scholarly journals Use of a Chlorophyll Meter for Nondestructive and Rapid Estimation of Leaf Tissue Nitrogen in Macadamia

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Galanti ◽  
Alyssa Cho ◽  
Amjad Ahmad ◽  
Javier Mollinedo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Total N ◽  
Chlorophyll Meter ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
N Management ◽  
N Status

Nitrogen (N) management in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) orchards is an important concern for growers. Leaf tissue analysis is the accepted method for determining N status in macadamia; however, this process is expensive and time-consuming. The chlorophyll meter has been used in other crops to estimate N status in plants through estimation of the amount of chlorophyll in leaf tissue. The use of the chlorophyll meter in two macadamia cultivars (Kakea and Kau) at two locations in Hawai’i (Kapa’au and Pahala) and five time periods (12 Apr. 2017, 13 June 2017, 15 June 2017, 18 Dec. 2017, and 20 Feb. 2018) was assessed. Leaf samples were collected based on a tissue-sampling protocol, chlorophyll meter (SPAD) values were collected, and leaves were analyzed for total N concentration. Data were analyzed statistically using linear regression. Leaf tissue N concentration had a positive monotonic relationship to SPAD values for both macadamia cultivars, both locations, and all sampling periods. The sampling period of Apr. 2017 for ‘Kakea’ macadamia had the greatest R2 value for the linear regression at 0.85. The Feb. 2018 sampling period had an R2 value for the linear regression of 0.74. ‘Kau’ macadamia had the greatest R2 value for the linear regression of 0.24 in the Dec. 2017 sampling period. The slopes of the two macadamia cultivars for June 2017 were different from each other, suggesting that N recommendations need to be customized for specific macadamia cultivars if sampled in summer. The chlorophyll meter can be used for general estimation of tissue N in macadamia. Additional methods need to be considered and researched to refine procedures for direct estimation of total N concentration when using the chlorophyll meter.

scholarly journals LEAF TOTAL NITROGEN CONCENTRATION AS AN INDICATOR OF NITROGEN STATUS FOR PLANTLETS AND YOUNG PLANTS OF EUCALYPTUS CLONES

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Victor de Oliveira Ferreira ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Bruna Maximiano Médice ◽  
Nairam Félix de Barros ◽  
Ivo Ribeiro Silva
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Chlorophyll Meter ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Status ◽  
Leaf N

The use of leaf total nitrogen concentration as an indicator for nutritional diagnosis has some limitations. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of total N concentration as an indicator of N status for eucalyptus clones, and to compare it with alternative indicators. A greenhouse experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement with plantlets of two eucalyptus clones (140 days old) and six levels of N in the nutrient solution. In addition, a field experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, consisting of two seasons, two regions, two young clones (approximately two years old), and three positions of crown leaf sampling. The field areas (regions) had contrasting soil physical and chemical properties, and their soil contents for total N, NH+4-N, and NO−3-N were determined in five soil layers, up to a depth of 1.0 m. We evaluated the following indicators of plant N status in roots and leaves: contents of total N, NH+4-N, NO−3-N, and chlorophyll; N/P ratio; and chlorophyll meter readings on the leaves. Ammonium (root) and NO−3-N (root and leaf) efficiently predicted N requirements for eucalyptus plantlets in the greenhouse. Similarly, leaf N/P, chlorophyll values, and chlorophyll meter readings provided good results in the greenhouse. However, leaf N/P did not reflect the soil N status, and the use of the chlorophyll meter could not be generalized for different genotypes. Leaf total N concentration is not an ideal indicator, but it and the chlorophyll levels best represent the soil N status for young eucalyptus clones under field conditions.

Diagnostic nitrogen concentrations for tomatoes grown in sand culture

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
DO Huett ◽  
G Rose
Keyword(s):  
Critical Values ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Petiole Sap ◽  
N Status ◽  
Leaf N

The tomato cv. Flora-Dade was grown in sand culture with 4 nitrogen (N) levels of 1.07-32.14 mmol L-1 applied as nitrate each day in a complete nutrient solution. The youngest fully opened leaf (YFOL) and remaining (bulked) leaves were harvested at regular intervals over the 16-week growth period. Standard laboratory leaf total and nitrate N determinations were conducted in addition to rapid nitrate determinations on YFOL petiole sap. The relationships between plant growth and leaf N concentration, which were significantly affected by N application level, were used to derive diagnostic leaf N concentrations. Critical and adequate concentrations in petiole sap of nitrate-N, leaf nitrate-N and total N for the YFOL and bulked leaf N were determined from the relationship between growth rate relative to maximum at each sampling time and leaf N concentration. YFOL petiole sap nitrate-N concentration, which can be measured rapidly in the field by using commercial test strips, gave the most sensitive guide to plant N status. Critical values of 770-1 120 mg L-I were determined over the 10-week period after transplanting (first mature fruit). YFOL (leaf + petiole) total N concentration was the most consistent indicator of plant N status where critical values of4.45-4.90% were recorded over the 4- 12 week period after transplanting (early harvests at 12 weeks). This test was less sensitive but more precise than the petiole sap nitrate test. The concentrations of N, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in YFOL and bulked leaf corresponding to the N treatments producing maximum growth rates are presented, because nutrient supply was close to optimum and the leaf nutrient concentrations can be considered as adequate levels.

Effect of spad techniques and planting density on 'Y' leaf nitrogen concentration in transplanted rice

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Janaki ◽  
T. M. Thiyagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Chlorophyll Meter ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Management ◽  
Leaf N

Field experiments were conducted in June-September 1998 and 1999 with rice variety ASD18 at the wetland farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, in Coimbatore, India to examine variations in 'Y' leaf (youngest fully expanded leaf) N concentration as influenced by different planting densities and N management strategies in a split plot design. The main plot consisted of three plant populations (33, 66 and 100 hills m-2) and the sub-plots treatments of five N management approaches. The results revealed that the nitrogen concentration progressively declined with growth, the decline being steep up to 35 days after transplanting, wereafter the values became almost linear up to the flowering stage in all the treatments. The mean 'Y' leaf N was found to be significantly higher at 33 hills m-2 (45.1 g kg-1), while the other two densities were on par (42.9 g kg-1). When N application was based on chlorophyll meter (SPAD) values the leaf N concentration was maintained at a level of 39.2 to 51.9 g kg-1 to produce maximum grain yield. A significant correlation was observed between the chlorophyll meter values and 'Y' leaf N concentrations at various days after transplanting (r values ranged from 0.57* to 0.83**), while the correlation was highly significant during the major physiological growth stages. Though the 'Y' leaf content was significantly higher in the treatment involving Sesbania rostrata green manuring + 150 kg N applied in splits, the grain yield produced was on par in all the N applied treatments. A highly significant correlation was observed between the grain yield and both 'Y' leaf N content and SPAD values during various growth periods.

scholarly journals 654 PB 034 EVALUATION OF CHLOROPHYLL METER READINGS FOR ASSESSING THE N STATUS OF LETTUCE

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 526d-526
Author(s):  
M. Wilcox ◽  
C.A. Sanchez ◽  
T.M. Blackmer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Chlorophyll Meter ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Lettuce Yield ◽  
N Fertility ◽  
N Management ◽  
N Status

Several studies in the midwestem United States have shown that chlorophyll meter readings (Minolta SPAD 502) are useful in determining the N status of corn (Zea Mays L.), and show promise as a tool for the efficient N management of corn. Studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of the `chlorophyll meter for evaluating N deficiencies in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Data for chlorophyll meter readings, midrib nitrate-N, lettuce growth rate, and marketable lettuce yield were collected in five N fertility experiments in 1993 and 1994. Chlorophyll meter readings not only varied among lettuce types (butter, cos, leaf, crisphead), but also among cultivars of the crisphead type. Chlorophyll meter readings were generally poorly correlated to midrib nitrate-N levels and marketable lettuce yield. Lettuce leaves have more color variation than corn leaves, and perhaps this variation in relation to the small sensor size on the SPAD 502 confounded readings. The observation that subtle N deficiencies in lettuce are usually manifested in growth rate reduction rather than abrupt color changes may also limit the usefulness of the chlorophyll meter for lettuce.

scholarly journals Use of an Active Canopy Sensor and SPAD Chlorophyll Meter to Quantify Geranium Nitrogen Status

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-wen Wang ◽  
Bruce L. Dunn ◽  
Daryl B. Arnall ◽  
Pei-sheng Mao
Keyword(s):  
Green Leaf ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
N Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Meter ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Flower Traits ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Status ◽  
Leaf N

This research was conducted to investigate the potentials of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a Soil-Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter, and leaf nitrogen (N) concentration [% dry matter (DM)] for rapid determination of N status in potted geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum). Two F1 cultivars were chosen to represent a dark-green leaf cultivar, Horizon Deep Red, and a light-green leaf cultivar, Horizon Tangerine, and were grown in a soilless culture system. All standard 6-inch (15.24-cm) pots filled with a medium received an initial top-dress application of 5 g controlled-release fertilizer (15N–9P–12K), then plants were supplemented with additional N in the form of urea at 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg·L−1 N every few days to produce plants ranging from N-deficient to N-sufficient. The NDVI readings of individual plants from a NDVI pocket sensor developed by Oklahoma State University were collected weekly until the flowering stage. Data on flower traits, including number of pedicels (NOP), number of full umbels per pot (NOFU), total number of flowers per pot (TNF), number of flowers per pedicel (NOF), and inflorescences diameter (IFD), were collected 3 months after initial fertilizer treatment. After measuring flower traits, pedicels were removed from each pot, and SPAD value, NDVI, and leaf N concentration (g·kg−1 DM) were measured simultaneously. Cultivar and N rate significantly affected all but two flower and one N status parameters studied. The coefficient of determination R2 showed that NOP, NOFU, and TNF traits were more related to the N rates and the status parameters studied for ‘Horizon Tangerine’ than for ‘Horizon Deep Red’. For the latter cultivar, NOP and TNF traits were highly related to NDVI and SPAD values than N rates and leaf N content parameters. Correlation analysis indicated that the NDVI readings (R2 = 0.848 and 0.917) and SPAD values (R2 = 0.861 and 0.950) were significantly related to leaf N content (g·kg−1 DM) between cultivars. However, sensitivity of the NDVI and chlorophyll values to N application rate in geranium was slightly less than leaf N content. Strong correlations (R2 = 0.974 and 0.979, respectively) between NDVI and SPAD values were found within cultivars. The results demonstrated NDVI and SPAD values can be used to estimate N status in geranium. Because the pocket NDVI sensor will be cheaper than the SPAD unit, it has an advantage in determining N content in potted ornamentals.

Assessment of the nitrogen and potassium status of irrigated Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera) by plant analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
CMJ Williams ◽  
NA Maier
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Total N ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
Critical Concentrations ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
N Status

Four field experiments were carried out during 1992-93 (sites 1 and 2) and 1993-94 (sites 3 and 4) to assess the effects of nitrogen (N), at rates up to 600 kgha, and potassium (K), at rates up to 300 kgha, on total N, nitrate-N and K concentrations in petioles of the youngest fully expanded leaves (P-YFEL) of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera). The experiments were located in commercial plantings in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Plant samples were collected at 2-4-week intervals from 4 to 28 weeks after the plants were transplanted. Temporal or seasonal variation, and the effects on concentrations of total N, nitrate-N and K of sampling leaves next in age (YFEL-1 to YFEL+2) to the index leaf, were also studied. Total N concentration in P-YFEL was more sensitive to variations in N supply than nitrate-N at all sites. Total N and nitrate-N concentrations in petioles also varied with the age of the leaf sampled. Total N concentrations in petioles of leaves sampled 4-16 weeks after transplanting decreased with increasing leaf age. In contrast, nitrate-N concentrations in petioles sampled 4-8 weeks after transplanting increased with leaf age. Potassium concentrations in petioles did not vary consistently between leaves of different age. From 4 to 6 weeks after transplanting, relationships between total N or nitrate-N concentrations in P-YFEL and relative total yield were not significant (P>0.05), therefore, critical concentrations could not be determined. Linear and quadratic models were used to study the relationships between total N and nitrate-N concentration in P-YFEL and relative total yield during 8-28 weeks after transplanting. Total N concentrations accounted for a greater amount of variation in relative total yield at 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24 and 28 weeks after transplanting compared with nitrate-N. Coefficients of determination (r2) were in the range 0.52-0.93. Relationships between nitrate-N concentration in P-YFEL and relative total yield were only significant 8, 10, 14 and 16 weeks after transplanting and 9 values were in the range 0.49-0.82. Critical concentrations for total N decreased from 3.13-3.44% at 10 weeks to 1.22-1.38% at 28 weeks after transplanting. This decrease highlights the importance of carefully defining sampling time to ensure correct interpretation of plant test data. Potassium concentrations also decreased between 4 and 28 weeks after transplanting. Critical concentrations were not determined for K, because the crops at all sites did not respond significantly (P>0.05) to applied K. Based on sensitivity (as indicated by the range in tissue concentrations in response to variations in N supply) and on the correlations between total N and nitrate-N concentrations and relative total yield, we concluded that total N was better than nitrate-N as an indicator of plant N status and yield response of Brussels sprouts. We suggested that growers sample P-YFEL several times during the growing season, starting 10 weeks after transplanting. Plant analysis can be used to monitor N status and to detect N deficiencies which may arise during the growing season of Brussels sprouts which may be up to 9 months duration. Growers can adjust their fertiliser N program to ensure deficiencies are quickly corrected.

Quantifying the nonlinearity in chlorophyll meter response to corn leaf nitrogen concentration

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
D. W. Stewart ◽  
E. Gregorich ◽  
A. M. Anderson ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Chlorophyll Meter ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Leaf N

Chlorophyll meters have been used to provide a rapid non-destructive method to estimate corn leaf nitrogen (N) concentration, although meter readings plateau at high leaf N levels. Paired chlorophyll meter and leaf N concentration data were obtained for ear level leaves at growth stages ranging from 3 wk before anthesis to 5 wk after anthesis over a 2-yr period at Ottawa, Ontario. Separate quadratic-plus-plateau models best represented chlorophyll meter response to leaf N concentration for pre-anthesis, early grain-fill and late grain-fill stages; chlorophyll meter readings corresponding to the beginning of the plateau increased at later growth stages. Leaf N concentration was estimated well from chlorophyll meter readings up to the plateau range using growth stage specific functions (R2 ≥ 0.77) but chlorophyll meter readings beyond the plateau should not be used to estimate leaf N concentration. Key words: Chlorophyll meter calibration, maize

Petiole sap nitrate is better than total nitrogen in dried leaf for indicating nitrogen status and yield responsiveness of capsicum in subtropical Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Olsen ◽  
DJ Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Petiole Sap ◽  
N Status ◽  
Subtropical Australia

This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of petiole sap nitrate and total nitrogen (N) in dried leaf for determining N status and yield response in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) grown with plastic mulch and trickle irrigation in subtropical Australia. Five rates of N (0, 70, 140,210, 280 kg/ha) were applied in factorial combination with 2 rates of potassium (K: 0, 200 kg/ha) in randomised block experiments to capsicum cv. Bell Tower grown at Bundaberg Research Station in spring 1990 and autumn 1991. Critical nutrient ranges for nitrate concentration in petiole sap and for total N concentration in dried youngest mature leaf blades plus petioles (YMB + P) were derived at different stages of crop development (bud development, BD; first anthesis, FA; 80% flowering, F; fruit set, FS). Sap nitrate was about 5 times more sensitive to changes in N application than total N. Petiole sap nitrate accounted for a greater amount of the variation in marketable fruit yield (quadratic square root relationships, 0.45 < R2 < 0.83) than total N concentration in dried YMB + P (linear relationships, 0.29 < R2 < 0.74). Simple linear regressions indicated a stronger relationship between applied N and petiole sap nitrate concentration than total N concentration in dried YMB + P (range in R2 values among 8 sampling events: 0.71-0.91 for petiole sap nitrate, 0.35-0.78 for YMB + P total N). For the fertiliser application strategy, 60% of N was applied pre-fruitset and 40% after. Sap nitrate concentrations associated with 95 and 100% of maximum marketable fruit yield increased from BD (5010-6000 mg/L spring, 4980-5280 mg/L autumn) to FA (6220-7065 mg/L spring, 555M000 mg/L autumn). After FA, the range progressively decreased to 1640-2800 and 520-1220 mg/L at FS, for spring and autumn, respectively. It was concluded that petiole sap nitrate was a better indicator of plant N status and yield response than total N concentration in dried YMB + P for capsicum in subtropical Australia. A critical petiole sap K concentration (corresponding with maximum yield and at which no yield response to K addition was measured) of >4800 mg/L was proposed by correlating sap K with yield responses.

scholarly journals N Management of European Grasslands: Can the Exchange of Gaseous N Species Be Influenced at the Operational Level?

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 652-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Calanca ◽  
A. Neftel ◽  
J. Fuhrer
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Total N ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Grassland Ecosystems ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
N Management

Grassland ecosystems can be regarded as biochemical reactors in which large amounts of organic nitrogen (N) are converted into inorganic N, and vice versa. If managed in a sustainable manner, grasslands should operate in a quasi steady state, characterized by an almost perfect balance between total N input and output. As a consequence, the exchange of gaseous N species (NH3, NO, NO2, N2O, and N2) between grasslands and the atmosphere is very small compared to the total N turnover. In this study, the effects of two management options (mowing and fertilization) on production and emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from a grass/clover crop were examined on the basis of observations and model results referring to an experiment carried out on the Swiss Plateau in late summer of 2000. It was found that production and emission of N2O induced by mowing were of the same order of magnitude as those brought about by fertilization, suggesting a possible transfer of N from clover to the soil after defoliation. Emissions were strongly modulated by precipitation on time scales ranging from 1 day to 1 week. This indicates that effective control of N2O emissions through management on a day-to-day basis requires reliable medium-range weather forecasts. Model calculations were not able to reproduce essential characteristics of the emissions. The model slightly overestimated the background emissions, but severely underestimated the emission peaks following fertilizer application, and largely failed to reproduce emission induced by mowing. Shortfalls in the model used for this study were found in relation to the description of soil-water fluxes, soil organic matter, and the physiology of clover.

Growth and N status of Populus in mixture with red alder on recent volcanic mudflow from Mount Saint Helens

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Heilman
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Total N ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

Eleven months after the May 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens in southeastern Washington, United States, three Populus clones were planted in an experiment on the Toutle River mudflow deposit. The trees grew at an abnormally slow rate and by 3 years were overtopped by a dense stand (14 600 ± 3600 trees/ha) of red alder seeded naturally onto the site. Over the 6-year period of the study, the total N content of the soil increased an average of 56 kg•ha−1•year−1•. Foliar N concentration in Populus increased significantly from a mean late summer – early autumn value in the 2nd year (1982) of 0.69% N to a value of 2.06% N at the end of the seventh growing season. The mean annual height growth of the largest Populus averaged <0.5 m/year in the first 3 years, increasing to an average of over 1.0 m/year in the 5th and 6th years. Fertilizer treatments with N (as urea) and N + P (as urea plus treble superphosphate) placed in the soil near the individual Populus at a maximum rate of 5.3 g N/tree increased height growth in the year of fertilization (1982) and the following year (the response in height growth for the 2 years totaled 64%). After 1984, no significant effects of fertilizer on height growth, total height, or diameter were evident. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased foliar N concentration (1.54% N with the highest N treatment vs. 0.69% N in the control) in the year of treatment only. Phosphorus fertilization had no significant effect on growth or foliar P concentration. At 6 years, only 2% of the Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray clone and 13% of the tallest Populus hybrid were equal to or above the mean height of alder dominants and codominants (6.2 m). Additionally, the diameter growth of Populus was severely limited: the trees had only 8% of the cross-sectional area of "normal" trees for their height. Results indicated that on sites of low N such as the mudflow, Populus may not compete satisfactorily in mixture with alder. Such behavior is in sharp contrast to sites of high N, where red alder cannot compete with Populus.

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