Improvement of Grafted Watermelon Transplant Survival as a Result of Size and Starch Increases Over Time Caused by Rootstock Fatty Alcohol Treatment: Part II

Fatty alcohol treatments can be used to eliminate the meristem of cucurbit (Cucurbitaceae) rootstocks, which prevents regrowth when grafting, but the effects of the treatment on the rootstock have not been documented. Two rootstock types, ‘Emphasis’ bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and ‘Carnivor’ interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) commonly used in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) grafting significantly increased in cotyledon and hypocotyl size over 21 days after treatment (DAT) with a 6.25% fatty alcohol emulsion. There was a significant increase in total soluble sugar (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) content for each rootstock hypocotyl and cotyledon. Starch concentrations of hypocotyls and cotyledons also increased significantly in both rootstocks. This increase in stored energy could greatly increase the success rate of the grafting process. Increased rootstock energy reserves could overcome the need for keeping the rootstock cotyledon intact when grafting.

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Resistência de porta-enxertos de cucurbitáceas a nematóides e compatibilidade da enxertia em melão

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-05362014000300010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 297-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Letícia A Ito ◽

Lucas A Gaion ◽

Francine S Galatti ◽

Leila T Braz ◽

Jaime M Santos

Keyword(s):

Cucumis Sativus ◽

Cucumis Melo ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Cucurbita Moschata ◽

Lagenaria Siceraria ◽

Cucurbita Maxima ◽

Luffa Cylindrica ◽

Benincasa Hispida

Devido ao severo ataque de nematoides na cultura do meloeiro rendilhado sob ambiente protegido, este trabalho teve por objetivo selecionar porta-enxertos resistentes a Meloidogyne incognitae M. javanica. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, de outubro de 2010 a abril de 2011, em Jaboticabal-SP. Foram avaliados 33 porta-enxertos; melões: CNPH 01-930 (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus), CNPH 01-962, CNPH 01-963 (Cucumis melo var. conomon), cvs. Gaúcho Redondo, Gaúcho Comprido, Redondo Amarelo, Gulfcoast, Chilton, Bônus n° 2, Fantasy; melancias: cv. Charleston Gray, Progênie da Coréia (Citrullus lanatus); abóboras: cvs. Mra. Ma, Ornamental, Howden, Mammoth, Kururu, Goianinha (Cucurbita moschata); cabaça: Abóbora de Porco, cvs. Maranhão, Brasileirinha (Lagenaria siceraria); moranga: cv. Pataca Gigante (Cucurbita maxima); pepinos: cvs. Caipira, Branco Meio-Comprido, Curumim (Cucumis sativus); buchas: Metro, Semente Branca, Semente Preta (Luffa cylindrica); abóbora d'água (Benincasa hispida); abóbora porta-enxerto: Híbrido cv. Keij; quiabo de Metro (Trichosanthes cucumerins) e Cruá (Sicana odorifera). Para avaliar a resistência de plantas, as mudas foram transplantadas para vasos e inoculados com 3.000 ovos e juvenis de M. incognita via sistema radicular. Aos 50 dias após a inoculação, foi realizada avaliação da resistência das plantas, com base no fator de reprodução do nematoide. Foram realizados os mesmos procedimentos para as duas espécies de nematoides. Nos porta-enxertos resistentes aos nematoides foram realizadas enxertias, com os melões rendilhados 'Bônus n° 2' e 'Fantasy'. CNPH 01-962, CNPH 01-963 e melão 'Gaúcho Redondo' foram resistentes a M. incognita. Melão 'Redondo Amarelo', melancia 'Charleston Gray', Progênie da Coréia, e Trichosanthes cucumerins, foram resistentes a M. javanica. Benincasa hispida foi resistente a ambas as espécies. As compatibilidades de enxertia entre os porta-enxertos resistentes e os melões rendilhados 'Bônus no 2' e 'Fantasy' foram superiores a 98%.

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Antitranspirant Application Increases Grafting Success of Watermelon

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03739-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 494-501 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sahar Dabirian ◽

Carol A. Miles

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Lagenaria Siceraria ◽

Cucurbita Maxima ◽

Water Application ◽

Greenhouse Experiments ◽

The One ◽

Treatment Application ◽

Grafting Methods

The one-cotyledon splice grafting method is commonly used for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) because it is relatively rapid and there is less rootstock regrowth than with other grafting methods. However, plants must rely on moisture in the air for survival during at least the first 4 days after grafting. In 2015 and 2016, greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate if application of commercial stomata-coating and stomata-closing antitranspirant products, applied 1 day before grafting to both scion and rootstock seedlings, could increase the survival of watermelon transplants grafted using the one-cotyledon method. ‘TriX Palomar’ watermelon was grafted onto rootstock ‘Tetsukabuto’ (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) in Expt. 1, and onto rootstock ‘Emphasis’ (Lagenaria siceraria) in Expt. 2. The survival of grafted watermelon differed because of experiment (P = 0.0003), antitranspirant treatment (P < 0.0001), and experimental repeat (P < 0.0001). The survival of ‘TriX Palomar’ grafted onto ‘Tetsukabuto’ was greatest for plants treated with the stomata-coating + stomata-closing antitranspirants (92% to 100%), followed by the stomata-closing antitranspirant (79% to 97%), water (72%), and the stomata-coating antitranspirant (50% to 60%). For ‘TriX Palomar’ grafted onto ‘Emphasis’, plants treated with the stomata-closing antitranspirant had the greatest survival (87% to 97%), followed by stomata-coating + stomata-closing antitranspirants (84% to 94%), the stomata-coating antitranspirant (50% to 67%), and water (53% to 68%). In Expt. 3, stomatal conductance (gS) was similar for both ‘TriX Palomar’ and ‘Emphasis’ seedlings before treatment application, but differed because of the treatments 1 and 2 days after application. Stomatal conductance did not change for ‘TriX Palomar’ seedlings after application of the stomata-coating antitranspirant or water, or for ‘Emphasis’ seedlings after application of the stomata-coating antitranspirant. Stomatal conductance of ‘TriX Palomar’ seedlings decreased 57% to 62% after application of the stomata-closing antitranspirant and decreased 48% to 60% after application of the stomata-coating + stomata-closing antitranspirants. Stomatal conductance for ‘Emphasis’ seedlings increased 37% after water application, and decreased 58% to 68% after application of the stomata-closing antitranspirant, and decreased 42% to 45% after application of the stomata-coating + stomata-closing antitranspirants. The survival rate of grafted ‘TriX Palomar’ transplants was increased nearly 30% by application 1 day before grafting of the commercial stomata-closing antitranspirant or stomata-coating + stomata-closing antitranspirants in this study. Increase in grafting success is likely due to a reduction in transpiration that occurs when the stomata-closing antitranspirant is applied to the seedlings before grafting.

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Evaluating Cucurbit Rootstocks to Prevent Disease Caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. myriotylum on Watermelon

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-20-0474-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 3019-3025

Author(s):

Sean M. Toporek ◽

Anthony P. Keinath

Keyword(s):

Interspecific Hybrid ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Bottle Gourd ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Lagenaria Siceraria ◽

Cucurbita Maxima ◽

Pythium Species ◽

Seedless Watermelon ◽

Marketable Fruit

Pythium species cause root and stem rot in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), but cucurbit rootstocks used to graft watermelon have not been evaluated for resistance. P. aphanidermatum and P. myriotylum were inoculated onto 15 nongrafted watermelon, citron (Citrullus amarus), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) cultivars in a growth chamber. Watermelon was more susceptible than bottle gourd and interspecific hybrid squash at 20 and 30°C. Twenty-one cultivars were inoculated in a field with an equal blend of both Pythium species. Interspecific hybrid squash was less susceptible than bottle gourd and watermelon in 2018 and 2019. Seedless watermelon cultivar Tri-X 313 was grafted to one citron, one bottle gourd, and three interspecific hybrid squash rootstocks. Plants were inoculated in the field as described. Grafting to interspecific hybrid squash rootstocks reduced disease incidence compared with nongrafted controls in 2018 and 2019. Mefenoxam and propamocarb applied at transplanting did not affect disease compared with non-fungicide-treated plots. Grafting to interspecific hybrid squash Camelforce significantly increased total and marketable fruit numbers and total weight in 2019 compared with the nongrafted control. In summary, interspecific hybrid squash was consistently resistant to Pythium, demonstrating resistance and utility in watermelon grafting.

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Contribuição das folhas cotiledonares para o crescimento e estabelecimento de plântulas de cucurbitáceas

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-05362004000200029 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 309-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dilson Antônio Bisognin ◽

Cassandro V.T. do Amarante ◽

Jacso Dellai

Keyword(s):

Cucumis Sativus ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Lagenaria Siceraria ◽

Cucurbita Maxima

As cucurbitáceas apresentam germinação epigeal, cujos cotilédones têm a dupla função de fornecer substâncias de reserva e fotoassimilados para o crescimento e o estabelecimento da plântula. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o nível de dependência de plântulas de abóbora híbrida (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata), melancia (Citrullus lanatus), pepino (Cucumis sativus) e porongo (Lagenaria siceraria) em relação às folhas cotiledonares para o crescimento e estabelecimento inicial. Foi efetuada a remoção de um ou dois cotilédones aos 3; 6; 9 e 12 dias após a emergência (DAE), comparando-se o crescimento das plântulas com o de plântulas controle (sem remoção). O crescimento inicial foi avaliado a cada três dias, da emergência até 21 DAE, determinando-se a taxa de expansão das folhas cotiledonares, o período de tempo até a equivalência entre área foliar e cotiledonar e a produção de matéria seca. A abóbora apresentou a maior taxa de expansão das folhas cotiledonares, o menor período até a emissão e expansão das folhas verdadeiras e a maior produção de matéria seca. As plântulas de abóbora e pepino apresentaram a maior dependência em relação às folhas cotiledonares. Os resultados obtidos mostram que danos às folhas cotiledonares, dependendo da espécie, da intensidade e da idade da plântula, podem afetar drasticamente o crescimento inicial e o estabelecimento das plântulas, com reflexos evidentes no rendimento de frutos em cucurbitáceas.

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Improvement of Grafted Watermelon Transplant Survival as a Result of Size and Starch Increases Over Time Caused by Rootstock Fatty Alcohol Treatment: Part I

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.24.3.343 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 343-349

Author(s):

Shawna L. Daley ◽

Jeffrey Adelberg ◽

Richard L. Hassell

Keyword(s):

Graft Survival ◽

Fatty Alcohol ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Alcohol Treatment ◽

Sufficient Energy ◽

Seedless Watermelon ◽

The One ◽

Grafted Transplants ◽

Grafting Experiment ◽

Over Time

Application of fatty alcohol to rootstocks used for vegetable grafting has been shown to increase the efficiency of producing grafted transplants by controlling cucurbit (Cucurbitaceae) rootstock meristematic regrowth and by allowing the rootstocks to accumulate carbohydrates, especially starch, over time in the hypocotyl and cotyledon. A grafting experiment was conducted to determine the effect of increased carbohydrates on survival of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) grafts using standard grafting procedures. ‘Carnivor’ interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) and ‘Macis’ bottle gourd (Lagenaria sicereria) rootstocks at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after fatty alcohol treatment were grafted with ‘Tri-X 313’ seedless watermelon using the one-cotyledon method. Graft survival on ‘Macis’ rootstock was acceptable or significantly increased up to day 14, with a slight decrease at day 21. Graft survival on ‘Carnivor rootstock was also acceptable up to day 21, with a significant increase between days 1 and 7. The second experiment was conducted to determine whether the increased carbohydrates provide sufficient energy to successfully graft without the rootstock cotyledon, a method that has previously shown inconsistent results. Graft survival was improved by 90% using treated ‘Carnivor’ rootstock 7 days after fatty alcohol treatment and ‘Macis’ rootstock 14 days after fatty alcohol treatment. Adoption of the hypocotyl-only graft method in commercial production may increase efficiency by better using greenhouse space and could decrease disease probability by removing the cotyledons before grafting.

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Reproduction of Didymella bryoniae on Nine Species of Cucurbits Under Field Conditions

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-14-0139-re ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (10) ◽

pp. 1379-1386 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anthony P. Keinath

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Cucumis Melo ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Lagenaria Siceraria ◽

Cucurbita Maxima ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Didymella Bryoniae ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Gummy Stem Blight ◽

Field Plots

Eighteen cucurbit cultivars representing 5 genera, 9 species, and 11 taxa susceptible to gummy stem blight were inoculated with Didymella bryoniae in field plots in Charleston, SC, in autumn 2008, autumn 2009, and spring 2011 to determine the suitability of the hosts and various plant parts for formation of sexual and asexual fruiting bodies of the pathogen. In 1, 2, or 3 years, D. bryoniae reproduced on all 18 cultivars, on leaves, and on all plant parts examined—pedicles, peduncles, petioles, tendrils, and vines. Watermelon and citron (both Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) had significantly more leaves with fruiting bodies than cucumber (Cucumis sativus), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and eight cultivars of squash and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, and C. pepo). On plant parts other than leaves, melon had the greatest proportions of tissue pieces with fruiting bodies, and citron had the least. Fruiting bodies were observed on 86% of plant parts examined in autumn 2009 but on only 28% in spring 2011, when environmental conditions were hot and dry. In 2009, pseudothecia and pycnidia were found in equal proportions on leaves, but pseudothecia were found more frequently than pycnidia on leaves in 2011 and on other plant parts in 2009 and 2011.

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Effects of Leachate Fertigation and the Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide on Growth and Nutrient Balance in Dracaena deremensis Potted Plants

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

Pedro García-Caparrós ◽

Cristina Velasquez Espino ◽

María Teresa Lao

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Solution ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Nutrient Balance ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sugar Concentration ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Total Soluble Sugar

The reuse of drainages for cultivating more salt tolerant crops can be a useful tool especially in arid regions, where there are severe problems for crops water management. Dracaena deremensis L. plants were cultured in pots with sphagnum peat-moss and were subjected to three fertigation treatments for 8 weeks: control treatment or standard nutrient solution (D0), raw leachates from Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl plants (DL) and the same leachate blending with H2O2 (1.2 M) at 1% (v/v) (DL + H2O2). After harvesting, ornamental and biomass parameters, leaf and root proline and total soluble sugar concentration and nutrient balance were assessed in each fertigation treatment. Plant height, leaf and total dry weight had the highest values in plants fertigated with leachates with H2O2, whereas root length, leaf number, RGB values and pigment concentration declined significantly in plants fertigated with leachates from C. lutescens with or without H2O2. The fertigation with leachates, regardless of the presence or absence of H2O2 increased root and leaf proline concentration. Nevertheless, root and leaf total soluble sugar concentration did not show a clear trend under the treatments assessed. Regarding nutrient balance, the addition of H2O2 in the leachate resulted in an increase in plant nutrient uptake and efficiency compared to the control treatment. The fertigation with leachates with or without H2O2 increased nitrogen and potassium leached per plant compared to plants fertigated with the standard nutrient solution. The reuse of drainages is a viable option to produce ornamental plants reducing the problematic associated with the water consumption and the release of nutrients into the environment.

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Exogenous Putrescine Enhances Salt Tolerance and Ginsenosides Content in Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Sprouts

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071313 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1313

Author(s):

Md. Jahirul Islam ◽

Byeong Ryeol Ryu ◽

Md. Obyedul Kalam Azad ◽

Md. Hafizur Rahman ◽

Md. Soyel Rana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Panax Ginseng ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Principal Component ◽

Total Soluble Protein ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Salinity Treatment ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Biochemical Processes

The effect of exogenously applied putrescine (Put) on salt stress tolerance was investigated in Panax ginseng. Thirty-day-old ginseng sprouts were grown in salinized nutrient solution (150 mM NaCl) for five days, while the control sprouts were grown in nutrients solution. Putrescine (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM) was sprayed on the plants once at the onset of salinity treatment, whereas control plants were sprayed with water only. Ginseng seedlings tested under salinity exhibited reduced plant growth and biomass production, which was directly interlinked with reduced chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence due to higher reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide; H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA) production. Application of Put enhanced accumulation of proline, total soluble carbohydrate, total soluble sugar and total soluble protein. At the same time, activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase in leaves, stems, and roots of ginseng seedlings were increased. Such modulation of physio-biochemical processes reduced the level of H2O2 and MDA, which indicates a successful adaptation of ginseng seedlings to salinity stress. Moreover, protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides enhanced by both salinity stress and exogenous Put treatment. On the other hand, protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides enhanced in roots and reduced in leaves and stems under salinity stress condition. In contrast, they enhanced by exogenous Put application in all parts of the plants for most cases, also evidenced by principal component analysis. Collectively, our findings provide an important prospect for the use of Put in modulating salinity tolerance and ginsenosides content in ginseng sprouts.

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Effects of Shading on Carbohydrates of Syzygium samarangense

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha47411637 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 1252-1257

Author(s):

Ying JIAN ◽

Guolin WU ◽

Donghui ZHOU ◽

Zhiqun HU ◽

Zhenxuan QUAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Digital Object Identifier ◽

Digital Object ◽

Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Carbohydrate Levels

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is an important tropical fruit tree cultivated in Southeast Asian. It produces red pear-like shape fruits. The fruit flesh is considered high in antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids that have a potential to contribute to the human healthy diet, and was proved to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial characteristics. To allow year-round marketing of high quality wax apple fruit, growers always perform shading to inhibit new flushes so as to repress vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth. To investigate the effect of shading on carbohydrates, wax apple trees were shaded with sun shade nets under field conditions. The effects of shading on shoot growth were studied and leaf carbohydrate levels of the trees were determined. The results showed that shading inhibit the the growth of the terminal shoots and promoted bud dormancy. Shading also reduced total soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch levels of leaves. The results suggested that shading reduced carbohydrate accumulation and repressed vegetative growth. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

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Total Soluble Sugar Quantification from Ethanolic Plant Extracts v1

10.17504/protocols.io.b2nsqdee ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lynn Doran ◽

Amanda P. De Souza

Keyword(s):

Plant Extracts ◽

Plant Tissue ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Total Soluble Sugars ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Tissue Extracts

Quantification of total soluble sugars (as glucose) in plant tissue extracts via the sulfuric phenol method adapted for 96 well plates.

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