Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Clinton Godart
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
To Come

Evolutionary theory was not passively accepted but actively interpreted, constructed, and used over the course of a century. In pre-war Japan evolutionary theory and religion clashed mainly for political reasons. But overall religious thought and evolutionary theory mutually stimulated each other. Throughout Japanese modern history, religious thinkers tried to come to terms with evolution while rejecting materialist and individualist interpretations of nature, and find alternatives to the "struggle for survival" by finding the divine in nature and evolution itself.

scholarly journals Farklı İslâmî Kimliklerin Birlikte Yaşama Problemi ve Çözüm Önerileri Sufi Psikolojisi Açısından Bir Giriş Denemesi / The Problem of Coexistence of Different Islamic Identities and Suggestions for Solution an Entrance in Terms of Sufi Psychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
İbrahim Işıtan
Keyword(s):  
Religious Values ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Basic Issue ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
To Come

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The existence of different religious identities in various forms in Islamic world is a legacy that Islamic history leaves to the contemporary societies. In other words, these religious identities cause the problem of living together of different religious groups in Islamic societies, but they can also lead to the problem of ‘othering’ as well. In this case, it can be difficult to make social reconciliation and live together in the framework of general religious values. When any religious thought and opinion desires to come to a leading position to feel safe, other thoughts and opinions tend to react to it. The main problem at that point seems to be whether to accept different thoughts as a richness or not.</p><p>This research looks for answers to the question of what should be done so that the differences that sects and groups in Islamic societies create, do not lead to political discrepancies. The most basic issue that the work is emphasize is that the principles of belief, deed and morality of Islamic religion has been determined by revelation, and these principles have not changed over time. However, the relations between these principles, the issue of which principle is ahead of the other and which principles should be brought forward in the new situations have caused to raise different opinions and the predecessor scholars (Salaf) propounded diverse ideas and thoughts to this issue. In later periods, different interpretations were added due to new events happening indoors and new beliefs and cultures encountered outside, and so new trends and understandings emerged. The currents and understandings generated by the mentioned interpretations continue their existence today in different forms and even new currents can occur. This work also emphasizes that these differences of interpretation -on the condition that the religious constancies do not move from place- should be accepted as wealth and should not lead to political separation in this way. For this, we underlined the need to live together around general religious values by emphasizing the fact that different religious groups must live together. In the work it is alleged that the lifestyle of the Sufi tradition can help us on this subject.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>İslam dünyasında farklı dinî kimliklerin çeşitli şekillerde varlığı, İslam tarihinin günümüz toplumlarına bıraktığı bir mirastır. Söz konusu bu kimlikler İslam toplumlarında farklı dinî grupların bir arada yaşama problemini doğurmakta fakat ‘ötekileştirme’ sorununa da yol açabilmektedir. Bu durumda toplumsal uzlaşma sağlanması ve genel dinî değerler çerçevesinde bir arada yaşanması zorlaşabilmektedir. Herhangi bir dinî düşünce ve görüş kendini güvencede hissetmek amacıyla hâkim konuma gelmeyi arzu edince, diğer düşünce ve görüşler buna karşı reaksiyon gösterme eğilimi içerisine girebilmektedir.</p><p>Bu çalışmada İslam toplumlarında mevcut olan mezhep ve grupların ortaya çıkardığı farklılıkların siyasal anlamda krize yol açmaması için neler yapılması gerektiği sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Üzerinde durulan en temel konu, İslam dininin inanç, amel ve ahlak esaslarının vahiyle belirlenmiş olması ve bu esasların zamanla değişime uğramayışı gerçeğidir. Fakat bu esaslar arasındaki ilişkiler, hangi esasın diğerinden daha önde olması meselesi ve yeni karşılaşılan durumlarda hangi prensiplerin öne çıkarılması gerektiği konusunda farklı görüşler ortaya atılmış ve ilk dönem selef âlimleri bu hususta farklı fikir ve düşünceler serdetmişlerdir. Daha sonraki dönemlerde, içeride yaşanan yeni olaylar ve dışarıda karşılaşılan yeni inanç ve kültürler nedeniyle farklı yorumlar eklenmiş ve böylece yeni akım ve anlayışlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu yorumların oluşturduğu akım ve anlayışlar günümüzde de farklı şekillerde varlığını devam ettirmekte ve hatta yeni akımlar bile oluşabilmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda, yorum farklılıklarının –dinî sâbiteleri yerinden oynatmamak kaydıyla– zenginlik kabul edilmesi ve bu şekilde siyasal ayrıma yol açmaması gerektiğinin altını çizdik. Bunun için farklı dinî grupların birlikte yaşama zorunluluğu gerçeği vurgulanarak, genel dinî değerler etrafında birlikte yaşamanın gerekliliği dile getirilmiştir. Bu konuda sûfî geleneğin yaşam tarzından istifade edilebileceği de özellikle vurgulanmıştır.</p>

A taste of things to come

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-208
Author(s):  
Jerald D. Kralik ◽  
Marc D. Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Learning Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Behavioral Learning ◽  
To Come

Rolls uses evolutionary theory and behavioral learning theory in his analysis of emotion. We believe that both theories are greatly underutilized, leaving an incomplete description of the nature of emotion and its neural foundation.

JUSTICE AS A NATURAL PHENOMENON

Think ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
Ken Binmore
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Natural Justice ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
To Come

This article is my latest attempt to come up with a minimal version of my evolutionary theory of fairness, previously summarized in my book Natural Justice. The naturalism that I espouse is currently unpopular, but Figure 1 shows that the scientific tradition in moral philosophy nevertheless has a long and distinguished history. John Mackie's Inventing Right and Wrong is the most eloquent expression of the case for naturalism in modern times. Mackie's demolition of the claims made for a priori reasoning in moral philosophy seem unanswerable to me.

scholarly journals Peru: historical fusion of different cultures

2018 ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Ilona Gorelaya
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethnic Identification ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Different Cultures

The main object of this communication is to describe in short and summarize form the history of Peru, beginning from prehispanic cultures to modern age, giving examples of cultural, archaeological and architectural testimonies. The intention of the author is to illustrate the fact that the Peruvians are the result of historical fusion of different cultures. The history of Peru has several stages that significantly influenced the process of the ethnicity of the country that has included different events and processes: migration that at times, was forced migration, like the arrival of people from Africa or China. The milestones in the history of Peru, from the point of view of the cycles of cultural that influenced the formation of the Peruvian nation were the following: the pre-Colombian era, arrival of the Spaniards, arrival of the first settlers-African (afro-Peruvian), the fight for independence. In the different stages of the history coexisted different ethnic groups: the original indigenous population, the Spanish, who ventured to come to Peru, Africans brought by the Europeans, Italians who came in search of work, Japanese and others. The conclusion reached after analysis of the material presented, is that the modern Peruvian nation is a fusion of ethnicities, nationalities and cultures and the problem of the ethnic identification for the population of Peru is still very current in the modern history.

The Relations Between England and the Northern Powers, 1689–1697.: Part I.—Denmark

1911 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 157-191
Author(s):  
M. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
The North ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
William Iii ◽  
Bear Witness

A notable feature of Baltic politics at the close of the seventeenth century was the rivalry of Sweden and Denmark, which had fought with each other during several centuries for supremacy, or even for existence. To the permanence and strength of this feeling, and its importance in the politics of the North, contemporary and modern authorities, the correspondence of Louis XIV and William III and their ministers, with Ranke, Bain, and the ‘Cambridge Modern History,’ equally bear witness. At this period, however, Denmark hankered after an alliance with Sweden, of course on her own terms. The explanation is that Denmark was a more purely Baltic Power than Sweden; If there had been peace in the Baltic, Denmark could have become powerful and wealthy; but her ministers, themselves wretchedly poor, were actuated by mercenary motives. Hence the dangerous policy of fleecing the merchants who passed the Oresund. Unfortunately, the refusal of Sweden to come to terms with her rival made it possible for the English and Dutch, especially the latter, to maintain a balance of power in the Baltic, and thus diminish Denmark's gains. Griffenfeld, who has been regarded as Denmark's greatest statesman, had seen how beneficial an alliance with Sweden, with the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp (whose efforts against Danish absorption were vigorously supported by Sweden) and France, the rival of the Sea Powers, would be to Denmark, provided she, and not Sweden, manipulated the policy of the league for her own benefit.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 168-184
Author(s):  
Sarah Birch
Keyword(s):  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Electoral Violence ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come

This concluding chapter summarizes the main findings of the book and draws out their implications for political science as well as for policies on institutional design, electoral administration, electoral assistance, and diplomacy. It considers the circumstances under which different strategies of electoral-violence prevention are likely to be successful and it provides a series of empirically grounded recommendations for the policy and practitioner communities. Though the previous chapters have sought to shed more systematic comparative light on electoral violence than has been available in previous work, the study of conflictual elections remains a relatively new area of research. Much exciting work will undoubtedly be carried out on this topic in the years to come. This emerging field may prove particularly relevant in the era of democratic backsliding that the world appears to be entering, and the role of violence in electoral processes throughout the modern history of democratic voting practices is a subject whose detailed analysis is long overdue.

A Subtle Difference: On Ending One's Own Life in Muslim Religious Thought

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
JAN-PETER HARTUNG
Keyword(s):  
Good Life ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Subtle Difference ◽  
Religious Perspectives ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
To Come

AbstractIn the focus of this article is the complex problem to validate the deliberate disposal of a Muslim's own life for an Islamically sustained cause – popular modus operandi in the contemporary religiously inspired militant contexts – from a range of religious perspectives. While the general tenor suggest that such an action constitutes deliberate suicide (qatl nafsah) and is to be firmly rejected, the eschatological concept of ‘martyrdom’ (istishhād) adds an alternative interpretation that allows for a positive and even commendable appraisal of such an act.It is shown here that, from the formative period of Islam onwards, Muslim exegetes, theologians, jurists and philosophers have struggled to come to some kind of agreement over what delineates ‘suicide’ from ‘martyrdom’. Underlying all those attempts is the question what constitutes ‘life’: it appears that the substantial differences in the appraisal of a Muslim's disposal of her or his own life are, in fact, rooted in different conceptions of ‘life’ itself. It is shown how the dismissal of such acts as ‘suicide’ or endorsement as ‘martyrdom’ was, and is, sustained by complex theological and philosophical arguments, including those of volition versus predetermination, as well as such on vegetative growth versus the eudemonistic ‘good life’. Depending on which view is being adopted, one and the same act of disposing one's own life can either be consistently denounced as religiously reprehensible, or equally consistently as religiously commendable.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
P. A. Madden ◽  
W. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

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