scholarly journals The value of toll-like receptors in predicting the activation of latent herpesvirus infection during pregnancy

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
T. N. Savchenko ◽  
L. A. Ozolinya ◽  
M. I. Agayeva ◽  
M. Yu. Shmorgunova ◽  
E. D. Golovko
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Local Level ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Herpesvirus Infection ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Cytokine Levels

Introduction. Recurrent pregnancy loss is a pathological condition characterized by inevitable miscarriage before 22 weeks of pregnancy or at birth of a fetus below 500 g of weight. The causes of miscarriage are quite diverse, and viral infections, including herpesvirus infection (HVI), is one of the important etiological factors for the development of this pathology. Activation of herpesvirus infection (HVI) has an extremely adverse effect on the course of pregnancy. The issue of the mechanism of reactivation of herpes viruses (HS) and the role of toll-like receptors (TLR) in predicting the activation of latent HVI during pregnancy has been insufficiently studied until the present. The study is aimed at evaluating the possibilities of predicting the activation of latent herpesvirus infection during pregnancy.Materials and methods. A total of 110 pregnant women with different courses of HVI were examined. The examination included the study of the TLR expression level and measurement of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels.Results and discussion. Given the high specificity of TLR8 and the interferon system (IFN) against viral antigens, it can be assumed that the activation of TLR and the development of early cytokine reactions prior to the detection of specific antibodies in patients with latent HVI are predictors of advanced herpes infection. The levels of TLR8 expression and concentration of IFN-γ and IL-10 at the local level in patients with latent BBVI can be regarded as predictors of the transition of HBV from the latent phase of the life cycle to the lytic phase.Conclusion. If HVI develops actively during pregnancy, the antiviral immune response cascade that underlie the natural immune response starts at the local level, regardless of the localization of the antigen, and only a breakdown of the compensatory and adaptive mechanisms leads to the implementation of a systemic antiviral immune response. This suggests the important role of HVI, especially of its active forms, in the suppression of immunity during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Switching Sides: How Endogenous RetrovirusesProtect us from Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smitha Srinivasachar Badarinarayan ◽  
Daniel Sauter
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Antiviral Gene

Long disregarded as junk DNA or genomic dark matter, endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) turned out to represent important components of the antiviral immune response. These remnants of once-infectious retroviruses not only regulate cellular immune activation, but may even directly target invading viral pathogens. In this review, we summarize mechanisms, by which retroviral fossils protect us from viral infections. One focus will be on recent advances in the role of ERVs as regulators of antiviral gene expression.

scholarly journals Role of Virally-Encoded Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Regulation of the Virus Life Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4438
Author(s):  
Jessica Proulx ◽  
Kathleen Borgmann ◽  
In-Woo Park
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzymes ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Dependent Processes

The ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in regulation of numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for restriction of the virus life cycle in the infected cells. Deubiquitination by the deubiquitinating enzyme, deubiquitinase (DUB), is a reversible molecular process to remove Ub or Ub chains from the target proteins. Deubiquitination is an integral strategy within the UPS in regulating survival and proliferation of the infecting virus and the virus-invaded cells. Many viruses in the infected cells are reported to encode viral DUB, and these vial DUBs actively disrupt cellular Ub-dependent processes to suppress host antiviral immune response, enhancing virus replication and thus proliferation. This review surveys the types of DUBs encoded by different viruses and their molecular processes for how the infecting viruses take advantage of the DUB system to evade the host immune response and expedite their replication.

scholarly journals Trace Elements as Immunoregulators in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthick Dharmalingam ◽  
Amandeep Birdi ◽  
Sojit Tomo ◽  
Karli Sreenivasulu ◽  
Jaykaran Charan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antioxidants Activity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Downstream Processes

AbstractNutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. The complex interactions of trace elements with the macromolecules trigger the effective immune response against the viral diseases. The outcome of various viral infections along with susceptibility is affected by trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, etc. due to their immuno-modulatory effects. Available electronic databases have been comprehensively searched for articles published with full text available and with the key words “Trace elements”, “COVID-19”, “Viral Infections” and “Immune Response” (i.e. separately Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Li, Ni, Co) appearing in the title and abstract. On the basis of available articles we have explored the role of trace elements in viral infections with special reference to COVID-19 and their interactions with the immune system. Zinc, selenium and other trace elements are vital to triggerTH1 cells and cytokine-mediated immune response for substantial production of proinflammatory cytokines. The antiviral activity of some trace elements is attributed to their inhibitory effect on viral entry, replication and other downstream processes. Trace elements having antioxidants activity not only regulate host immune responses, but also modify the viral genome. Adequate dietary intake of trace elements is essential for activation, development, differentiation and numerous functions.

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pecora ◽  
Federica Persico ◽  
Alberto Argentiero ◽  
Cosimo Neglia ◽  
Susanna Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
The Impact

Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

scholarly journals Toll-like receptor 9 inhibition reduces mortality in polymicrobial sepsis

2008 ◽  
Vol 205 (6) ◽  
pp. 1277-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Plitas ◽  
Bryan M. Burt ◽  
Hoang M. Nguyen ◽  
Zubin M. Bamboat ◽  
Ronald P. DeMatteo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Human Sepsis ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Potential Strategy

The high rate of mortality in patients with sepsis results from an inappropriately amplified systemic inflammatory response to infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for the activation of innate immunity against microbial pathogens. We demonstrate a critical role of TLR9 in the dysregulated immune response and death associated with sepsis. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, TLR9−/− mice exhibited lower serum inflammatory cytokine levels, higher bacterial clearance, and greater survival after experimental peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Protection of TLR9−/− mice after CLP was associated with a greater number of peritoneal dendritic cells (DCs) and granulocytes than in WT controls. Adoptive transfer of TLR9−/− DCs was sufficient to protect WT mice from CLP and increased the influx of peritoneal granulocytes. Subsequent experiments with a depleting antibody revealed that granulocytes were required for survival in TLR9−/− mice. Remarkably, a single injection of an inhibitory CpG sequence that blocks TLR9 protected WT mice, even when administered as late as 12 h after CLP. Our findings demonstrate that the detrimental immune response to bacterial sepsis occurs via TLR9 stimulation. TLR9 blockade is a potential strategy for the treatment of human sepsis.

097 Innate immune response to the respiratory bacteria Burkholderia cenocepacia: role of the Toll-like receptors

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
G. Ventura ◽  
R. Le Goffic ◽  
V. Balloy ◽  
M.C. Plotkowski ◽  
M. Chignard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Burkholderia Cenocepacia ◽  
Toll Like Receptors

scholarly journals Role of Cytokines and Toll-Like Receptors in the Immunopathogenesis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishan Kumar Nyati ◽  
Kashi Nath Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Guillain Barré

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system, mostly triggered by an aberrant immune response to an infectious pathogen. Although several infections have been implicated in the pathogenesis of GBS, not all such infected individuals develop this disease. Moreover, infection with a single agent might also lead to different subtypes of GBS emphasizing the role of host factors in the development of GBS. The host factors regulate a broad range of inflammatory processes that are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including GBS. Evidences suggest that systemically and locally released cytokines and their involvement in immune-mediated demyelination and axonal damage of peripheral nerves are important in the pathogenesis of GBS. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) link innate and adaptive immunity through transcription of several proinflammatory cytokines. TLR genes may increase susceptibility to microbial infections; an attenuated immune response towards antigen and downregulation of cytokines occurs due to mutation in the gene. Herein, we discuss the crucial role of host factors such as cytokines and TLRs that activate the immune response and are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

scholarly journals A possible role of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19 progression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Anft ◽  
Krystallenia Paniskaki ◽  
Arturo Blazquez-Navarro ◽  
Adrian Doevelaar ◽  
Felix S. Seibert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Clear Correlation

AbstractBackgroundThe efficacy of the humoral and cellular immunity determines the outcome of viral infections. An appropriate immune response mediates protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections. The current study explored the general and SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune status in patients with different COVID-19 severities.MethodsIn this prospective study, we included 53 patients with moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 manifestations comparing their quantitative, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of circulating immune cells, SARS-CoV-2 antigen specific T-cells, and humoral immunity.ResultsSignificantly diminished frequencies of CD8+T-cells, CD4+ and CD8+T-cell subsets with activated differentiated memory/effector phenotype and migratory capacity were found in circulation in patients with severe and/or critical COVID-19 as compared to patients with moderate disease. Importantly, the improvement of the clinical courses from severe to moderate was accompanied by an improvement in the T-cell subset alterations. Furthermore, we surprisingly observed a detectable SARS-CoV-2-reactive T-cell response in all three groups after stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 S-protein overlapping peptide pool already at the first visit. Of note, patients with a critical COVID-19 demonstrated a stronger response of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T-cells producing Th1 associated inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, clear correlation between antibody titers and SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ frequencies underscore the role of specific immunity in disease progression.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that depletion of activated memory phenotype circulating T-cells and a strong SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity are associated with COVID-19 disease severity. This counter-intuitive finding may have important implications for diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic COVID-19 management.

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