Foreign Intervention, Police Militarization, and the Impact on Minority Groups

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.

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Addressing inequities in maternal health among women living in communities of social disadvantage and ethnic diversity

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10182-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cristina Fernandez Turienzo ◽

◽

Mary Newburn ◽

Agnes Agyepong ◽

Rachael Buabeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Diversity ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Social Disadvantage ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽

Structural Racism ◽

Community Stakeholders ◽

Public Health Strategies ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe response to the coronavirus outbreak and how the disease and its societal consequences pose risks to already vulnerable groups such those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged and ethnic minority groups. Researchers and community groups analysed how the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated persisting vulnerabilities, socio-economic and structural disadvantage and discrimination faced by many communities of social disadvantage and ethnic diversity, and discussed future strategies on how best to engage and involve local groups in research to improve outcomes for childbearing women experiencing mental illness and those living in areas of social disadvantage and ethnic diversity. Discussions centred around: access, engagement and quality of care; racism, discrimination and trust; the need for engagement with community stakeholders; and the impact of wider social and economic inequalities. Addressing biomedical factors alone is not sufficient, and integrative and holistic long-term public health strategies that address societal and structural racism and overall disadvantage in society are urgently needed to improve health disparities and can only be implemented in partnership with local communities.

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Constructed Attitudes toward the Roma: A French Case

Canadian Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s0008423920001110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Audrey Gagnon

Keyword(s):

Minority Groups ◽

Intergroup Contact ◽

Policy Issue ◽

Immigrant Integration ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Public Policy Issue ◽

Integration Policies ◽

Municipal Policies ◽

French Case ◽

The Impact

AbstractForty per cent of Europeans refuse to have Roma as their neighbours, while 80 per cent of these do not even have direct contact with them. Using these statistics as a point of departure, this study analyzes how attitudes toward Roma are constructed. It proposes to investigate this process in two similar environments but where local integration policies directed toward Roma differ, resulting in disparate forms of intergroup contact. The analysis is premised on two theoretical assumptions: that the integration of migrants is a local public policy issue and that intergroup contact frames attitudes between majority and minority groups. From semi-structured interviews in the French municipalities of La Courneuve and Ivry-sur-Seine, four theories are empirically tested: the contact theory, the halo effect, the impact of local immigrant integration policies and media influence. This study demonstrates that the implementation of municipal policies in favour of Roma integration can improve their living conditions and thus deconstruct prejudices attributable to their precarious situation. In addition, it illustrates how the media activate, maintain or solidify the way Roma are perceived.

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Engagement with daily testing instead of self-isolating in contacts of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11135-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alex F. Martin ◽

Sarah Denford ◽

Nicola Love ◽

Derren Ready ◽

Isabel Oliver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Service Evaluation ◽

Future Research ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Group ◽

Negative Test ◽

The Impact ◽

Close Contacts

Abstract Background In December 2020, Public Health England with NHS Test and Trace initiated a pilot study in which close contacts of people with confirmed COVID-19 were given the option to carryout lateral flow device antigen tests at home, as an alternative to self-isolation for 10–14 days. In this study, we evaluated engagement with daily testing, and assessed levels of adherence to the rules relating to behaviour following positive or negative test results. Methods We conducted a service evaluation of the pilot study, examining survey responses from a subset of those who responded to an evaluation questionnaire. We used an online cross-sectional survey offered to adult contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases who consented to daily testing. We used a comparison group of contacts who were not offered testing and instead self-isolated. Results Acceptability of daily testing was lower among survey respondents who were not offered the option of testing and among people from ethnic minority groups. Overall, 52% of respondents reported being more likely to share details of people that they had been in contact with following a positive test result, if they knew that their contacts would be offered the option of daily testing. Only 2% reported that they would be less likely to provide details of their contacts. On the days that they were trying to self-isolate, 19% of participants reported that they left the house, with no significant group differences. Following a negative test, 13% of respondents reported that they increased their contacts, but most (58%) reported having fewer risky contacts. Conclusions Our data suggest that daily testing is potentially acceptable, may facilitate sharing contact details of close contacts among those who test positive for COVID-19, and promote adherence to self-isolation. A better understanding is needed of how to make this option more acceptable for all households. The impact of receiving a negative test on behaviour remains a risk that needs to be monitored and mitigated by appropriate messaging. Future research should examine attitudes and behaviour in a context where infection levels are lower, testing is more familiar, and restrictions on activity have been reduced.

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The Impact of Social Diversity and Racial Attitudes on Social Welfare Policy

State Politics & Policy Quarterly ◽

10.1177/153244000100100103 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 27-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Martin Johnson

Keyword(s):

Social Welfare ◽

Racial Attitudes ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Welfare Policy ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Racial Diversity ◽

Lower Class ◽

Party Competition ◽

Welfare Spending ◽

The Impact

Students of race and politics in the U.S. have long asserted a relationship between the racial composition and public policies of states. A related but distinct line of research demonstrates a strong connection between white attitudes about the perceived recipients of social welfare spending—blacks and members of other minority groups—and support for these programs. This article bridges these lines of scholarship by asking how racial diversity shapes aggregate attitudes about minorities in the American states and how these opinions in turn influence welfare spending. Using public opinion data from the General Social Survey ( 1974–96), I find that diversity has a direct influence on welfare policy in the states, as well as an indirect influence through shaping majority-group racial attitudes. Diversity and racial attitudes are found to have these effects even when controlling for factors traditionally used to explain variation in state spending levels, such as party competition, lower class mobilization, ideology, and state capacity.

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Overeducation and the Earnings of Black, Hispanic, and White Male Workers

Sociological Perspectives ◽

10.2307/1389082 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 190-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Richard R. Verdugo ◽

Naomi Turner Verdugo

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mexican Americans ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Puerto Ricans ◽

White Male ◽

The United States ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact ◽

Male Workers ◽

White Minority

This study addresses two issues: (1) the impact of overeducation on the earnings of male workers in the United States, and (2) white-minority earnings differences among males. Given that educational attainment levels are increasing among workers, there is some suspicion that earnings returns to education are not as great as might be expected. This topic is examined by including an overeducation variable in an earnings function. Regarding the second issue addressed in this article, little is actually known about white-minority differences because the bulk of such research compares whites and blacks. By including selected Hispanic groups in this analysis (Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Other Hispanics) we are able to assess white-minority earnings differences to a greater degree. Using data from a 5% sample of the 1980 census to estimate an earnings function, we find that overeducated workers earn less than either undereducated or adequately educated workers. Second, we find that there are substantial earnings differences between whites and minorities, and, also, between the five minority groups examined.

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The breakdown of antiracist norms: A natural experiment on hate speech after terrorist attacks

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.2007977117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (37) ◽

pp. 22800-22804

Author(s):

Amalia Álvarez-Benjumea ◽

Fabian Winter

Keyword(s):

Social Norms ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Natural Experiment ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Hate Speech ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Descriptive Norm ◽

Attitudinal Changes ◽

The Impact ◽

Strong Norm

Terrorist attacks often fuel online hate and increase the expression of xenophobic and antiminority messages. Previous research has focused on the impact of terrorist attacks on prejudiced attitudes toward groups linked to the perpetrators as the cause of this increase. We argue that social norms can contain the expression of prejudice after the attacks. We report the results of a combination of a natural and a laboratory-in-the-field (lab-in-the-field) experiment in which we exploit data collected about the occurrence of two consecutive Islamist terrorist attacks in Germany, the Würzburg and Ansbach attacks, in July 2016. The experiment compares the effect of the terrorist attacks in hate speech toward refugees in contexts where a descriptive norm against the use of hate speech is evidently in place to contexts in which the norm is ambiguous because participants observe antiminority comments. Hate toward refugees, but not toward other minority groups, increased as a result of the attacks only in the absence of a strong norm. These results imply that attitudinal changes due to terrorist attacks are more likely to be voiced if norms erode.

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Aggressive Policing and the Educational Performance of Minority Youth

10.31235/osf.io/rdchf ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joscha Legewie ◽

Jeffrey Fagan

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

African American ◽

Police Officers ◽

Social Life ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Police Department ◽

Minority Youth ◽

Educational Performance ◽

High Crime ◽

The Impact

An increasing number of minority youth experience contact with the criminal justice system. But how does the expansion of police presence in poor urban communities affect educational outcomes? Previous research points at multiple mechanisms with opposing effects. This article presents the first causal evidence of the impact of aggressive policing on minority youths’ educational performance. Under Operation Impact, the New York Police Department (NYPD) saturated high-crime areas with additional police officers with the mission to engage in aggressive, order-maintenance policing. To estimate the effect of this policing program, we use administrative data from more than 250,000 adolescents age 9 to 15 and a difference-in-differences approach based on variation in the timing of police surges across neighborhoods. We find that exposure to police surges significantly reduced test scores for African American boys, consistent with their greater exposure to policing. The size of the effect increases with age, but there is no discernible effect for African American girls and Hispanic students. Aggressive policing can thus lower educational performance for some minority groups. These findings provide evidence that the consequences of policing extend into key domains of social life, with implications for the educational trajectories of minority youth and social inequality more broadly.

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Foreign Otherness in Japanese Media. Exploring the Japanese self through the images of Latin America

10.51566/ceper2117_55 ◽

2121 ◽

Author(s):

Betsy Forero Montoya ◽

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Media Studies ◽

Social System ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Japanese Society ◽

Field Research ◽

Latin Americans ◽

Japanese Studies ◽

Mainstream Society ◽

The Impact

Foreign Otherness in Japanese Media analyzes contemporary Japanese society by examining the ways in which Japanese media portrays Latin America and therefore how Japanese readers construct their idea of it. Offering a detailed methodology and results from field research, and based on concepts such as otherness, cultivation analysis and the theory of the autopoietic social system as a framework, this book considers the impact of mass media on the construction of non-dominant foreign cultural subjectivities in Japan, and explores the dynamics of otherness in the country. As such, it is apt for scholars in Japanese studies, media studies, and anyone interested in the interaction between foreigners or Latin Americans and Japan, or in relations between mainstream society and minority groups.

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Abstract 13150: Racial/Ethnic Disparities of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in Texas

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.144.suppl_2.13150 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 144 (Suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Summer Chavez ◽

Ryan Huebinger ◽

Kevin Schulz ◽

Hei Kit Chan ◽

Micah Panczyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Hospital Admission ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Neurological Outcomes ◽

Random Intercept ◽

Hispanic Patients ◽

The Impact ◽

Racial Ethnic

Introduction: Prior research shows a greater disease burden, lower BCPR rates, and worse outcomes in Black and Hispanic patients after OHCA. The CDC has declared that the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected many racial and ethnic minority groups. However, the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on OHCA incidence and outcomes in different races and ethnicities is unknown. Purpose: To describe racial/ethnic disparities in OHCA incidence, processes of care and outcomes in Texas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data from the Texas Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) comparing adult OHCA from the pre-pandemic period (March 11 - December 31, 2019) to the pandemic period (March 11- December 31, 2020). The racial and ethnic categories were White, Black, Hispanic or Other. Outcomes were rates of BCPR, AED use, sustained ROSC, prehospital termination of resuscitation (TOR), survival to hospital admission, survival to discharge and good neurological outcomes. We fit a mixed effect logistic regression model, with EMS agency designated as the random intercept to obtain aORs. We adjusted for the pandemic and other covariates. Results: A total of 8,070 OHCAs were included. The proportion of cardiac arrests increased for Blacks (903 to 1, 113, 24.9% to 25.5%) and Hispanics (935 to 1,221, 25.8% to 27.5%) and decreased for Whites (1 595 to 1,869, 44.0% to 42.1%) and Other (194 to 220, 5.4% to 5.0%) patients. Compared to Whites, Black (aOR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.65-0.82) and Hispanic patients (aOR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.68-0.87) were less likely to receive BCPR. Compared to Whites, Blacks were less likely to have sustained ROSC (aOR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.93%), with lower rates of survival to hospital admission (aOR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.0), and worse neurological outcomes (aOR = 0.45, 95% 0.28-0.73). Hispanics were less likely to have prehospital TOR compared to Whites (aOR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.99). The Utstein bystander survival rate was worse for Blacks (aOR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.97) and Hispanics (aOR = 0.71, 95% 0.53-0.95) compared to Whites. Conclusion: Racial and ethnic disparities persisted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas.

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