scholarly journals Trace Elements as Immunoregulators in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthick Dharmalingam ◽  
Amandeep Birdi ◽  
Sojit Tomo ◽  
Karli Sreenivasulu ◽  
Jaykaran Charan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antioxidants Activity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Downstream Processes

AbstractNutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. The complex interactions of trace elements with the macromolecules trigger the effective immune response against the viral diseases. The outcome of various viral infections along with susceptibility is affected by trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, etc. due to their immuno-modulatory effects. Available electronic databases have been comprehensively searched for articles published with full text available and with the key words “Trace elements”, “COVID-19”, “Viral Infections” and “Immune Response” (i.e. separately Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Li, Ni, Co) appearing in the title and abstract. On the basis of available articles we have explored the role of trace elements in viral infections with special reference to COVID-19 and their interactions with the immune system. Zinc, selenium and other trace elements are vital to triggerTH1 cells and cytokine-mediated immune response for substantial production of proinflammatory cytokines. The antiviral activity of some trace elements is attributed to their inhibitory effect on viral entry, replication and other downstream processes. Trace elements having antioxidants activity not only regulate host immune responses, but also modify the viral genome. Adequate dietary intake of trace elements is essential for activation, development, differentiation and numerous functions.

scholarly journals Glycan–Lectin Interactions in Cancer and Viral Infections and How to Disrupt Them

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10577
Author(s):  
Stefanie Maria Kremsreiter ◽  
Ann-Sophie Helene Kroell ◽  
Katharina Weinberger ◽  
Heike Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches

Glycan–lectin interactions play an essential role in different cellular processes. One of their main functions is involvement in the immune response to pathogens or inflammation. However, cancer cells and viruses have adapted to avail themselves of these interactions. By displaying specific glycosylation structures, they are able to bind to lectins, thus promoting pathogenesis. While glycan–lectin interactions promote tumor progression, metastasis, and/or chemoresistance in cancer, in viral infections they are important for viral entry, release, and/or immune escape. For several years now, a growing number of investigations have been devoted to clarifying the role of glycan–lectin interactions in cancer and viral infections. Various overviews have already summarized and highlighted their findings. In this review, we consider the interactions of the lectins MGL, DC-SIGN, selectins, and galectins in both cancer and viral infections together. A possible transfer of ways to target and disrupt them might lead to new therapeutic approaches in different pathological backgrounds.

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pecora ◽  
Federica Persico ◽  
Alberto Argentiero ◽  
Cosimo Neglia ◽  
Susanna Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
The Impact

Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

scholarly journals Epigenetic dysregulation of ACE2 and interferon-regulated genes might suggest increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr H. Sawalha ◽  
Ming Zhao ◽  
Patrick Coit ◽  
Qianjin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Respiratory Complications ◽  
Disease Remission ◽  
Functional Receptor

SummaryInfection caused by SARS-CoV-2 can result in severe respiratory complications and death. Patients with a compromised immune system are expected to be more susceptible to a severe disease course. In this report we suggest that patients with systemic lupus erythematous might be especially prone to severe COVID-19 independent of their immunosuppressed state from lupus treatment. Specially, we provide evidence in lupus to suggest hypomethylation and overexpression of ACE2, which is located on the X chromosome and encodes a functional receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Oxidative stress induced by viral infections exacerbates the DNA methylation defect in lupus, possibly resulting in further ACE2 hypomethylation and enhanced viremia. In addition, demethylation of interferon-regulated genes, NFκB, and key cytokine genes in lupus patients might exacerbate the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the likelihood of cytokine storm. These arguments suggest that inherent epigenetic dysregulation in lupus might facilitate viral entry, viremia, and an excessive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Further, maintaining disease remission in lupus patients is critical to prevent a vicious cycle of demethylation and increased oxidative stress, which will exacerbate susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection during the current pandemic. Epigenetic control of the ACE2 gene might be a target for prevention and therapy in COVID-19.

scholarly journals Down Regulation Of IL-1β Secretion By Tgf-β1 In Macrophages Infected With Dengue Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Ramírez-Aguero ◽  
Javier Serrato-Salas ◽  
José Luis Montiel-Hernández ◽  
Judith González-Christen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Microvascular Endothelium ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Tgf Β1 ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

AbstractSeveral pathogenic mechanisms have been linked to the severity of dengue virus infection, like viral cytotoxicity, underlying host genetics and comorbidities such as diabetes and dyslipidemia. It has been observed that patients with severe manifestations develop an uncontrolled immune response, with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and chemokines that damage the human microvascular endothelium, and also in anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β1. The role of TGF-β1 on dengue is not clear; few studies have been published, and most of them from patient sera data, with both protective and pathological roles have described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of TGF-β1 to regulate the secretion of IL-1β in macrophages infected by DENV using THP-1 cells treated with recombinant TGF-β1 before or after DENV infection. By RT-PCR we did not observe a difference in IL-1β expression between infected cells pretreated with TGF-β1 and those that were not. However, secretion of IL-1β was reduced only in cells stimulated with TGF-β1 before infection, and not in those treated 2 hours post-infection. TGF-β1 receptor blockage with SB505124 inhibitor, prior to the addition of TGF-β1 and infection, abrogated the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1. Our results suggest that DENV could regulate the function of TGF-β1 on macrophages. This negative regulation of the TGF-β1 pathway could be used by DENV to evade the immune response and could contribute to the immunopathology.

scholarly journals Cathepsins: innate immune proteases that regulate viral entry into host cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 253-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka ◽  
Felix N. Toka ◽  
Matylda Mielcarska ◽  
Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cathepsin Proteases ◽  
Cell Adhesion And Migration

Cathepsins are group of endolysosomal proteases that regulate the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity, including cell adhesion and migration, antigen processing and presentation and resistance to several viral infections. Some cathepsins are required for Toll-like receptor (TLR)3, TLR7 and TLR9 cleavage and the formation of functional receptors that participate in sensing viral nucleic acids. Moreover, cathepsins directly stimulate or inhibit cytokine secretion involved in the regulation of antiviral innate immune response. Recent findings underline the important role of cathepsins in the entry of filoviruses, reoviruses, retroviruses and other types of viruses into the host cell. Many enveloped viruses require the presence of cathepsins for efficient fusion with membranes of infected cells, and the inhibition of their activity results in a significant reduction of virus replication. In addition, many viruses utilize conserved cellular mechanisms, such as endocytosis or low pH within the endosome, for efficient penetration into the cell interior, disassembly of viral capsid, and other stages of productive viral replication cycle. Therefore, a better understanding of the functional role of cathepsin proteases in the pathogenesis of viral infections should lead to the development of novel therapeutics for a variety of particularly dangerous human pathogens.

scholarly journals A possible role of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19 progression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Anft ◽  
Krystallenia Paniskaki ◽  
Arturo Blazquez-Navarro ◽  
Adrian Doevelaar ◽  
Felix S. Seibert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Clear Correlation

AbstractBackgroundThe efficacy of the humoral and cellular immunity determines the outcome of viral infections. An appropriate immune response mediates protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections. The current study explored the general and SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune status in patients with different COVID-19 severities.MethodsIn this prospective study, we included 53 patients with moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 manifestations comparing their quantitative, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of circulating immune cells, SARS-CoV-2 antigen specific T-cells, and humoral immunity.ResultsSignificantly diminished frequencies of CD8+T-cells, CD4+ and CD8+T-cell subsets with activated differentiated memory/effector phenotype and migratory capacity were found in circulation in patients with severe and/or critical COVID-19 as compared to patients with moderate disease. Importantly, the improvement of the clinical courses from severe to moderate was accompanied by an improvement in the T-cell subset alterations. Furthermore, we surprisingly observed a detectable SARS-CoV-2-reactive T-cell response in all three groups after stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 S-protein overlapping peptide pool already at the first visit. Of note, patients with a critical COVID-19 demonstrated a stronger response of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T-cells producing Th1 associated inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, clear correlation between antibody titers and SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ frequencies underscore the role of specific immunity in disease progression.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that depletion of activated memory phenotype circulating T-cells and a strong SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity are associated with COVID-19 disease severity. This counter-intuitive finding may have important implications for diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic COVID-19 management.

scholarly journals Zinc, Vitamin D and Vitamin C: Perspectives for COVID-19 With a Focus on Physical Tissue Barrier Integrity

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
José João Name ◽  
Ana Carolina Remondi Souza ◽  
Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos ◽  
Pietra Sacramento Prado ◽  
Carolina Parga Martins Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
And Function

Some nutrients play key roles in maintaining the integrity and function of the immune system, presenting synergistic actions in steps determinant for the immune response. Among these elements, zinc and vitamins C and D stand out for having immunomodulatory functions and for playing roles in preserving physical tissue barriers. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrients that can optimize the immune system to prevent or lower the risk of severe progression and prognosis of this viral infection become relevant. Thus, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of zinc and vitamins C and D in the immune response to viral infections, focusing on the synergistic action of these nutrients in the maintenance of physical tissue barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes. The evidence found in the literature shows that deficiency of one or more of these three elements compromises the immune response, making an individual more vulnerable to viral infections and to a worse disease prognosis. Thus, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the adequate intake of zinc and vitamins C and D may represent a promising pharmacological tool due to the high demand for these nutrients in the case of contact with the virus and onset of the inflammatory process. Ongoing clinical trials will help to clarify the role of these nutrients for COVID-19 management.

scholarly journals Antiviral and Immunoregulatory Effects of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Hepatitis C Virus Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Lepiller ◽  
Eric Soulier ◽  
Qisheng Li ◽  
Mélanie Lambotin ◽  
Jochen Barths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Innate Defence

In patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, enhanced activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) has been reported. IDO - a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme - has been considered as both an innate defence mechanism and an important regulator of the immune response. The molecular mechanism of IDO induction in HCV infection and its role in the antiviral immune response remain unknown. Using primary human hepatocytes, we show that HCV infection stimulates IDO expression. IDO gene induction was transient and coincided with the expression of types I and III interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Overexpression of hepatic IDO prior to HCV infection markedly impaired HCV replication in hepatocytes, suggesting that IDO limits the spread of HCV within the liver. siRNA-mediated IDO knock-down revealed that IDO functions as an IFN-mediated anti-HCV effector. Hepatic IDO was most potently induced by IFN-γ, and ongoing HCV replication could significantly upregulate IDO expression. IRF1 (IFN-regulatory factor 1) and STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) regulated hepatic IDO expression. Hepatic IDO expression also had a significant inhibitory effect on CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Our data suggest that hepatic IDO plays a dual role during HCV infection by slowing down viral replication and also regulating host immune responses.

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