scholarly journals Fungus Gnat Population Development in Coconut Coir and Sphagnum peat-based Substrates

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Evans ◽  
James N. Smith ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fungus Gnat ◽  
Natural Infestation

Coir and peat-based substrates were tested for their effectiveness in inhibiting the development of fungus gnat populations. The first experiment was conducted in July under relatively high temperatures (20 to 35 °C) and a second experiment was conducted in April under relatively low temperatures (20 °C). Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch `Freedom' plants were planted into 18-cm-diameter containers filled with substrates containing 80% sphagnum peat or coir, with the remainder being perlite. Half of the containers of each substrate were inoculated with fungus gnat larvae and sealed with either cheesecloth or thrips screen for Expts. 1 and 2, respectively. After 6 and 8 weeks for Expts. 1 and 2, respectively, fungus gnat adult and larval populations were sampled. Adults and larvae were recovered from coir and peat-based substrates in both experiments. In Expt. 1, significantly more adults and larvae were recovered from coir-based than peat-based substrates. In Expt. 2, significantly more adults and larvae were recovered from the peat-based than coir-based substrates. In a third experiment, the peat- and coir-based substrates used in Expts. 1 and 2 were used as well as the Iowa State greenhouse substrate, which contained 40% Sphagnum peat, 40% perlite, and 20% loam (v/v). Helianthus annuus L. `Pacino' seeds were sown into 18-cm-diameter containers filled with the test substrates. Natural infestation was allowed to occur for 6 weeks, after which time potato disks were used to sample the fungus gnat larvae population. Larvae were recovered from all substrates, and there was no significant difference in the number of larvae collected from the three substrates. Based on the results of these experiments, we concluded that coir does not inhibit the development of fungus gnat larvae populations and, when presented with options, fungus gnats will infest coir-based substrates as readily as peat-based substrates.

scholarly journals Maintaining the cold chain for vaccines

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrovic ◽  
Zorica Seguljev ◽  
Branka Gajin
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Chain System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Novi Sad

Cold chain for vaccines a is a system for storing and transporting vaccines at very low temperatures to maintain their effectiveness before use. Because vaccines are sensitive biological substances, their exposition to high temperatures directly affects the quality of vaccines and safety of immunization. The goal of this study was to assess the safety of cold chain for vaccines within the cold chain system in two services of Health Center Novi Sad. Cold Chain Monitors (CCM) and Freeze Watch (FW) indicators were used. A total of 155 (94.5%) Cold Chain Monitors (CCM) and 100 (95.2%) Freeze Watch (FW) indicators were analyzed. Only one CCM showed a breach in cold chain. A total of 3 CCMs indicated risk of vaccine wastage. A total of 9 CCMs were colorized without risk of vaccine wastage, FWs were positive in a high percentage in both services of Health Center Novi Sad. FWs were exposed to low temperatures during transport. Statistically significant differences in the number of exposed CCMs to high temperatures and the number of exposed FWs to low temperatures were observed in these two services. A statistically significant difference in number of FWs exposed to low temperatures was observed in regard to the period of transport and the period of storage at the vaccination stations. The study shows high level of safety of the cold chain in two services of Health Center Novi Sad. Cold Chain Monitor is a reliable indicator of the quality of cold chain for vaccines. Freeze Watch is a reliable indicator of the quality of cold chain during storage of vaccines, but not during their transport.

scholarly journals Effect of Coir and Sphagnum Peat-based Substrates on Fungus Gnat Populations

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 480D-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Evans ◽  
James N. Smith ◽  
Raymond Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Fungus Gnat

Fifteen-centimeter (1700-ml) containers were prepared for this experiment by sealing the drainage holes with insect screen (Hummert International, Earth City, Mo.) that had openings of 0.026 cm × 0.0805 cm. Containers were filled with substrates composed of either a 80% sphagnum peat or 80% coir. The remainder of the substrates was composed of perlite. Rooted cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima `Freedom' were planted into the containers and the containers were sealed with the insect screen and plants were allowed to grow and the substrate to age for 2 weeks. Fungus gnat (Bradysia spp.) larvae were collected using potato disks placed on the surface of infested substrates. After 3 days, larvae were collected from the disks, and 10 larvae were added per container. Uninoculated controls were included. After a period of 6 weeks, the adult population was sampled by placing 2.5 × 5.0-cm yellow sticky cards in each container. The larval population was sampled by placing a 4-cm-diameter potato disk on the substrate surface of each container. Fungus gnat larvae and adults were recovered from both sphagnum peat and coir-based substrates. Neither the number of adults nor the number of larvae recovered were significantly different between sphagnum peat and coir-based substrates.

scholarly journals Effects of Growing Medium Type and Moisture Level on Predation by Adult Rove Beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), on Fungus Gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), Larvae under Laboratory and Greenhouse Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 736-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Herrick ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Rove Beetles ◽  
Rove Beetle ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fungus Gnat ◽  
Saturated Treatment

The fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae), is an insect pest of greenhouse production systems. The rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria [Kraatz] (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), is a commercially available predator of certain greenhouse insect pests that reside in growing media, including fungus gnats. There is minimal information discussing how growing medium type and moisture level (watering treatment) impact the interactions between pests and natural enemies. Therefore, we conducted laboratory and greenhouse experiments to investigate the influence of two growing media (Sunshine® LC1 Professional Growing Mix and Fafard® 3B Mix Professional Formula) and two moisture levels (“constantly saturated” and “initially saturated”) on predation by adult D. coriaria on B. sp. nr. coprophila larvae after releasing one or two rove beetle adults. In the laboratory experiment, moisture content or the amount of water retained by the growing medium did not significantly influence the recovery of adult fungus gnats for any of the rove beetle treatments. However, there was a significant difference in the recovery of fungus gnat adults between the two growing media. Fewer fungus gnat adults emerged from the Sunshine® LC1 Professional Growing Mix (0.9 ± 0.2 adults) than the Fafard® 3B Mix Professional Formula (6.0 ± 0.9 adults). Significantly fewer adult fungus gnats were recovered in the treatments where one rove beetle adult was released (2.7 ± 0.7 adults) and two rove beetle adults were released (2.3 ± 0.5 adults) compared with the control without rove beetles (5.4 ± 1.4 adults). However, there was no significant difference between the number of rove beetle adults released. In contrast to the laboratory experiment, moisture content in the greenhouse experiment significantly influenced the recovery of adult fungus gnats. More adult fungus gnats were recovered from the “constantly saturated” treatment (9.9 ± 1.4 adults) than the “initially saturated” treatment (3.8 ± 1.0 adults). Similar to the laboratory experiment, there was a significant difference in the recovery of fungus gnat adults between the two growing media, with fewer adults captured from the Sunshine® LC1 Professional Growing Mix (3.2 ± 0.8 adults) than the Fafard® 3B Mix Professional Formula (10.4 ± 1.4 adults). However, the treatments with rove beetle adults [one rove beetle (6.6 ± 1.8 adults) or two rove beetles (5.3 ± 1.5 adults)] were not significantly different from the control without rove beetles (8.6 ± 1.5 adults), suggesting that the growing media and moisture levels were acting directly on fungus gnat survival. The results of our study demonstrate that survival of fungus gnat larvae that reside in the growing medium and the success of rove beetle adults used to regulate these pests can be influenced by growing media and the moisture content within growing media.

Low solubility of alumina in enstatite and uncertainties in estimated palaeogeotherms

1978 ◽  
Vol 288 (1355) ◽  
pp. 471-486 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Alumina Content ◽  
Equilibrium Solubility ◽  
Low Solubility

Spurious kinks in estimated palaeogeotherms may result from small errors in the calibration of the geothermometers and geobarometers. New data indicate that the equilibrium solubility of alumina in enstatite is even less than shown by recent studies, and that the slopes (d T /d P ) of the isopleths of equal alumina content are steeper than hitherto believed. Consequently, pressures of equilibration estimated from current formulations of the orthopyroxene-garnet geobarometer will be too high at high temperatures (> 1200 °C) and too low at low temperatures.

scholarly journals Environmental temperature during early life affects the personality of mosquitofish in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Li ◽  
Xinyu ZHang ◽  
Yi Wu ◽  
Feng ZHang ◽  
CHunlin Li
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Behavioral Syndrome ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Behavioral Traits

Abstract Personality has been observed in a variety of animal taxa with important implications in ecology and evolution. Exploring the influence of environmental temperature during early life on personality could help to understand the ontogeny of this phenotypic trait in animals. In this study, we reared newborn mosquitofish Gambusia affinis at high (30°C) and low (25°C) water temperatures and measured their shyness and exploration upon sexual maturity. We tested the repeatability of each behavioral trait; the correlation between them; and the effects of rearing temperature, sex, and body length on the behaviors. When growing up at low temperatures, female fish exhibited repeatability in shyness and exploration, and males exhibited marginal repeatability in shyness. However, neither of the 2 behaviors were repeatable when the fish were reared at high temperatures. There was a negative correlation between shyness and exploration, indicating that the 2 behaviors comprise a behavioral syndrome in this species. Mosquitofish reared at high temperatures were more explorative than those reared at low temperatures, while there was no difference in shyness between the 2 treatments. Body length and sex had no significant effects on the average values of the 2 behaviors. The results indicate that environmental temperature during early life could shape the personality of mosquitofish and modify the average of the behavioral traits. These findings might provide insights to understand the ontogeny of animal personality and how changes in environmental temperature influence animal dispersal by shaping their personality.

Analysis of Ferroelectric Microcapacitors by Scanning Probe Microscope

2004 ◽  
Vol 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Kin ◽  
Koichiro Honda
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Ferroelectric Material ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscope ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Electrical Heater ◽  
Device Processing ◽  
Probe Microscope ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTTo develop higher density FRAM requires reducing cell size. Therefore, the size effects resulting from device processing and the material's physical properties must be measured. Therefore, analyzing the electric characteristics of a single bit cell capacitor has become important. Two known characteristics of ferroelectric material are that the Vc increases at low temperatures, and the Pr falls at high temperatures. To further evaluate the impact of temperature on ferroelectrics, we constructed a new evaluation system based on a scanning probe microscope, that can measure the electric characteristics of a single bit cell capacitor. This system can be used in the temperature range from −120 degrees to 300 degrees C. We accomplished this by circulating liquid nitrogen around a SPM stage and by using an electrical heater. We measured the electrical properties of ferroelectric microcapacitors by using a sample with IrOx/PZT/Pt structure. Our measurements revealed that 2Pr really increases at low temperatures, and Pr decreases at high temperatures. That is, we have shown that Vc increases 30% at low temperatures and Pr decreases 10% also in an actual FRAM single bit cell capacitor.

Effects of ternary additions on the deformation behavior of single crystals of MoSi2

2000 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruyuki Inui ◽  
Koji Ishikawa ◽  
Masaharu Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Creep Strain ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Creep Strain Rate ◽  
Compression Creep ◽  
Ternary Additions

ABSTRACTEffects of ternary additions on the deformation behavior of single crystals of MoSi2 with the hard [001] and soft [0 15 1] orientations have been investigated in compression and compression creep. The alloying elements studied include V, Cr, Nb and Al that form a C40 disilicide with Si and W and Re that form a C11b disilicide with Si. The addition of Al is found to decrease the yield strength of MoSi2 at all temperatures while the additions of V, Cr and Nb are found to decrease the yield strength at low temperatures and to increase the yield strength at high temperatures. In contrast, the additions of W and Re are found to increase the yield strength at all temperatures. The creep strain rate for the [001] orientation is significantly lower than that for the [0 15 1] orientation. The creep strain rate for both orientations is significantly improved by alloying with ternary elements such as Re and Nb.

Consideration of the Cross-Anisotropy of Different Materials of the Asphalt Surface Layer and Temperature to Determine Pavement Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
Minrui Guo ◽  
Xinglin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Fatigue Cracking ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Temperature Relationship ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Anisotropy

The effects of the cross-anisotropy of different materials of the asphalt surface layer and the depth-temperature relationship on pavement responses and damage are investigated. A three-dimensional Finite-Element Model (FEM) of the pavement, which considers the depth-temperature relationship of the surface layer under moving tire load, is developed. Pavement damage models are established to evaluate the damage ratio for primary rutting and fatigue cracking. The results show that the compressive strain at the bottom of the surface layer increases as the temperature increases, and the cross-anisotropy (n-value) decreases, indicating that a decrease in the horizontal modulus of different materials of the surface layer increases the damage ratio for primary rutting at high temperatures. The tensile strain at the bottom of the surface layer declines as the n-value increases to 1. For the same change in the n-value, the rate of change of the damage ratio for fatigue cracking is greater at low temperatures than at high temperatures, demonstrating that the number of allowable load repetitions is more sensitive at low temperatures. In addition, the effect of cross-anisotropy and temperature on the vertical stress are larger on the top of the base than in the subbase and subgrade.

scholarly journals Effects of cryoprotectants and low temperatures on hatching and abnormal embryo development of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael S. Costa ◽  
Fabrício M. S. de Souza ◽  
José A. Senhorini ◽  
Rosicleire Veríssimo-Silveira ◽  
Alexandre Ninhaus-Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
Prochilodus Lineatus ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Membrane Rupture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effect of the cryoprotectants and the low temperatures on the embryonic development of Prochilodus lineatus, describing their main morphological alterations. On chilling sensitivity test, the survival rates at the twenty somites stage (20S) were 53.6% at 0ºC, and 100% in 5ºC. To test toxicity, the embryos were exposed to a graded series of 1,2-Propanediol (PROP), dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO4) and glycerol (GLY), terminating in a solution of high osmolarity. There was no significant difference in the embryos survival of toxicity test between series of PROP and Me2SO4 in the 6S and 20S. In the cooling protocols, were evaluated the effects of low temperature associated with cryoprotectants. At 5ºC, PROP showed survival rates above 75% in the gastrula stage (G) and above 90% in the 6S and 20S stages. High rates of abnormalities were observed, and the most recurrent were: small bodies, fins presenting uncontrolled cell growth, membrane rupture, and retraction. These results demonstrate the need to use cryoprotectant solutions, even when there is no ice nucleation, and, on the other hand, shows that high cryoprotectant concentrations promote numerous morphological lesions, compromising normal embryonic development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document