scholarly journals Use of Reduced Irrigation Operating Pressure in Irrigation Scheduling. II. Effect of Reduced Irrigation System Operating Pressure on Drip-tape Flow Rate, Water Application Uniformity, and Soil Wetting Pattern on a Sandy Soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bee Ling Poh ◽  
Aparna Gazula ◽  
Eric H. Simonne ◽  
Robert C. Hochmuth ◽  
Michael R. Alligood
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Simple Method

For shallow-rooted vegetables grown in sandy soils with low water-holding capacity (volumetric water content <10%), irrigation water application rate needs to provide sufficient water to meet plant needs, to avoid water movement below the root zone, and to reduce leaching risk. Because most current drip tapes have flow rates (FRs) greater than soil hydraulic conductivity, reducing irrigation operating pressure (OP) as a means to reduce drip emitter FR may allow management of irrigation water application rate. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of using a reduced system OP (6 and 12 psi) on the FRs, uniformity, and soil wetted depth and width by using three commercially available drip tapes differing in emitter FR at 12 psi (Tape A = 0.19 gal/h, Tape B = 0.22 gal/h, and Tape C = 0.25 gal/h). Reducing OP reduced FRs (Tape A = 0.13 gal/h, Tape B = 0.17 gal/h, and Tape C = 0.16 gal/h) without affecting uniformity of irrigation at 100 and 300 ft lateral runs. Flow rate was also reduced at 300-ft lateral length compared with 100 ft for all three tapes. Uniformity was reduced [“moderate” to “unacceptable” emitter flow variation (qvar) and “moderate” coefficient of variation (cv)] at 300 ft for Tape B and C compared with “good” qvar and “moderate” to “excellent” cv at 100 ft. Using soluble dye as a tracer, depth (D) of the waterfront response to irrigated volume (V) was quadratic, D = 4.42 + 0.21V − 0.001V2 (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.72), at 6 psi, with a similar response at 12 psi, suggesting that depth of the wetted zone was more affected by total volume applied rather than by OP itself. The depth of the wetted zone went below 12 inches when V was ≈45 gal/100 ft, which represented ≈3 h of irrigation at 6 psi and 1.8 h of irrigation at 12 psi for a typical drip tape with FR of 0.24 gal/h at 12 psi. These results show that, for the same volume of water applied, reduced OP allowed extended irrigation time without increasing the wetted depth. OP also did not affect the width (W) of the wetted front, which was quadratic, W = 6.97 + 0.25V − 0.002V2 (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.70), at 6 psi. As the maximum wetted width at reduced OP was 53% of the 28-inch-wide bed, reduced OP should be used for two-row planting or drip-injected fumigation only if two drip tapes were used to ensure good coverage and uniform application. Reducing OP offers growers a simple method to reduce FR and apply water at rates that match more closely the hourly evapotranspiration, minimizing the risk of leaching losses.

scholarly journals Efficient IoT-Based Control for a Smart Subsurface Irrigation System to Enhance Irrigation Management of Date Palm

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 3942
Author(s):  
Maged Mohammed ◽  
Khaled Riad ◽  
Nashi Alqahtani
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Amount

Drought is the most severe problem for agricultural production, and the intensity of this problem is increasing in most cultivated areas around the world. Hence improving water productivity is the primary purpose of sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to use cloud IoT solutions to control a modern subsurface irrigation system for improving irrigation management of date palms in arid regions. To achieve this goal, we designed, constructed, and validated the performance of a fully automated controlled subsurface irrigation system (CSIS) to monitor and control the irrigation water amount remotely. The CSIS is based on an autonomous sensors network to instantly collect the climatic parameters and volumetric soil water content in the study area. Therefore, we employed the ThingSpeak cloud platform to host sensor readings, perform algorithmic analysis, instant visualize the live data, create event-based alerts to the user, and send instructions to the IoT devices. The validation of the CSIS proved that automatically irrigating date palm trees controlled by the sensor-based irrigation scheduling (S-BIS) is more efficient than the time-based irrigation scheduling (T-BIS). The S-BIS provided the date palm with the optimum irrigation water amount at the opportune time directly in the functional root zone. Generally, the S-BIS and T-BIS of CSIS reduced the applied irrigation water amount by 64.1% and 61.2%, respectively, compared with traditional surface irrigation (TSI). The total annual amount of applied irrigation water for CSIS with S-BIS method, CSIS with T-BIS method, and TSI was 21.04, 22.76, and 58.71 m3 palm−1, respectively. The water productivity at the CSIS with S-BIS (1.783 kg m−3) and T-BIS (1.44 kg m−3) methods was significantly higher compared to the TSI (0.531 kg m−3). The CSIS with the S-BIS method kept the volumetric water content in the functional root zone next to the field capacity compared to the T-BIS method. The deigned CSIS with the S-BIS method characterized by the positive impact on the irrigation water management and enhancement on fruit yield of the date palm is quite proper for date palm irrigation in the arid regions.

scholarly journals COMPOSIÇÃO DE PERFIS RADIAIS DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE ASPERSORES

Irriga ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliani Do Prado ◽  
Alberto Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Irrigation Uniformity ◽  
Nozzle Configuration ◽  
Composition Process

COMPOSIÇÃO DE PERFIS RADIAIS DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE ASPERSORES  Giuliani do Prado; Alberto ColomboDepartamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, [email protected]  1 RESUMO Este trabalho descreve um procedimento de composição do perfil radial de aspersores que operam com dois bocais. Foram determinados na bancada de ensaios de aspersores da Universidade Federal de Lavras, em Lavras/MG, os valores de vazão e perfil radial do aspersor PLONA-RL250 operando, individualmente, com os bocais principais 14 e28 mme com os bocais auxiliares 5, 6 e7 mm, e operando, nas diferentes seis combinações de bocal auxiliar e principal do aspersor, sob cinco pressões de serviço (292, 392, 490, 588 e 696 kPa). No processo de composição do perfil radial realizado, ajustando a vazão dos bocais auxiliar e principal, operando individualmente, a vazão do aspersor operando com o conjunto de bocais auxiliar e principal, verificou-se um coeficiente de determinação médio de 88,57% entre as intensidades de precipitação adimensionais dos perfis radiais compostos com os perfis radiais do conjunto. Na relação linear, ajustada, entre os valores de uniformidade de equipamentos autopropelidos de irrigação, obtidos com os perfis radiais compostos e do conjunto, a inclinação da reta foi igual a 44°12’com um erro relativo médio de 2,34%. Estes resultados mostram que o procedimento de composição do perfil radial de aspersores não influencia, de maneira significativa, na uniformidade de aplicação de água de aspersores. UNITERMOS: bocais do aspersor, vazão do aspersor, uniformidade de irrigação.  PRADO, G. DO; COLOMBO, A. SPRINKLER WATER DISTRIBUTION COMPOSITIONS  2 ABSTRACT This paper described a procedure to compose a sprinkler pattern for a sprinkler that operates with two nozzles. To compose the pattern, discharge values and patterns of the PLONA-RL250 sprinkler were determined at the sprinkler test bench of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, in Lavras/MG. The tests were conducted with all possible combinations using 14mm and28 mmmain nozzles and the 5, 6 and7 mmauxiliary nozzles as well as with each nozzle functioning individually. Five working pressures (294, 392, 490, 588 and 686 kPa) were used for each nozzle configuration. In the pattern composition process, by adjusting the main and auxiliary nozzle discharges operating individually, and by adjusting  the sprinkler discharge operating with the corresponding pair of main and auxiliary nozzles, it was verified that the average determination coefficient was 88.57% between the dimensionless water application rate of the composed and pair patterns. In the adjusted linear relation, between the uniformity values of a travel irrigation machine obtained from the composed and pair patterns, the inclination was 44° 12' with an average relative error of 2.34%. These results show that the procedure to compose a sprinkler pattern for sprinklers does not influence significantly the water application uniformity of sprinklers. KEY WORDS: sprinkler nozzles, sprinkler flow rate, irrigation uniformity

Impact of drip irrigation scheduling on growth, yield and water use efficiency in chilli crop under western region of Uttar Pradesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Ram Kumar ◽  
Joginder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Gm Plant

Drip irrigation is basically precise and slow application of water in the form of discrete continuous drops, sprayed through mechanical devices, called emitters into the root zone of the plant. The field experiment on Impact of fertigation and drip system layout were conducted at Research farm at IFTM University Moradabad (UP). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with treatments. In chilli maximum yield of 812 g/plant which is worked out as 0.006 t/ha was observed for the treatment T2. Even though the yield for the treatment T2 was high and was due to the reduction in the quantity of material for drip irrigation system. At harvesting time, samples of green pepper fruits were randomly harvested from each plot to measure fruit length, fruit diameter. In addition, total weight of fruits in each treatment were recorded by harvesting pepper fruits twice weekly and then the total yield as Kg/fed., was calculated. The maximum yield of crop 900 gm/plant and minimum of yield 600 gm/plant and total yield 52270 gm (52.270 kg).

scholarly journals A genetic algorithm for optimizing off-farm irrigation scheduling

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Nixon ◽  
G. C. Dandy ◽  
A. R. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Open Channel ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Optimal Schedule ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Water Delivery

This paper examines the use of genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to identify water delivery schedules for an open-channel irrigation system. Significant objectives and important constraints are identified for this system, and suitable representations of these within the GA framework are developed. Objectives include maximizing the number of orders that are scheduled to be delivered at the requested time and minimizing variations in the channel flow rate. If, however, an order is to be shifted, the irrigator preference for this to be by ±24 h rather than ±12 h is accounted for. Constraints include avoiding exceedance of channel capacity. The GA approach is demonstrated for an idealized system of five irrigators on a channel spur. In this case study, the GA technique efficiently identified the optimal schedule that was independently verified using full enumeration of the entire search space of possible order schedules. Results have shown great promise in the ability of GA techniques to identify good irrigation order schedules.

scholarly journals CONCENTRATION OF SINGLE SUPERPHOSPHATE ON CLOGGING OF DRIP EMITTERS

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-575
Author(s):  
Dayane Rodrigues Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro Robinson Medeiros ◽  
Elton Vieira Teles ◽  
Gabiane Souza Santos ◽  
Roberto Castro Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Relative Flow Rate ◽  
Country Club ◽  
On Line ◽  
E Mail

CONCENTRATION OF SINGLE SUPERPHOSPHATE ON CLOGGING OF DRIP EMITTERS     DAYANE RODRIGUES GONÇALVES1; PEDRO RÓBINSON FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS1; ELTON CARLOS PEREIRA VIEIRA DE ALENCAR TELES1; GABIANE SOUZA DOS SANTOS1; ROBERTO CASTRO NASCIMENTO1 E FRANCISCO MAX FERNANDES DO NASCIMENTO2   1Colegiado de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, 510, Country Club, CEP: 48902-300, Juazeiro, BA, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2Colegiado de Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, 510, Country Club, CEP: 48902-300, Juazeiro, BA, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]     1 ABSTRACT   The localized irrigation systems are most suitable to fertigation uses, when compared to sprinkle, but are affected by the clogging of drip emitters, influencing the uniformity of the irrigation system. This study aims to analyze the susceptibility of on-line drippers under fertigation with single superphosphate to the clogging. This study was done at the Irrigation Laboratory of UNIVASF, Juazeiro-BA campus, Brazil. Two on-line non-pressure compensating drippers with different flow rates were used, both with the same operating pressure (150 kPa). The parameters analyzed were mean flow, relative flow rate, standard deviation, coefficient of flow rate variation, the CUC, DU, SUC and HUC, and clogging degree. The results show that the concentration used for single superphosphate showed no risk of clogging of the drip emitters during system runtime.   Keyworks: drip irrigation system, non-pressure compensating drippers, application efficiency     GONÇALVES, D. R.; MEDEIROS, P. R. F.; TELES, E. C. P. V. A.; SANTOS, G. S.; NASCIMENTO, R. C.; NASCIMENTO, F. M. F. CONCENTRAÇÃO DE SUPERFOSFATO SIMPLES NA OBSTRUÇÃO DE GOTEJADORES     2 RESUMO   Os sistemas de irrigação localizada são os mais indicados para uso na fertirrigação quando comparado com a aspersão, porém são afetados pela obstrução influenciando na uniformidade dos mesmos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a susceptibilidade ao entupimento de gotejadores tipo online sob fertirrigação com superfosfato simples. Esse trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Irrigação da UNIVASF, campus Juazeiro- BA. Foram utilizados dois emissores do tipo gotejadores online não autocompensantes com diferentes vazões, ambos com a mesma pressão de serviço (150 kPa). Avaliou- se os parâmetros vazão média, vazão relativa, desvio padrão, coeficiente de variação de vazão, os coeficientes CUC, CUD, CUE e CUH e grau de entupimento. Os resultados demonstram que a concentração utilizada de superfosfato simples não apresentou riscos de obstrução dos emissores durante o tempo de funcionamento do sistema.   Palavras chave: irrigação localizada, gotejadores não compensados, eficiência de aplicação

scholarly journals Cyclic Sprinkler Irrigation and Pre-irrigation Substrate Water Content Affect Water and N Leaching from Containers

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-202
Author(s):  
Nabila S. Karam ◽  
Alexander X. Niemiera
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Continuous Irrigation ◽  
Continuous Application

Abstract A series of sprinkler irrigation experiments were conducted to determine the influences of water application rate (WAR), pre-irrigation substrate water content (PSWC), and cyclic irrigation on water and N leaching from container-grown plants. Prior to experiments, Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Apollo’), were glass house-grown in pine bark-filled 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers. Prior to treatment, substrate was dried via evapotranspiration (ET) to targeted PSWCs. A simulated overhead irrigation system applied the daily water allotment in a single continuous application or cyclically (multiple applications); in most cases the respective ET volumes were applied to the substrate. Water application efficiency (WAE; water vol retained in substrate + water vol applied to substrate) was determined, and in some experiments, leachates were analyzed for EC, NO3-N and NH4-N. A negative linear relationship existed between WAR and WAE. Leachate NO3-N and NH4-N concentrations were unaffected by WAR, however, total N leached increased with increasing WAR. WAE of cyclic irrigation was 4% higher (absolute basis) than with continuous irrigation; WAE increased as the time interval between cyclic applications increased from 20 to 60 min. Regardless of how water was applied, WAE was inversely related to PSWC and application volume. These experiments showed that the most effective method to increase WAE is to irrigate at relatively low PSWCs; if irrigation occurs at relatively high PSWCs, then relatively low volumes should be applied.

scholarly journals Assessment of Irrigation Water Use Patterns Using Remote Sensing Data in Mexico’s Northeast

10.29007/qz1w ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Arciniega ◽  
Jose A. Breña-Naranjo ◽  
Adrián Pedrozo-Acuña ◽  
Antonio Hernández-Espriú
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

Irrigation water use (IWU) or withdrawal is a key component for the water management of a region since it tends to exceed the crops consumptive water use, especially in water-stressed regions where groundwater is the main source of water. Nevertheless, temporal IWU information is missing in many irrigation areas. Remote sensing (RS) data is commonly used for crop water requirements estimations in areas with lack of data, however, IWU is more complex to approach since it also depends on water use efficiency, irrigation system type, irrigation scheduling, and water availability, among others. This work explores the use of remote sensing data (TRMM, MODIS) and land surface hydrological products (GLDAS 2 and MERRA 2) to obtain insights about the space-time annual IWU patterns across croplands located within Mexico’s northeast region. Reported IWU in three irrigation districts (Don Martín, Región Lagunera and Bajo Río Bravo) was used to obtain a functional model using satellite data derived. Results suggest strong relationship between reported IWU with soil moisture content from GLDAS and the maximum annual EVI from MODIS, where a potential regression shown statistical correlations of 0.83 and 0.77, respectively.

scholarly journals Water distribuition characteristics and soil loss of LEPA Quad-Spray emitter nozzles

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moises S. Ribeiro ◽  
Luiz A. Lima ◽  
Alberto Colombo ◽  
Ana C. D. M. Caldeira ◽  
Fabio H. de S. Faria
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Pattern Width

The objective of this study was to characterize water application rate, water application pattern width, flow rate, water distribution uniformity and soil loss caused by nozzles of the Low Energy Precision Aplication (LEPA) type Quad-Spray emitter. The study was carried out at the Hydraulic and Irrigation Laboratory of the Department of Engineering at the Federal University of Lavras, in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais - MG, Brazil. Twenty-two (22) LEPA Quad-Spray emitter nozzles were evaluated, with nozzle diameter ranging from 1.59 to 9.92 mm. The experimental design used was entirely randomized, with three replications.Increasing values of nozzle flow rate ranging from 77.44 up to 3,044 L h-1, were obtained with increasing nozzle diameter sizes. Application pattern width ranged from 0.56 up to 3.24m, according to nozzles diameter size. Low values of CDU (maximum of 35.73%) were observed when using the Quad-Spray nozzles. Observed average water application rates covered the range between 68.05 mm h-1 (the lowest value that was obtained with the 2.38mm nozzle) and 258.15 mm h-1 (the highest value that was observed with the 9.92 mm). Average water application rates increased in a simple non-linear function with the increase of nozzle size diameter. However, the weighted average increase in the amount of soil loss by erosion was not related to the increase of weighted average water application values.

scholarly journals Water Saving and Yield of Potatoes under Partial Root-Zone Drying Drip Irrigation Technique: Field and Modelling Study Using SALTMED Model in Saudi Arabia

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1997
Author(s):  
Abdulrasoul Al-Omran ◽  
Ibrahim Louki ◽  
Arafat Alkhasha ◽  
Mohamed Hassan Abd El-Wahed ◽  
Abdullah Obadi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Potato Crops ◽  
Irrigation Levels

This study aims to evaluate the Partial Root Zone Drying Irrigation System (PRD) as one of the modern technologies that provide irrigation water and increase the efficiency of its use on potato crop. The effect of applying the PRD conventional deficit irrigation (CDI) on the efficiency and water saving in potato crops using the drip surface (S) and subsurface (SS) irrigation methods were investigated. SALTMED model used to predict soil moisture and salinity distribution, soil nitrogen dynamics, and yield of potato crop using the different irrigation levels (150%, 100%, and 50% of Crop evapotranspiration (ETc)). The study showed that the water use efficiency (WUE) decreases with increasing levels of irrigation water, as it ranged between 2.96 and 8.38 kgm−3, 2.77 and 7.01 kgm−3 for surface irrigation PRD and CDI, respectively, when the amounts of irrigation water varied from 308 mm to 1174 mm, respectively. The study showed that the irrigation efficiencies were the highest when using PRD system in all treatments when irrigating the potato crop during the spring season, and it was more efficient in the case of using subsurface irrigation method. The results show that the soil moisture (SM) was high in 25–45 cm at 150% of ETc was 0.166 and 0.263 m3m−3 for the first and last stages of growth, respectively. 100% of ETc, (SM) was 0.296 m3m−3 at 0–25 cm, 0.195 m3m−3 at 25–45 cm, 0.179 m3m−3 at 45–62 cm, depths, respectively. whereas 50% of ETc, (SM) was 0.162 m3m−3 at 0–25 cm, 0.195 m3m−3 at 25–85 cm, depths. At 100% of ETc, soil salinity was 5.15, 4.37, 3.3, and 4.5 dSm−1, whereas at 50%, ETc, these values were 5.64, 9.6, 3.3, and 4.2 dSm−1. Statistical indicators showed that the model underestimated yield, for 150%, 100%, and 50% of ETc. Therefore, it can be concluded that yield and WUE using PRD systems were the highest in the potato crop compare to CDI surface and sub-surface, and SALTMED model can predict the moisture distribution, salinity, and yield of potatoes after accurate adjustment.

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