scholarly journals The Relationship between Leaf Enclosure, Transpiration, and Upper Leaf Necrosis on Lilium `Star Gazer'

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Chien Chang ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Mechanical Perturbation ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Ca Deficiency ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
The Relationship

Upper leaf necrosis (ULN) on Lilium `Star Gazer' has been shown to be a calcium (Ca) deficiency disorder. Initial symptoms of ULN tend to appear on leaf margins. Before flower buds are visible, young expanding leaves are congested and overlap each other on the margin. In the current study, we examined the relationship between leaf enclosure, transpiration, and upper leaf necrosis. We demonstrated that low transpiration rate and enclosure of young leaves played an important role in the occurrence of ULN. Young expanding leaves are low transpiration organs. The younger the leaf, the lower the transpiration rate and Ca concentration. Leaf enclosure further reduced transpiration of these young leaves and promoted ULN. Upper leaf necrosis was suppressed by manually unfolding the leaves using a technique we refer to as artificial leaf unfolding (ALU). ALU minimized leaf congestion, exposing leaves that were previously enclosed. We demonstrated that the effect of ALU was not the consequence of thigmomorphogenesis, as ULN was not reduced by mechanical perturbation in lieu of ALU. With ALU, transpiration of upper leaves was significantly increased and Ca concentration of the first leaf immediately below the flower buds was increased from 0.05% to 0.20%. We concluded that leaf enclosure promoted ULN occurrence, and ALU suppressed ULN primarily by increasing transpiration. The use of overhead fans to increase airflow over the tops of the plants significantly reduced both ULN incidence and severity.

scholarly journals Temperature Affects Leaf Unfolding Rate and Flowering of Cyclamen

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Large Flower

The rate of leaf unfolding for Cyclamen persicum Mill. was determined at 8 to 24 °C. Temperature treatments started 9 weeks from seeding and after 8 weeks all plants were moved to 16 °C. The cultivars Miracle Salmon, Miracle Scarlet, and Miracle White produced leaves at a similar rate. The relationship of (leaves/d) = - 0.01727 - 0.02284 * °C + 0.005238 * (°C)2 - 0.000162 * (°C)3 (R2 = 0.99) best described the leaf unfolding rate in response to temperature. The maximum leaf unfolding rate was estimated to 0.329 leaves/day at 19.1 °C. Flower buds (2 mm diameter) developed within 60 days from the start of temperature treatments except at 8 °C. Thirty-five additional days at 16 °C were required for cyclamen initially grown at 8 °C for 8 weeks to produce flower buds. Despite similar conditions during bud development, flowering was delayed 14 to 18 days for plants initially grown at 24 °C compared to those grown at 12 to 20 °C. Plants initially at 8 °C did not flower within 70 days at 16 °C. Leaf and flower numbers at first open flower increased as initial temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C while dry weight and height only increased to 20 °C. No correlation between leaf unfolding and rate of flowering or flower number was detected. Recommendations for 20 °C during early cyclamen growth can be expected to support rapid rates of leaf unfolding and development, and large flower numbers.

scholarly journals Growth and Calcium Partitioning in Lilium `Star Gazer' in Relation to Leaf Calcium Deficiency

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Chien Chang ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Storage Organ ◽  
Ca Deficiency ◽  
Ca Uptake ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Growing Shoot

Upper leaf necrosis (ULN) on Lilium `Star Gazer' has been recently demonstrated to be a calcium (Ca) deficiency disorder. In the current studies, we confirmed this by using a Ca-free nutrient regime to reproduce ULN symptoms. The ability of a bulbous storage organ to supply calcium to a growing shoot is poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted experiments to determine Ca partitioning during early growth stages, and under suboptimal Ca levels to determine how the bulb affects the symptomatology. The results indicated that ULN is originally caused by an insufficient Ca supply from the bulb. In the most susceptible period, bulb dry matter decreased dramatically and Ca concentrations in immature folded leaves dropped to very low levels. Consequently, necrosis began to appear on the upper, young leaves. The bulb was able to supply Ca to other organs, but only to a limited extent since Ca concentration in bulbs was low (0.04% w/w). To confirm this result, we cultivated lilies with low-Ca or Ca-free nutrient solution and obtained bulbs with extremely low internal Ca concentrations. Upon forcing these low-Ca bulbs, we found, as expected, prominent necrosis symptoms on the lower and middle leaves. Data suggested the lower and middle leaves relied more on Ca supplied from the bulb, while upper leaves and flowers relied more on Ca uptake from the roots. Different organs have different Ca requirements, and tissue sensitivity to Ca deficiency varies according to the growth stage.

scholarly journals The Development of Upper Leaf Necrosis in Lilium `Star Gazer'

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Chien Chang ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Light Reduction ◽  
Ca Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Transpiration ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Main Factor

A necrotic disorder occurs on upper leaves of many oriental hybrid lily (Lilium L.) cultivars, including the most-widely-grown `Star Gazer'. We term this disorder “upper leaf necrosis” (ULN) and hypothesize that it is a calcium (Ca) deficiency. We demonstrated that Ca concentration in necrosed tissues was nearly six-fold below that of normal leaves (0.10% vs. 0.57% dry weight), and that Ca concentration was negatively associated with percentage necrosed leaf area. It was concluded that ULN is a Ca deficiency disorder. When the symptoms were slight, early ULN symptoms appeared as tiny depressed spots on the lower surface of the leaf, or as water-soaked areas when the disorder was severe. Most commonly, ULN began on the leaf margin. The injured areas turned brown, leading to leaf curling, distortion, or tip death. ULN occurred on leaves associated with flower buds and leaves immediately below the flower buds. For the plants grown from 16-18 cm circumference bulbs, the five leaves directly below the flower buds and larger leaves associated with the 1st and the 2nd flower buds were most susceptible. In general, flower buds were not affected by ULN, and continued to develop and flower normally, even though they were associated with subtending, highly distorted leaves. Eighty-five percent of plants began to exhibit ULN symptoms 30-40 days after planting (i.e., 24-34 days after shoot emergence). This was the stage when the 6th or 7th leaf under the bottom flower bud was just unfolded. Light was not the main factor that initiated ULN, however, ULN severity was greatly increased by light reduction, as leaf transpiration was reduced.

Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

scholarly journals NOTES ON THE EGG AND YOUNG LARVA OF ALARIA FLORIDA

1871 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Young Larva ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Young Leaves

On the 4th of July I found a number of eggs of this beautiful moth on the evening primrose, Œnothera Lamarckiana. They were found attached to the stalks of the young flower buds; to the sides of the calyx of the flower, and also to the young leaves at their base. The eggs were quite firmly fastened among the long stout hairs with which the cuticle of the calyx and flower stalk is covered.

STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CEREALS: II. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUGAR CONTENT AND REACTION TO STEM RUST OF MATURE AND IMMATURE TISSUES OF THE WHEAT PLANT

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 582-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Johnson ◽  
O. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

In Part I of these studies it has been shown that the rapidly growing tissues of the wheat plant are more susceptible to stem rust than the older tissues. An attempt was made to discover if a physiological or chemical basis could be found for the difference in reaction of the young and older tissues.Analyses were made to determine the sugar content of young (susceptible) and older (resistant) tissues of four wheat varieties resistant in the adult stage and of the corresponding plant parts of three wheat varieties which in the adult stage showed little or no resistance to rust. The young tissues comprised the young leaves still enfolded by the uppermost sheaths and the young stems below the uppermost node; the older tissues were represented by the fully developed upper leaves and their adherent sheaths. The analyses showed a considerably higher content of sugars in the young than in the older tissues of the seven varieties tested. The difference was particularly great in the content of reducing sugars but rather slight in the disaccharide content (expressed as invert sugar). However, as all the varieties, irrespective of resistance or susceptibility to rust in the adult stage, showed much the same difference in the sugar content of their young and older tissues, it does not seem likely that there is any direct relation between sugar content and reaction to rust.

Anarsia achrasella sp.n. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on sapodilla (Achras zapota) in northern India and Pakistan

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Wing Pattern ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Anarsia Achrasella

AbstractA gelechiid moth whose larvae attack the flower buds and young leaves of sapodilla (Achras zapota), known also as chicle gum, chiko or naseberry, in northern India and Pakistan is described and named Anarsia achrasella sp.n. Wing pattern, labial palpal and genitalic features of both sexes of the adult are figured, and the species is differentiated from the closely related Afrotropical A. pinnata Meyr.

Diagnosis of copper deficiency in wheat by plant analysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
JW Gartrell ◽  
K Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accurate Indicator

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to define critical concentrations of copper in young leaves of wheat and to investigate the effect of water stress after anthesis on the relationship between yield and copper concentrations in young leaves. The concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf was a sensitive and accurate indicator of the copper status of wheat. The critical concentration for copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf did not change with the age of the plant. Copper deficiency occurred whenever the concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf fell below 1.3 �g g-I (dry weight). Water stress after anthesis did not change the relationship between copper concentrations in young leaves and grain yield, although this stress markedly decreased grain yield. In the field there was considerable variability among plants given the same copper treatment in copper concentrations in young leaves. Nevertheless, whenever copper deficiency decreased growth, the average concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf was less than 1.3 �g g-1.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWEET CHERRY FLOWER BUD DEVELOPMENT AND FRUIT QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 668b-668
Author(s):  
Preston K. Andrews ◽  
Shulin Li ◽  
Margaret L. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The development of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L., `Bing') flower buds from winter through anthesis was examined. Shoots were collected from the top and bottom of the canopy. The weight and size of flower buds and primordia produced on last-season's and 1-year-old wood were measured. As early as mid-December bud and primordia size and weight were greater on last-season's wood than on 1-year-old wood, with the largest and heaviest buds and primordia produced on last-season's wood in the bottom of the canopy. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of primordia per bud and primordium weight. The relationship between flower bud and primordia size during mid-December and ovary size at anthesis suggests a causal relationship, which may be a major source of variation influencing harvested fruit size and quality.

scholarly journals Cell Division in the Formation of the Stomatal Complex of the Young Leaves of Wheat

1966 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
J. D. PICKETT-HEAPS ◽  
D. H. NORTHCOTE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
Guard Mother Cell ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Characteristic Manner

During the formation of stomata in the young leaves of wheat the cells divide in a characteristic manner; two of the cell divisions are asymmetrical and produce cells of unequal sizes. A study of the fine structure of the cells during mitosis has shown that a band of microtubules appears at each preprophase stage. This band, although it is not present in the subsequent stages of mitosis, indicates the location on the wall of the mother cell where the cell plate will join it at the final division of the cytoplasm at telophase. Thus the future plane of cell division is indicated by these microtubules at preprophase. Microtubules are also found at the growing edge of the cell plate and appear to function in directing the vesicles which are brought up to extend the plate. The cell plate which is formed to cut off the subsidiary cells on either side of the guard mother cell is curved, and the microtubules present in conjunction with this plate during its formation could function to align and hold it on the required position. The relationship of the guard mother cell to the divisions of the adjacent epidermal cells which form the subsidiary cells is discussed, and related to general problems of growth and differentiation.

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