains in uninvaded petiole tissues. Starch grains in plants infected with Race 1 were evenly distributed in uninvaded tissue. Sporulation was rarely observed in the incompatible interaction but was common in compatible interactions within 15 days post-inoculation. These responses to K. caulivora can now be used as a breeding tool in evaluating and selecting improved resistance to clover scorch disease among breeding lines of subterranean clover.

Development and functional anatomy of pods of Colophospermum mopane (Caesalpinioideae: Dietarieae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jordaan ◽  
H. Krüger
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Colophospermum Mopane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Meristematic Activity

Pod development of Colophospermum mopane was studied from its initiation until it was fully developed and completely filled by the seed. After fertilisation, meristematic activity in various regions of the pericarp causes fruit enlargement. The carpel symmetry and vascularisation displayed by the pods is of the follicular type. One dorsal and two unfused ventral bundles supply the pod. The funicle originates from one of the ventral bundles. The vascular supply of both the dorsal and ventral bundles is elaborate as secondary growth of a cambium increases the diameters of the bundles significantly. During early stages of fruit development the 3–5 innermost parenchyma layers of the mesophyll that borders the inner epidermis differentiate into small thin-walled parenchyma cells that differ considerably in size from the larger outer parenchymatous mesophyll cells. The inner zone of small parenchyma cells eventually differentiates into several collenchyma layers. At a later stage, the innermost parenchyma cells next to the collenchyma layers differentiate into sclerenchyma. As the fruit expands laterally, new vascular bundles continue to differentiate towards the centre of the fruit from the ground parenchyma of the dorsal fruit margin. The area of the fruit margin that is occupied by vascular bundles eventually becomes extensive. The xylem and phloem in the dorsal fruit margin are separated by a cambium. When the pod is mature the cell walls of the parenchymatous mesocarp become thickened and lignified, whereas the collenchymatous stratum becomes partly sclerenchymatous. The zone where the follicle eventually opens is characterised by thick-walled unlignified parenchyma cells between the two ventral bundles at the ventral suture. This unlignified zone is closely connected to the sclerenchymatous flanges of the ventral vascular bundles. The outer epidermis of mature brown pods consists of cells with thick lignified and cutinised walls. The mesophyll of fully developed pods consists of an outer stratum of mesophyll cells with lignified walls and an inner stratum of three or four layers of cells with unlignified walls. The unlignified zone is bordered by a sclerenchymatous stratum that originated from the inner mesophyll layers bordered by another sclerenchymatous stratum that originated from the outer layers of the collenchymatous stratum. The walls of the inner layers of the collenchymatous stratum remain unlignified. Between the sclerenchymatous and non-sclerenchymatous zone of the original collenchyma layers is a transition zone where secondary walls are present but they are unlignified or in various stages of lignification. The inner sclerenchymatous layers of the pericarp probably have a protective function. The inner collenchymatous layers may contribute to fruit opening under dry conditions. The usual method of fruit opening is, however, when the seed forces the fruit valves apart during imbibition.

Effect of Melatonin on Telocytes in the Seminal Vesicle of the Soay Ram: An Immunohistochemical, Ultrastructural and Morphometrical Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 203 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan H. Abd-Elhafeez ◽  
Doaa M. Mokhtar ◽  
Ahmed H.S. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
Strong Reaction ◽  
Nonbreeding Season

Telocytes (TCs) are a special type of interstitial cell with characteristic cellular processes that are described in many organs. The current study aimed to investigate TCs in seminal vesicles of the Soay ram responding to melatonin treatment during the nonbreeding season by conventional immunohistochemical stains, and to detect the ultrastructural and morphometrical changes of TCs. TCs in the control group showed a broad range of staining affinity and also reacted positively to CD117/c-kit, CD34, desmin, S-100 protein, and progesterone and estrogen receptors alpha, while after melatonin treatment a strong reaction against these 6 antibodies was recorded. Electron microscopically, TCs in the control group were characterized by a small cell body with distinct long cytoplasmic extensions called telopodes (Tps). Tps had alternation of the thin segment (podomers) and dilated segments (podoms), in which the latter accommodate mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and caveolae. TCs and their Tps were interconnected by homo- and heterocellular junctions and form a wide network to communicate between different cell types. Tps showed close contact with immune cells, progenitor stem cells, smooth muscle cells and other interstitial cells. Melatonin caused a significant increase in the number of TCs, length of Tps, and number and diameter of secretory vesicles. Also, the melatonin-treated group showed exaggerated secretory activity in the form of a massive release of secretory vesicles from Tps. Moreover, Tps showed an increase in their contact with blood and lymphatic capillaries, nerve endings and Schwann cells. In addition, the shedding of secretory structures (exosomes, ectosomes, and multivesicular bodies) was greater from Tps, which were involved in paracrine signaling in the melatonin-treated group. The length and ramifications of Tps together with the intercellular junctions and the releasing of shed vesicles or exosomes assumed an essential role of TCs in intercellular signaling and coordination. On the basis of their distribution and morphology, we investigated whether the different locations of TCs could be associated with different roles.

scholarly journals Floral morphology and anatomy of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), with emphasis on secretory structures

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Martins ◽  
I. L. Cunha-Neto ◽  
T. M. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Staminate Flower ◽  
Ovary Wall ◽  
Transmitting Tissue ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
First Report ◽  
Meristematic Activity ◽  
Secretory Glands

Abstract The morphology and anatomy of the flower of Dalechampia alata, as well as the chemical nature of the exudates secreted in the inflorescence were studied using light microscope. This is the first report showing the presence of colleters in the genus Dalechampia. In the staminate flower occur a group of small secretory glands. The histochemical results indicate that the substance secreted from the glands is lipidic and resinuous in nature, while in the colleters it consists of polysaccharides and lipid-rich substances. The ovule of D. alata are anatropous, subglobose and bitegmic. It presents obturator, micropyle occluded by nucellar beak and meristematic activity in the ovary wall. The secretion produced in the stigmatic and transmitting tissue consists of polysaccharides.

Colleters in the vegetative axis of Aechmea blanchetiana (Bromeliaceae): anatomical, ultrastructural and functional aspects

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ballego-Campos ◽  
Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marginal Cells ◽  
First Time

Colleters are common among eudicotyledons, but few records exist for monocotyledons and other groups of plants. For Bromeliaceae, mucilage secretions that protect the young portions of the plant have been observed only in the reproductive axis, and little is known about the secretory systems behind this or even other kind of secretions in the family. We aimed to describe, for the first time, the occurrence of colleters associated with the vegetative shoot of Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B.Sm., and elucidate aspects of their structure, ultrastructure and secretory activity. Samples of various portions of the stem axis were prepared according to standard methods for light and electron microscopy. Colleters were found compressed in the axillary portion of leaves and in all leaf developmental stages. Secretory activity, however, was found to be restricted to young and unexpanded leaves. The colleters displayed a flattened hand-like shape formed by a multiseriate stalk and an expanded secretory portion bearing elongated marginal cells. Ultrastructural data confirmed that the secretory role of the colleters is consistent with mucilaginous secretion. The functional roles of the colleters are discussed with regard to environmental context and intrinsic features of the plant, such as the presence of a water-impounding tank.

Salt stress influence on stomatal and hydraulic conductivity, as well as on the level of aquaporins in leaf cells of barley plants, differing in salt tolerance

Biomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-287
Author(s):  
G.V. Sharipova ◽  
R.S. Ivanov ◽  
L.B. Vysotskaya ◽  
G.R. Akhiyarova
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Concentration Assessment ◽  
Stress Influence

We studied participation of aquaporins in the regulation of leaf hydraulic conductivity and relationship of hydraulic conductivity with accumulation of ABA and stomatal closure during salt stress. Using the method of immunohistochemical localization we showed that salinity led to greater decline in the level of aquaporins in the region of the vascular leaf bundles of the more salt-tolerant Prairia cultivar, accompanied by a noticeable decrease in hydraulic conductivity of the leaf. In the less salt-tolerant plants of the Mikhailovsky cultivar, significant changes in the level of aquaporins under the influence of salt stress were not found. The degree of decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of the leaf in plants of two cultivars under the influence of salt stress correlated with a decrease in transpiration. Immunohistochemical localization of abscisic acid (ABA) in leaf cells showed that during salt stress this hormone accumulated in leaf mesophyll cells and stomata. The uptake of exogenous hormone from the nutrient solution and its entry into the leaf through the vascular bundles was accompanied by an increase in staining for aquaporins and the hydraulic conductivity of the leaves, which is characteristic of the ABA action. Differences in the localization of exogenous and endogenous hormones were obviously the cause of the opposite directions of changes in hydraulic conductivity: its increase under the influence of an exogenous ABA and a decrease - under the influence of salt stress. ABA concentration assessment in xylem showed the absence of its increase during salt stress, which explains the absence changes of staining for this hormone in the region of the leaf vascular bundles and indicates that accumulation of ABA in a short-term salt stress is not the result of its delivery from the roots, but the result of its synthesis in the shoot itself.

Phenolic Deposits and Kranz Syndrome in Leaf Tissues of Spotted (Euphorbia maculata) and Prostrate (Euphorbia supina) Spurge

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dennis Elmore ◽  
Rex N. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Sheath Cells

Spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculataL.) and prostrate spurge (E. supinaRaf.), both in subgenusChamesyce,were examined by light and electron microscopy using a caffeine - fixation technique to sequester the phenolic pools intercellularly. Both species have typical dicotyledon-type Kranz anatomy. Sequestered phenolic pools were located in vacuoles in epidermal and mesophyll cells. Only in spotted spurge, however, were additional phenolic pools formed in bundle - sheath cells. This study was undertaken because allelopathy has been demonstrated in prostrate spurge and because phenolic compounds have been implicated in allelopathy. These results would indicate that spotted spurge should also be allelopathic.

The distribution and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in leaves differing in photosynthetic carbon metabolism. I. Wheat, Sorghum, and Aristida (Gramineae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bisalputra ◽  
W. J. S. Downton ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism ◽  
High Carbon Dioxide

The ultrastructure of the chlorenchymatous tissues around the vascular bundles of three different types of grass leaves is described. In the temperate grass leaf, as exemplified by wheat, the inner mestom sheath contains proplastids. Normal chloroplasts are found only within the mesophyll cells. Smaller chloroplasts occur in cells of the ill-defined parenchymatic bundle sheath. This type of leaf has the photosynthetic pathway described by Calvin and a high carbon dioxide compensation value. In the tropical grasses, Sorghum and Aristida, the new photosynthetic pathway proposed by Hatch et al. and low carbon dioxide compensation are correlated with development of the parenchymatic bundle sheath. Cytological evidence indicates that cells of the bundle sheath are much more active than the surrounding mesophyll tissue. The specialized chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells may be responsible for the physiological and biochemical differences between leaves of tropical and temperate grasses.

Leaf Ultrastructure and δ13C Values of Three Seagrasses from the Great Barrier Reef

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Doohan ◽  
EH Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Great Barrier Reef ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Barrier Reef ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
Abundant Cytoplasm

Leaf anatomy, ultrastructure and 13C/12C ratios were studied in three species of seagrasses collected on the Great Barrier Reef: Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hempr., C. serrulata (R. Br.) Aschers. & Magnus, and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. Although they belong to two different mono- cotyledonous families, the three species are quite similar in the characteristics studied. Cells of the epidermal layer of the leaves are extremely thick-walled and have abundant cytoplasm with large chloroplasts and numerous mitochondria. The chloroplast-microbody profile ratio is c. 4-5 : 1 and the mitochondrion-microbody ratio 10-15 : 1. The epidermal cells resemble transfer cells in having a pronounced development of ingrowths on the radial walls. The mesophyll cells have thin walls, a large central vacuole and a thin layer of cytoplasm with relatively few organelles. There is no specialization of mesophyll cells around the vascular bundles. The δ13C values for the three sea- grasses range from -6.90, to - 12.40, and thus are characteristic of C4 land plants, although the seagrasses do not conform to the C4 syndrome in leaf anatomy or ultrastructure. It is not possible to place the seagrasses in either the C3, C4 or crassulacean acid metabolism category of land plants, but whether they constitute yet a fourth group with respect to characteristics related to CO2 assimilation is not clear.

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