Examining the Changes in Unbalanced Development Levels and Policy Implications for Balanced Development in Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-150
Author(s):  
Seoung-Uk Han ◽  
Jae-Su Lee
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Development Levels

RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION AND CHILD SURVIVAL IN URBAN BANGLADESH: ARE THE URBAN MIGRANTS AND POOR DISADVANTAGED?

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MAZHARUL ISLAM ◽  
KAZI MD ABUL KALAM AZAD
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Urban Rural

SummaryThis paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children’s survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999–2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural–urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant–native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural–urban migrants seem to be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor–non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant’s children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services.

New Approaches to Regional Branding through Green Production and Utilization of Existing Natural Advantages

2015 ◽  
pp. 121-139
Author(s):  
Alexander Trukhachev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Alternative Employment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
Green Production ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
The Individual

The chapter aims at the identification of existing natural, environmental, and rural resources that have worked together to promote the individual brand of Stavropol Region as a producer of green agricultural commodities and food, as well as a resort area, attractive by its unique environmental conditions. The perspectives of the development of green production are accessed in order to exploit existing regional resources in the long term, encourage local/regional producers and stimulate their economies, which is vital to quality of life in the countryside and a balanced development of rural and urban areas. Special attention is paid to the elaboration of possible ways to increase effectiveness of natural management as an approach to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of rural economies whilst at the same time opening up alternative employment opportunities for rural people.

scholarly journals Environmental Characteristics and Student Physical Activity in PE Class: Findings From Two Large Urban Areas of Texas

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Skala ◽  
Andrew E. Springer ◽  
Shreela V. Sharma ◽  
Deanna M. Hoelscher ◽  
Steven H. Kelder
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Classroom Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Class Time ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Lesson Context

Background:Physical education (PE) classes provide opportunities for children to be active. This study examined the associations between specific environmental characteristics (teacher characteristics; class size, duration and location; and lesson context) and elementary school-aged children’s moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA) during PE.Methods:Environmental characteristics and student activity levels were measured in 211 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade PE classes in 74 Texas public schools using SOFIT direct observation.Results:Students engaged in less than half their PE class time in MVPA (38%), while approximately 25% of class time was spent in classroom management. Percent time in MVPA was significantly higher in outdoor classes compared with indoors (41.4% vs. 36.1%, P = .037). Larger (P = .044) and longer (P = .001) classes were negatively associated with percentage of MVPA and positively correlated with time spent in management (P < .001).Conclusions:Findings suggest that children’s activity may be influenced by environmental factors such as class size, location, and lesson contexts. These findings hold important policy implications for PE class organization and the need for strategies that maximize children’s MVPA. Further research is needed to test the causal association of these factors with student MVPA.

scholarly journals Determinants of Under-Five Child Mortality in Arab Countries. Are the Effects Homogeneous Across Birth Order and Among Countries?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Chellai Fatih
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Under-five-child mortality remains a major challenge for governments in the Arab world to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Thus, further studies are needed to analyze the determinants of child mortality. The Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS) datasets of six Arab countries (Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Mauritania, Sudan, and Tunisia) have been used, which are consisting of 249.000 children nested within 54.644 mothers. The study was designed in a women-parity-covered one to six birth order. Binary multivariable logistic models were used to estimate the risk ratios of death by adjusting for child sex, birth outcome (twin vs. singleton), mother’s education level, maternal age, previous birth interval, place of residence (rural vs. urban), and the family wealth index. The findings revealed that the under-five child mortality rates were 87, 70,66,35,36, and 21 per 1000 live births in Sudan, Mauritania, Egypt, Iraq, Algeria, and Tunisia, respectively). First-born infants in these six countries have a higher risk of mortality during their five years of life. Second, third-and fourth-born infants were at a decreased risk of death compared to first-born infants in all countries; in contrast, fifth-and-sixth-born infants were at an increased risk in all countries except Sudan and Mauritania. Twin children have a higher risk of death than singletons in all countries and across all birth orders. Children of mothers with higher educational levels living in urban areas are at lower risk of death than their peers across all birth orders. Regarding policy implications, decision-makers can target three main axes: first, enhancing women’s educational levels; second, increasing birth intervals (birth spacing policies); and third, improving living standards and healthcare strategies, especially in rural areas to improve child and mother health.

scholarly journals Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate the COVID-19 fatality in large American cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Martha Berg ◽  
Enrique Neblett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
The U.S

The disproportionately high rates of both infections and deaths of underprivileged racial minorities in the U.S. (including Blacks and Hispanics) during the current COVID-19 pandemic show that structural inequality can be lethal. However, the nature of this structural inequality is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that two structural features of urban areas in the U.S. (racial residential segregation and income inequality) contribute to numerous health-compromising conditions, which, in turn, exacerbate COVID-19 fatalities. These two features may be particularly lethal when combined. To test this hypothesis, we examined the growth rate of both confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in an early 30-day period of the outbreak in the counties located in each of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. The growth curve for cases and deaths was steeper in counties located in metropolitan areas that residentially segregate Blacks and Hispanics. Moreover, this effect of racial residential segregation was augmented by income inequality within each county. The current evidence highlights the role of racial and economic disparity in producing the devastating human toll in the current pandemic. It also offers important policy implications for making virus-resilient cities.

scholarly journals How does Foreign Direct Investment Influence the Environment in China? Prior and During the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultan Salem ◽  
Sanda Kam ◽  
Nicole Lee
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Management Standards ◽  
Environmental Focus ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study revisits the recent widely ongoing debate over the effects of FDI on the environment in China. Analysis has shown that firms seek to operate in countries with lax environmental standards, namely the PHV. However, the PHL counterargument is also prevalent. This theory stipulates FDI will bring higher environmental management standards and cleaner technologies into the host country. Empirical literature is inconclusive and at times conflicting between some hypotheses therefore this study aims to provide additional clarity on the impact of FDI on the environment in China. This study concludes the existence of both PHV and PHL hypotheses which can be explained by the impact mechanisms of FDI; scale, structural, technique and income effects. The development levels of China using the EKC model hypothesis is used to explain the varying impacts of FDI on the environment. Reflecting on these interesting recent findings in this study, policy implications are discussed and suggestions are provided to improve the impact of FDI on the environment. The future for China is expected to embody an environmental focus in promoting FDI in renewable energy and greener technologies to improve environmental quality.

New Approaches to Regional Branding through Green Production and Utilization of Existing Natural Advantages

2017 ◽  
pp. 1758-1778
Author(s):  
Alexander Trukhachev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Alternative Employment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
Green Production ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
The Individual

The chapter aims at the identification of existing natural, environmental, and rural resources that have worked together to promote the individual brand of Stavropol Region as a producer of green agricultural commodities and food, as well as a resort area, attractive by its unique environmental conditions. The perspectives of the development of green production are accessed in order to exploit existing regional resources in the long term, encourage local/regional producers and stimulate their economies, which is vital to quality of life in the countryside and a balanced development of rural and urban areas. Special attention is paid to the elaboration of possible ways to increase effectiveness of natural management as an approach to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of rural economies whilst at the same time opening up alternative employment opportunities for rural people.

Report Analysis: The Impact of Head Start

1970 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall Smith ◽  
Joan Bissell
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
History Of ◽  
Report Analysis ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The Westinghouse-Ohio national evaluation of Head Start evoked criticism from both social scientists and statisticians when it was issued last Spring. The authors present a history of Head Start and of the national evaluation. They raise serious questions about the sampling procedures used in the study, and they present the results of a re-analysis which suggest that some full-year Head Start centers were effective, particularly those with black children in urban areas. Policy implications discussed by the authors focus on the relationship between program evaluation and public policy.

scholarly journals Nexus between Air Pollution and Neonatal Deaths: A Case of Asian Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4148
Author(s):  
Asim Anwar ◽  
Muhammad Ayub ◽  
Noman Khan ◽  
Antoine Flahault
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Sustainable Solutions

The rapid economic growth in Asian countries has witnessed a persistent increase in air pollution complementing adverse health challenges for children in these countries. Quantification of health effects attributable to air pollution (PM2.5) is important in policy implications to tackle air pollution and associated health problems. This study aims to explore the nexus between air pollution and neonates’ deaths embedded in acute respiratory infection. We collected panel data from the 12 most vulnerable Asian countries over the period of 2000–2017 and analyzed through the fixed-effect model. Empirical results show a positive relation between air pollution, temperature, and neonates’ deaths in the studied Asian countries. The results have attested negative impacts of income and education while positive effect of population density on neonates’ deaths due to acute respiratory infection. Diagnostic and prognostic measures have checked the pace of the respiratory diseases caused by PM2.5 and resultant deaths in Asian countries; yet alarming factors, like mounting industrial air pollution and rapid expansion of industrial zones in urban areas, need to be addressed in policy implications for long term sustainable solutions.

Off-Peak Freight Deliveries

2005 ◽  
Vol 1906 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Holguín-Veras ◽  
John Polimeni ◽  
Brenda Cruz ◽  
Ning Xu ◽  
George List ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Outreach Program ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Internet Surveys ◽  
Depth Interviews

This paper summarizes research conducted on private-sector stakeholders’ perceptions of the challenges and potential of off-peak deliveries to congested urban areas. Information is presented from a comprehensive outreach program that involved focus groups, in-depth interviews, and Internet surveys. On the basis of the insights gained into the dynamic interactions among stakeholders, the corresponding policy implications and chief conclusions of the research are discussed.

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