Gender-based legislation and female labor productivity in argentine factories, 1895-1935

This working paper examines gender-based legislation intended to protect working women and limit their work activities in manufacturing factories in Argentina from 1895-1935. The goal is to discuss the contradictions between gender-based legislation and female labor productivity. My research, thus far, shows that female labor was productive between 1895 and 1935 despite restrictive legislation limiting what women could do in the factory. Two implications include that labor legislation was either minimally or not enforced in factories. Second, female laborers, in particular those working in textile factories, focused on labor-intensive piece work that they completed at home and beyond the limits of protective legislation.

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF NOx REDUCTION BY AMMONIA INJECTION IN THE MAN B&W 7S50MC MARINE ENGINE

Taking into account the importance of NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions from marine engines and the current increasingly restrictive legislation, this work aims to develop a numerical model to study NOx reduction. To this end, direct injection of NH3 (ammonia) into the combustion chamber was proposed in the MAN B&W 7S50MC marine engine. The numerical model was employed to analyze several injection temperatures, injection timings and ammonia to fuel ratios, obtaining NOx reductions of almost 60%. Besides, a comparison between ammonia injection and water injection was done. The results showed that ammonia is more efficient than water to reduce NOx with a negligible influence on other pollutants such as CO (carbon monoxide) and HC (hydrocarbons). Nevertheless, ammonia is efficient in a very restrictive temperature and injection timing range. This numerical model was compared with experimental measurements, obtaining satisfactory results which validate the work.

THE LEGAL REFLECTIONS ON ABORTION THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE CHILD’S RIGHT TO LIFE

Abortions represent one of the most controversial issues in contemporary society. Some states have adopted restrictive legislation on interruption of pregnancy to diminish the number of abortions performed annually. Other states have adopted abortion-on-demand rules guaranteeing women free access to abortions. Based on the statistical dates, the problem of interruption of pregnancy remains a crucial one and requires prompt action undertaken by the state. This article is dedicated to the analysis of measures undertaken by the state to reduce the number of abortions and stimulate population growth. This study highlights the effectiveness of remedies taken by some states, e.g. the USA, and presents a multitude of measures that states regulated in national law.

Official Truths in a War on Fake News: Governmental Fact-Checking in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand

This article analyses the practice of state-operated fact-checking websites in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. It is the first empirical study of governmental news corrections in Southeast Asia and covers more than 2,700 official posts published by Malaysia’s Sebenarnya.my, Singapore’s Factually, and Thailand’s Anti-Fake News Center. It finds that correction practices across the sites mainly function to sustain the salience of a supposedly constant and omnipresent fake news threat. Assuming an important role in strategic political communication, official fact checks accompany domestic fake news discourses that prepare the ground for restrictive legislation. At the same time, the analysis did not reveal any propagandistic abuse as the sites refrained from excessively defending governments and accusing political opponents. This finding is qualified regarding Singapore’s Factually that recently changed its approach towards targeting government critics personally.

Ecotoxicological effects of glyphosate, 2,4 D and atrazine on freshwater systems: concentrations, risk assessment and establishment conditions of a tropical specie

Pesticides are agents of global change, since they can be transported to environmental compartments, cause adverse effects on non-target species. The most worldwide used pesticide is glyphosate. Some studies have already shown adverse effects on aquatic species caused by glyphosate, which is triggering global discussions about its legislation and use. Brazil has up to date no prospect of reducing or banning the use of the three most used pesticides in the country, glyphosate, 2,4 D and atrazine. The knowledge on adverse effects of pesticides and other chemical contaminants in tropical species is still scarce, maybe because many do not have defined protocols for ecotoxicological test conditions. The purposes of the each chapter of this study were: (1) to investigate the global glyphosate concentrations in surface freshwaters, to compare the countries laws and to carry out environmental risk assessments; (2) to investigate the Brazilian concentrations of glyphosate, 2,4D and atrazine in surface freshwater, and to assess the potential environmental risks they represent; (3) to describe the steps and the challenges for culturing the tropical test species Chironomus xanthus as well as to discuss its current use in ecotoxicology. Information on glyphosate concentrations in surface freshwater is scarce and known values very irregular among the countries investigated, with 95% of the studied systems showing concentrations that represent a risk to aquatic species. Most countries evaluated did not have restrictive legislation for the glyphosate presence in water resources, resulting in the non-protection of aquatic organisms. There was an increase in the annual sales of 2,4D, atrazine and glyphosate between 2009 and 2018 in Brazil. Although most environment concentrations were below the limit allowed by Brazilian legislation, the observed concentrations represented a medium to high risk for ecosystems in 65%, 72% and 94% of the Brazilian states for 2,4 D, atrazine and glyphosate, respectively. The ecotoxicological effect of pesticides, as well as of other contaminants in freshwater sediments are very often performed with benthic macroinvertebrates. Chironomus xanthus has been increasingly used for the past of years. Therefore, conditions for Chironomus xanthus establishment, maintenance and operation in the laboratory are necessary, due to the absence of protocols for this species.

Premises and prospects for organising and developing secondary and tertiary producers’ cooperatives in Ukraine: the case of dairy service cooperatives

The purpose of the article is to identify the premises and prospects for organising and developing secondary and tertiary producers’ cooperatives in Ukraine, specifically for dairy service cooperatives. Research methods. The research uses dialectical methods of cognition and monographic method – for the analysis of works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on the problem of agricultural dairy cooperation; empirical and graphical methods – to demonstrate the state of the cooperative movement in European countries and interactions between three levels of cooperatives; remote survey method – to find out the opinions of co-operators about secondary and tertiary cooperatives; abstract logical methods – for theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions. Research results. Most cooperators seek a collective solution to the problems of a competitive business environment in Ukraine. The functioning of cooperative unions, which include dairy cooperatives (secondary cooperatives), improved interaction between participants in the dairy business and contributed to better organization of agricultural production in rural communities. According to the respondents’ opinions, the tertiary cooperative is designed to support farmers and cooperatives in solving such significant problems as restrictive legislation, or to support in the process of such critical reforms for agricultural producers as land reform. Those organisations may be able to influence the market conditions, to raise the funding or subsidies for small-scale dairy farmers. Scientific novelty. This article identified the reasons for small-scale dairy farmers to cooperate and their opinions about premises and prospects for organising and developing secondary and tertiary farming cooperatives in Ukraine. It highlighted perspective points of development and improvement for such organizations to support the further functioning of the rural dairy business in Ukraine. In particular, the respondents of surveyed secondary cooperatives are aware of prospective benefits from cooperative unions and expect something similar from starting the tertiary cooperative. They prefer those to be organised based on sectoral mandate and mainly concentrated on legislation and funding matters, but 80% of respondents have doubts about practical realisation of this idea because of such risks as corruption and shadow economy matters. It is important to stress that secondary cooperatives are the business organizations and in the worldwide experience aiming at marketing, processing or trading the production, gaining the bargaining power and market share. Practical significance. Scientists and experts of the agricultural economy can use the results of the study to support the development of secondary and tertiary dairy service cooperatives for improving the working conditions in rural communities with cooperatives and business environment for small-scale dairy producers in Ukraine. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 19.

Under the Puppet Ruler

This chapter discusses Athens in the early Hellenistic period, especially when subject to the rule of Demetrius of Phalerum. Alexander’s death also sparked the Wars of the Successors as his senior staff carved up his empire among themselves, but then went to war for even more territory. Athens was involved in these wars, especially when Antipater’s son Cassander won control of Greece, and established a puppet ruler in Athens by name of Demetrius of Phalerum. For ten years Athens was subject to Demetrius’ absolute rule. He introduced restrictive legislation including sumptuary laws, but he did allow Athenian culture, especially drama and philosophy, to flourish, as he himself was an intellectual. The Wars of the Successors eventually led to the execution of the surviving members of the Argead dynasty (Alexander the Great’s half-brother Philip III and Alexander’s son Alexander IV), and eventually also to the toppling of Demetrius of Phalerum by Demetrius Poliorcetes. But Athens was simply exchanging one Macedonian master for another.

STEPPING OUT OF THE “ENCLAVE”: PUBLIC ACTIVITIES OF THE SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH AND THE QUEST TO REGAIN SOCIAL AUTHORITY IN THE 1980S

In this paper we will consider how, from the beginning to the end of the 1980s, the Serbian Orthodox Church gradually abandoned its restricted mode of public action and moved from an enclave form, with occasional elements of counterpublics, to a dominant public sphere. This process was the result of a complex set of phenomena that often overlapped. Pressure from authorities on religious communities and believers started to decline at the time despite restrictive legislation regarding public appearances by religious officials still being in force. This was followed by a pronounced deatheization of younger parts of the population and an expansion of various forms of secular religiosity (popular culture, sports), including hybrid types of postmodern spirituality within Yugoslav society. In such circumstances, religious communities were encouraged to expand the scope of their public activities, so they found new forms of communication and networking, both among believers and in various social circles. Our aim is to point to forms of public action cultivated at the time by the Church and the stages it underwent in its participation in the public sphere. Additionally, the factors that influenced a change in the Church’s public and social position in the late 1980s will be discussed, along with the consequences caused in different areas of its functioning.

Non-Wycliffite Bible Translation in Oxford, Trinity College, 29 and Universal History Writing in Late Medieval England

The late-fifteenth-century Middle English manuscript Oxford, Trinity College, 29 contains a universal history of the world, compiled from diverse religious and secular source texts and written by a single compiler-scribe. A great part of the text is focused on Old Testament history and uses the Vulgate as a key source, thus offering an opportunity to examine in detail the compiler’s strategies of translating the text of the Bible into the vernacular. The Bible translations in this manuscript are unconnected to the Wycliffite translations, and are non-reformist in their interpretative framework, implications, and use. This evidence is of particular interest as an example of the range of approaches to biblical translation and scholarship in the vernacular found in late medieval English texts, despite the restrictive legislation concerning Bible translation in fifteenth-century England. The strategies of translating the biblical text found in this manuscript include close word-by-word translation (seemingly unencumbered by anxieties about censorship), as well as other modes of interaction, such as summary, and exegesis. This article situates these modes of engagement with the Bible within a wider European textual tradition of including biblical material in universal history writing.