A person is always looking for suitable means of income to fulfill his basic needs. This is why cities started expanding when rural people migrated to cities. As a result, the cities which were settled in the past in the past, those cities settled in disorganized form in modern times and started taking the form of disorganized metros. This chaos in cities and metros has created pollution problem in front of us. Cities that are considered centers of civilization and culture have now become centers of pollution.
व्यक्ति को सदा से ही अपनी मूलभूत आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए आय के उचित साधनों की तलाश रहती है। यही कारण है कि ग्रामीण व्यक्तियों ने जब शहरों की ओर पलायन किया तो नगरों का विस्तार होने लगा। परिणाम स्वरूप पूर्व में जो नगर व्यवस्थित रूप से बसे हुऐ थे वहीं वे नगर आधुनिक समय में अव्यवस्थित रूप में बस कर अव्यवस्थित महानगरों का रूप लेने लगे। नगरों एवं महानगरों की इसी अव्यवस्था ने हमारे समक्ष प्रदूषण की समस्या खड़ी कर दी है। जो नगर सभ्यता व संस्कृति के केन्द्र माने जाते हैं अब वही नगर प्रदूषण के केन्द्र बन गये है।
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are widely distributed in the environment, and some are carcinogenic to human beings. The study of biomarkers has helped clarify the nature and magnitude of the human health risks posed by such substances. This article provides a review of the state-of-the-art on PAH biomarkers for human health risk assessment and also discusses their applicability within the context of environmental management in Brazil. The article discusses the methodologies for determination of some biomarkers such as 1-hydroxypyrene and PAH-DNA adducts. Cytogenetic markers, frequency of chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleus induction were considered for the evaluation of cancer risk. The current stage of studies on validation of such biomarkers was also approached.
The debate over the relationship of population and development is
now more than 200 years old, starting with the treatise on population by
Malthus, in 1798. The increase in population, ever since, has remained a
matter of concern for economists and development planners. The most
recent high point of the issue was witnessed at Cairo in September, 1994.
The conference which was attended by more than 10,000 persons from all
over the world ended with an agreement on the issues involved in the
growth of population and the economy. The outcome was a Plan of Action
for the next twenty years, which would concentrate on Reproductive Health
in order to obtain, “a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing,
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters
relating to the reproductive system and its functions and process”. This can
be a turn-around in global efforts for human health and welfare, if properly
implemented.
Abortions represent one of the most controversial issues in contemporary society. Some states have adopted restrictive legislation on interruption of pregnancy to diminish the number of abortions performed annually. Other states have adopted abortion-on-demand rules guaranteeing women free access to abortions. Based on the statistical dates, the problem of interruption of pregnancy remains a crucial one and requires prompt action undertaken by the state. This article is dedicated to the analysis of measures undertaken by the state to reduce the number of abortions and stimulate population growth. This study highlights the effectiveness of remedies taken by some states, e.g. the USA, and presents a multitude of measures that states regulated in national law.
The paper reports the occurrence of 404 species of microlichens belonging to 105 genera and 39 families known so far, from the state of Arunachal Pradesh, a part of the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot. Twelve species, namely Arthopyrenia saxicola, Arthothelium subbessale, Diorygma macgregorii, D. pachygraphum, Graphis nuda, G. oligospora, G. paraserpens, G. renschiana, Herpothallon japonicum, Megalospora atrorubricans, Porina tijucana and Rhabdodiscus crassus, are new distributional records for India. Astrothelium meghalayense (Makhija & Patw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr. P. Singh and Astrothelium subnitidiusculum (Makhija & Patw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr. P. Singh are proposed as new combinations and 66 species marked by an asterisk (*) are new distributional records for the state.
This paper discusses the environmental myths and narratives prevailing in Nepal in reference to the population growth and soil erosion. Soil erosion is taken as primary element of environmental degradation by the theory of the Himalayan Environmental Degradation (HED). Many myths and narratives were generated by the vested interest groups to develop the HED. Population growth and over exploitation of natural resource were considered as the prominent causes of soil erosion related environmental degradation. The myths and narratives based on the theory of the HED are still influential in development and environmental policy process in Nepal. In this background this paper highlights some of the research findings that are contrary to conventional belief i.e. population growth lead to soil erosion. The paper is based on literature review. The research evidences from both social and natural sciences are entertained. This paper generates alternative thinking to end the hegemony and unquestionable acceptance of the findings of research undertaken by 'Western, White men' as truth; and their recommendations as the 'blue print' solutions. Critics over orthodox environmentalism and neo-Malthusian accounts are made to validate the ‘hybrid knowledge’ generated in this paper. There are evidences that population pressure have promoted soil erosion. However, Himalayan environmental dynamism which is purely a natural process is far more responsible for soil erosion in the Himalaya. Hence, it is suggested that a critical assessment of any ‘facts’ obtained from research should be made before making them the narratives and reflecting them in policy process. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v7i0.10442 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 7, 2013; 173-196
Development and civilization have been top-rated priorities and indication of human success in the world; and the largest segment of world talent are immersing to mark new and ever un-experimented record in this course. But paying more attention towards money centric gain and material prosperity centric civilization, an irrational attack on environment is rife everywhere. In last few decades, the environmental strength of world has been largely damaged and it has offered severe impacts on human health now. Though, people were more over-swayed with anthropomorphic use of environment and some transitory progress gained, slowly the imbalance of environment and its reverse effects on human lives have started taking limelight of people. And now, environment seems to be equally pressing and compelling agendas of human checklist to do. If not initiated anything great, it may be more than late to save us and future generation. Thus, the article tries to disclose the impacts of environmental degradation and urges to have efficient actions to alleviate the situation with acknowledging and accessing few of initiatives taken, here so forth.
When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted the environment is degraded. Environmental degradation results from factors such as urbanisation, population growth, intensification of agriculture, rising energy use and transportation, climate change, pollutions arising from many sources such as technological activities. It is explored that as a result of the dynamic interplay of socio-economic factors and technological activities amongst many other factors, these have devastating consequences on human health. Thus environmental degradation consequences affect the health and the right to health of the people. Using the doctrinal method of research, we examine the confluence of environmental degradation and health from a rights perspective. An unhealthy environment possess health hazards consequently a violation of the right to health. The article recommends that states’ obligation under international law to protect the right to health should be enforceable. Human beings are entitled to right to health even as the environment needs to be protected from activities which cause environmental degradation.
IMPACT OF INCREASING POPULATION GROWTH IN GREATER GWALIOR ON HUMAN HEALTH: (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION)