Louise Erdrich's 20th Century Novels in the Context of Native American Literary and Cultural Traditions (Problems, Symbolism, Main Images)

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Tobasaanakwadook Dzholos Bjorgan
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Traditions

Conjugation of Meanings and Subjectivity (Reflection on the Book)

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Gryakalov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Outstanding Scientist ◽  
Important Trend ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The article presents reflections on the book Roman Osipovich Yakobson [Avtonomova, Baran, Shchedrina (eds.) 2017], published in the series Philoso­phy of Russia of the First Half of the 20th Century, which contains critical ana­lytical works on the theoretical heritage of the outstanding linguist and humani­ties of 20th century. The problems of the articles are considered in the current contexts of the humanities and in the prospects of contemporary philosophical discussions. Particular attention is paid to such topics as poetic, language, struc­ture, local development, structuralism, creativity, subjectivity. The creative pres­ence of Jacobson’s ideas in the humanitarian knowledge of the 20th–21th cen­turies shown in the interaction of scientific ideas and in the dialogues of scientific and national and cultural traditions. This confirms the universal re­sponsiveness of the ideas of an outstanding scientist, which most of all testifies to the demand for his views in the interdisciplinary space of philosophical and humanitarian reflection: the holistic coverage of the material and the desire for theoretical integrity from the very beginning were in the center of attention of Ja­cobson. The publication of the collection carefully studied the basic constants of the theoretical heritage of Jacobson – shows interdisciplinarity in action. The methodological gesture inherent in Jacobson’s research outlines and sub­stantiates the most important trend in the formation and transformation of knowledge of the 20th and 21st centuries – the growing importance of concep­tual interactions and topological aspirations of thought. These qualities of reflec­tion contain a path to the existential, anthropological, aesthetic and ethical as­pects of life: freedom of co-creation and freedom of existence can only be determined against the background of symbolic determinations – the human lan­guage, first of all.

scholarly journals Board to Page to Board

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Winkelman
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
American Indians ◽  
North American ◽  
Intelligent Design ◽  
Typically Develop ◽  
North American Indians ◽  
The North ◽  
Gradual Evolution

Abstract The ways new games typically develop might be viewed as a continuum ranging from very gradual “evolution” based on mutations introduced to a single progenitor during play or recall, to sudden “intelligent design” based on a purposeful and original combination — or even invention — of ludemes independent of any particular lines of transmission. This paper argues that two proprietary 20th-century games, C.A. Neves’s Fang den Hut! and Lizzie Magie’s The Landlord’s Game, were developed in a different way, a bit outside the typical continuum. It analyzes the games’ general typologies, and specific ludemes, concluding that both games are modern adaptations of traditional Native American games encountered, not through play or even contact with players, but through the seminal ethnographic publications of Stewart Culin. Specifically, Fang den Hut! derives from Boolik via Games of the North American Indians, and The Landlord’s Game derives from Zohn Ahl via Chess and Playing-Cards.

scholarly journals Envisioning Colonial Landscapes Using Mission Registers, Radiocarbon, and Stable Isotopes: An Experimental Approach from San Francisco Bay

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsim D. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Site Use ◽  
Archaeology Of Colonialism

The periodization used to distinguish sites and artifacts as "prehistoric" or "historic" translates to the selection of field methods and analytical techniques. This comes at the expense of developing new approaches to track continuities and adjustments in Native American site use, technologies, and other cultural traditions, such as mobility across an artificial divide between prehistory and history. To evaluate the mobility of Coast Miwok people in colonial San Francisco Bay, California, this article presents an experimental technique that compares radiocarbon and geochemical data from a Late period Phase 2(A.D. 1500-1800) shellmound (CA-MRN-114) to baptismal records from Spanish missions (A.D.l 776-1830s). Supported by eyewitness accounts of native fugitivism, furlough, and foraging at the missions, Coast Miwok baptisms before 1817 are at their lowest during traditional times of mussel harvests. After 1817, a different pattern is examined vis-d-vis the colonial landscapes taking shape in the region. Radiocarbon, geochemical, and documentary evidence supports the conclusion that seasonally oriented Coast Miwok mobility involving the collection of shellfish continued even during missionization. With further refinement, the proposed methodological framework holds promise for documenting patterns that often go unseen in the historical record and enhancing the archaeology of colonialism in North America.

The Fireside Poets

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Oliver Wendell Holmes ◽  
College And University ◽  
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Society ◽  
K 12 ◽  
The 19Th Century

The terms “Fireside Poets” or “Schoolroom Poets” are used to designate a group of five poets—William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and James Russell Lowell—who were popular in America in the latter half of the 19th century. Their poetry was read both around household firesides, often aloud by a mother or father to the gathered family, and in schoolrooms, where they inculcated wisdom and morals and patriotic feeling in America’s young. While they continued to be taught in K-12 classrooms well into the 20th century, they lost their standing first with critics and then with college and university professors with the coming of modernism in the early decades of the 20th century. Despite scattered attempts to restore both their critical reputations and their place in the curriculum, they continue to have only a marginal place in the minds of those most familiar with poetry. The Postmodern/New Historicist challenges to modernism find little of interest in them—Belknap’s A New Literary History of America (2009), for instance barely mentions them—while the neo-Victorian turn toward socially conscious literature, which might be expected to retrieve them, has so far paid them little mind, though some attention has recently been given to their environmental and Native American themes. But this marginalization may more reflect the marginalization of poetry as a whole in American society at large than a true estimate of their worth to common readers. While young students no longer read Longfellow’s Evangeline or Bryant’s “The Chambered Nautilus,” these poets may yet form the vanguard of a restoration of the enjoyment of poetry in America.

Hokan Languages

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Jany
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Vast Number

Hokan is a linguistic stock or phylum based on a series of hypotheses about deeper genetic relationships among languages that extend geographically from Northern California to Nicaragua. Following the general effort to genetically link the vast number of Native American languages and to reduce them to a few superstocks, Dixon and Kroeber first proposed the Hokan stock in 1913, to include several California indigenous languages: Karuk, Chimariko, Shastan, Palaihnihan (Atsugewi and Achumawi), Pomoan, Yana, and later Esselen and Yuman. The name Hokan stems from the Atsugewi word for “two”: hoqi. While the first proposals by Dixon and Kroeber rested on very limited cognate sets comprising only five words, later assessments by Sapir included hundreds of putative cognate sets and analyses of Hokan morphosyntax. By 1925, Sapir further included Washo, Salinan, Seri, Chumashan, Tequistlatecan, and Subtiaba-Tlapanec as the Southern Hokan branch into the stock. Throughout the 20th century, scholars sought additional evidence for the stock as more and refined data on the languages became available. A number of languages were added, and earlier proposals were abandoned. A new surge in work on individual California indigenous languages in the 1950s and 1960s prompted a string of studies conducting binary comparisons. This renewed interest inspired a series of Hokan conferences held until the 1990s. A more recent comprehensive assessment of the entire stock was undertaken by Kaufman in 1988. Applying rigorous analysis and only implicating those languages for which he encountered substantial evidence, Kaufman proposes sixteen classificatory units for Hokan clustered geographically. Kaufman’s Hokan stock also includes Coahuilteco and Comecrudan in Mexico and Jicaque in Nicaragua. Although Hokan was widely studied in the 20th century, and many scholars presented what they thought to be supporting evidence, it is far from being an established genetic unit. In fact, many scholars today treat it with a lot of skepticism. One major challenge, as with any phylum-level affiliation, is its time depth. Proto-Hokan is thought to be at least as antique as Proto-Indo-European. Moreover, many of the languages were spoken in geographically contiguous areas, with speakers being multilingual and in close contact for an extended period of time, as is the case in Northern California. This suggests considerable language contact effects and complicates the distinction between true cognates and ancient borrowings. Many of the languages involved further show similarities in grammatical structure as a result of language contact. Hokan languages stretch across California, Nevada, South Texas, various parts of Mexico, Honduras, and Nicaragua and display notable structural differences. Phonologically, the languages show great variation including small and large phoneme inventories and different phonological processes. Typologically, they are equally diverse, but many are considered polysynthetic to varying degrees. Morphosyntactic and grammatical similarities are evident especially among languages spoken in Northern California. These resemblances include sets of lexical affixes with similar meanings and affinities in core argument patterns.

scholarly journals The Cactus and the Anthropologist: The Evolution of Cultural Expertise on the Entheogenic Use of Peyote in the United States

Laws ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Aurelien Bouayad
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Native American Church ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
American Legal System ◽  
Cultural Experts

This paper explores the complex evolution of the role anthropologists have played as cultural experts in the regulation of the entheogenic use of the peyote cactus throughout the 20th century. As experts of the “peyote cult”, anthropologists provided testimonies and cultural expertise in the regulatory debates in American legislative and judiciary arenas in order to counterbalance the demonization and prohibition of the medicinal and sacramental use of peyote by Native Americans through state and federal legislations. In the meantime, anthropologists have encouraged Peyotists to form a pan-tribal religious institution as a way to secure legal protection of their practice; in 1918, the Native American Church (NAC) was incorporated in Oklahoma, with its articles explicitly referring to the sacramental use of peyote. Operating as cultural experts, anthropologists have therefore assisted jurists in their understanding of the cultural and religious significance of peyote, and have at the same time counseled Native Americans in their interaction with the legal system and in the formatting of their claims in appropriate legal terms. This complex legal controversy therefore provides ample material for a general exploration of the use, evolution, and impact of cultural expertise in the American legal system, and of the various forms this expertise can take, thereby contributing to the contemporary efforts at surveying and theorizing cultural expertise. Through an historical and descriptive approach, the analysis notably demonstrates that the role of anthropologists as cultural experts has been marked by a practical and substantive evolution throughout the 20th century, and should therefore not be restrictively understood in relation to expert witnessing before courts. Rather, this paper underlines the transformative and multifaceted nature of cultural expertise, and highlights the problematic duality of the position that the two “generations” of anthropologists involved in this controversy have experienced, navigating between a supposedly impartial position as experts, and an arguably biased engagement as advocates for Native American religious rights.

Miguel de Unamuno und Antero de Quental Iberische Religionskritik, einbrechende Moderne und die Tragik des Verlustes

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-330
Author(s):  
Steffen Dix
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Miguel De Unamuno ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractIn recent years the study of local religious histories, especially in Europe, has gained in prominence. Because of the encounters between different cultural traditions in the Middle Ages and the voyages of discovery, the religious history of the Iberian Peninsula became one of the most complex in Europe. This article focuses on one portion of this history around the turn of the 19th/20th century, and in particular on two attempts to blame the Catholic religion for the general crisis in Spain and Portugal at the start of the modern era. These two forms of critiquing religion are illustrated by the examples of Miguel de Unamuno and Antero de Quental, whose writings were characteristic of the typical relationship between religion and intellectuals in this period. Not only were the Spanish philosopher and the Portuguese poet influential on their own and later generations, but they are also truly representative of a certain tragic ”loss“ of religion in the Iberian Peninsula.

scholarly journals SPECIAL ISSUE INTRODUCTION

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-582
Author(s):  
Dawn Chatty
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Salvage Operation ◽  
Memory Culture

Academic interest in the study of forced migration as a specific field developed only in the late 20th century. But its conceptual tools had a much earlier incarnation in the United States. In the early 20th century historical linguistic and ethnographic research was being conducted with Native American peoples who had been subjected to massive ethnic cleansings in the preceding two centuries. Much of that early work was with tribes who had been displaced, dispossessed, and involuntarily marched into resource-poor reservations. The scientists working with them thought they were engaging in a kind of salvage operation to record ways of life before they disappeared. These researchers largely ignored or failed to recognize the impacts of displacement—destroyed settlements, land occupation, nonviable reservations, inadequate welfare, and hostile administrations and lack of legal rights—and focused instead on trying to reconstruct memory culture of “what life was like in the old days.” Nevertheless, these studies gave us many of our basic concepts to describe and analyze the experience of uprootedness and dispossession. These fundamental concepts have become important in the discipline of forced migration studies. They include understandings of: role and identity, hierarchy, social networks, conflict mechanisms, reciprocity and trust, boundary creation, rites of passage, liminality, and the role of myths.

scholarly journals Nature and image: a city in the art of Chernivtsi of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
Iryna Mishchenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Iconic Images ◽  
The City

The purpose of this article is to consider the peculiarities of the reflection of the city – its architecture and inhabitants – in the works of Chernivtsi artists of the 20th and early 21st century, to analyze the differences between their views on the reproduction of urban motifs. The methodology consists in the application of the historical-chronological method, art analysis, and generalization, comparative and systematic approach. The scientific novelty lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of works by artists of the specified time, in understanding the evolution in the reflection of the city in the works of authors with various artistic orientations. Conclusions. In the paintings and graphics of the 20th – 21st centuries, several options for solving urban landscapes can be defined, among which the most common is a careful reflection of existing architectural monuments. In the 19th century in European art, in particular in Impressionist painting, the desire to convey not only the appearance but above all the spirit of the city became noticeable, depicting the townspeople, emphasizing the bustle or poetry of squares and streets. At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries the artists are no longer limited to the usual fixation of what is seen, but try to create a conceptual image of the city, to tell a story through iconic images and symbols, reveal their own position in particular and to preserve the authenticity of an object or the city in general. Such a variety of approaches for creating an urban landscape is partly due to differences in preferences formed during studies in art institutions and is also characteristic for the art of Chernivtsi – a city where people of many nationalities with different cultural traditions have lived side by side for centuries. Ultimately, the artists who worked here in the 20th century were often graduates not only of Ukrainian schools or universities, but also of well-known European institutions, including Vienna, Munich, Florentine, Berlin, Kraków, or Bucharest academies. While in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century the city often appears as the sum of certain architectural structures in the works of artists of Bukovina and visiting masters (F. Emery, R. Bernt, J. Shubirs), in the second half of the 19th – first third of the 20th century the artists mostly try to recreate the dynamics of urban life instead, sometimes depicted with a touch of irony, using the grotesque in the image of the inhabitants (lithography and watercolors by F.-K. Knapp, O. Laske and G. Löwendal). Subsequently, we meet emphasized mood images, in which the author's subjective perception of a particular motive, which he seeks to reproduce in a work full of emotions, is important (L. Kopelman, G. Gorbaty). A peculiar historical retrospection is present in the exquisite graphics of O. Kryvoruchko and in the distilled-finished sheets of O. Lyubkivsky, and the lyrical watercolors and sketches of N. Yarmolchuk represent the non-festive side of the city center. In O. Litvinov's paintings Chernivtsi surprises with desolation and restraint, and in M. Rybachuk's paintings it is distinguished by an unexpected riot of colors. Therefore, each of the artists creates his own image of Chernivtsi, which landscapes often become only a stimulus for the author's imagination, allowing him to depict a completely individual sense of space and life of the city.

“Justice and Fair Play for the American Indian”

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-332
Author(s):  
Marc James Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
Native Sovereignty ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The U.S

Between 1913 and 1916, two insurgent politicians successfully blocked repeated efforts to sell the so-called surplus lands of the Blackfeet Nation. Harry Lane, a U.S. Senator from Oregon and a radical progressive, broke with other Euro-American reformers by fighting for Native sovereignty as a guarantor of Native rights. Robert Hamilton, a Carlisle-educated Blackfeet rancher crusading against the wealthy elite of the Blackfeet Nation, used his facility with the Euro-American world to convince first Senator Lane and then the U.S. government to support some measure of justice for his people. This article explores the paradoxical origins of Lane and Hamilton’s activism and the careful tactics they used in their fights for Native American rights. The two men shared a vision of Native American modernity that combined an embrace of modern economic practice with a respect for cultural traditions; they selectively obscured the latter to pursue their political goals.

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