scholarly journals Sound recording to characterize outdoor tap water use events

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 392-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikondi Makwiza ◽  
Heinz Erasmus Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Flow Sensing ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Sound Files ◽  
Automatic Detection Algorithm

Obtaining disaggregated water use at the home typically involves expensive smart metering. In this study, water use events at the outdoor tap were captured using recorded sound. Outdoor taps at 10 homes were fitted with small-sized microphones and digital sound recorders. Sound files recorded over a 1-month period were used in the analysis. In the preliminary analysis, a human operator browsed through the sound recordings, picking out tap use events based on visually recognizable waveform and spectrogram features, then audibly verified each event identified before labeling. The performance of the corresponding automatic detection algorithm was reasonable, showing that water use events can be detected at precision and recall rates of at least 80% under suitable conditions. The results also showed that the technique is less suitable where the drop in pressure during peak demand periods results in significant reduction in the tap flowrate. Indirect flow sensing approaches are attractive for investigating water use event timing, because of the relatively lower cost when compared to conventional or smart water meters. Plumbing changes are not required as the recorder can be mounted on any exposed pipe section near the fixture of interest.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach of Smart Water Flow Meter using IOT

2021 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
pp. 01040
Author(s):  
Madala Kranthi ◽  
Velagapudi Sreenivas ◽  
K. Prabhakar ◽  
G. Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Structure ◽  
Business Systems ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Commercial Enterprise ◽  
Water Meters

The point of this paper is on DESIGN OF SMART WATER FLOW METER which has gotten a conspicuous subject inside the present mechanical discourse. During this snappy paced lifestyles water providers and customers need to present any other water system which is steadily gainful and also faster digital water meters are adjusted test the degree of water used by private and commercial enterprise structures which are given water through an untamed office device. Thus via using this we are able to retain seeing at the usage of water by way of diverse clients. The essential target is to shape office logically in a position and direct which lessens the manual help, terminate affirm and time gifted response for the incredible water shape. This snappy paced existence water providers and shoppers wishes to introduce some other water gadget which is regularly successful and nearly snappier. Modernized water meters are adjusted examine the proportion of water used by private and business systems which are given water by way of an untamed water device. On this manner by using this we will continue disapproving of the usage of water via various customers. The fundamental purpose is to form water progressively reliable and direct which diminishes the manual help, take a seat back equipped course of motion for the dumbfounding water structure. Aside from created international locations, the water elements in others gift with a sensor that is labored electronically. Throughout this enterprise a node mcu based charging structure is given. That is frequently a structure which prompts a homogenous trouble free office what’s more, charging giving most notable agreement to customers and development in water use survey.

An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1437-1445
Author(s):  
M. Baer ◽  
U. Kradolfer
Keyword(s):  
Arrival Time ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Dynamic Threshold ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Automatic Phase ◽  
Nonlinear Amplifier ◽  
First Motion ◽  
Transient Events ◽  
Teleseismic Events ◽  
Automatic Detection Algorithm

Abstract An automatic detection algorithm has been developed which is capable of time P-phase arrivals of both local and teleseismic earthquakes, but rejects noise bursts and transient events. For each signal trace, the envelope function is calculated and passed through a nonlinear amplifier. The resulting signal is then subjected to a statistical analysis to yield arrival time, first motion, and a measure of reliability to be placed on the P-arrival pick. An incorporated dynamic threshold lets the algorithm become very sensitive; thus, even weak signals are timed precisely. During an extended performance evaluation on a data set comprising 789 P phases of local events and 1857 P phases of teleseismic events picked by an analyst, the automatic picker selected 66 per cent of the local phases and 90 per cent of the teleseismic phases. The accuracy of the automatic picks was “ideal” (i.e., could not be improved by the analyst) for 60 per cent of the local events and 63 per cent of the teleseismic events.

Activity-aware privacy protection for smart water meters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Cardell-Oliver ◽  
Harrison Carter-Turner
Keyword(s):  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Water Meters

Recognition System Of The Al Qur’an Surah Al-Falaq Verse 1-5 Through Voice Using Ada-Boost

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Diauddin Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Voice Classification ◽  
Sound Files

In everyday life, it is not uncommon when we hear the sound of chanting the holy verses of the Al Al Qur’an  which are read in mosques before prayer time or in other conditions we seem interested in knowing what Surah and which verse is being recited. This is due to the love of Muslims themselves for the Al Qur’an  but not all Muslims memorize the entire contents of the Al Qur’an . Based on the limitations and the magnitude of curiosity about Surah and Verse information, the writer is interested in developing a computer system that can recognize and provide information on the recited Surah and Verse. Advances in computer technology not only make it easier for humans to carry out activities. One of the human intelligences that are planted into computer technology is to recognize the verses of the Al Al Qur’an  Surah Al-Falaq through voice. Ada-Boost method is one method to identify or recognize voice classification, and by using this method the success rate in recognizing verse numbers reaches 72%. This system can only recognize the number of verses of the Al Al Qur’an  Surah Al-Falaq, recorded sound files with the .wav file extension and built using the Delphi programming language.

Audio Playback and Pitch Tracking

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J Manzo
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Sound File ◽  
Pitch Tracking ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Search Path ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Control Interface ◽  
Computer Keyboard ◽  
Audio Files ◽  
Sound Files

In this chapter, we will look at some of the ways that you can play back and record sound files. As you know, Max lets you design the way you control the variables in your patch. We will apply these design concepts to the ways we control the playback of recorded sound. We will also look at some ways to track the pitch of analog audio and convert it into MIDI numbers. By the end of this chapter, you will have written a program that allows you to play back sound files using a computer keyboard as a control interface as well as a program that tracks the pitch you’re singing from a microphone and automatically harmonizes in real time. We will create a simple patch that plays back some prerecorded files I have prepared. Please locate the8 “.aif ” audio files located in the Chapter 13 Examples folder. 1. Copy these 8 audio files to a new folder somewhere on your computer 2. In Max, create a new patch 3. Click File>Save As and save the patch as playing_sounds.maxpat in the same folder where you put these 8 audio files. There should be 9 files total in the folder (8 audio and 1 Max patch) 4. Close the patch playing_sounds.maxpat 5. Re-open playing_sounds.maxpat (the audio files will now be in the search path of the Max patch) We can play back the prerecorded audio files we just copied using an object called sfplay~. The sfplay~ object takes an argument to specify how many channels of audio you would like the object to handle. For instance, if you are loading a stereo (two channel) file, you can specify the argument 2. Loading a sound file is easy: simply send the sfplay~ object the message open. Playing back the sound is just as easy: send it a 1 or a 0 from a toggle. Let’s build a patch that plays back these files.

scholarly journals Exploring the regulatory challenges of a possible rollout of smart water meters in the Netherlands

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 159-179
Author(s):  
Brenda Espinosa Apráez ◽  
Saskia Lavrijssen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Big Data ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

Big data have become a driver of innovation in multiple sectors, including the management of infrastructures employed for the provision of essential goods and services, such as drinking water. As technology enables new possibilities of action for infrastructure managers, it could be questioned whether the regulations in place still deal adequately with such possibilities or if certain adjustments are necessary, especially considering that infrastructure managers usually operate in highly regulated environments. This study explores the regulatory challenges of introducing smart water meters (SWM) in the Netherlands. In particular, it discusses whether the introduction of SWM will require adjusting the regulations of the sector, to deal with the new possibilities of action enabled by this technology.

scholarly journals Wireless Middleware Solutions for Smart Water Metering

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Alvisi ◽  
Francesco Casellato ◽  
Marco Franchini ◽  
Marco Govoni ◽  
Chiara Luciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Water Metering

While smart metering applications have initially focused on energy and gas utility markets, water consumption has recently become the subject of increasing attention. Unfortunately, despite the large number of solutions available on the market, the lack of an open and widely accepted communication standard means that vendors typically propose proprietary data collection solutions whose adoption causes non-trivial problems to water utility companies in term of costs, vendor lock-in, and lack of control on the data collection infrastructure. There is the need for open and interoperable smart water metering solutions, capable of collecting data from the wide range of water meters on the market. This paper reports our experience in the development and field testing of a highly interoperable smart water metering solution, which we designed in collaboration with several water utility companies and which we deployed in Gorino Ferrarese, Italy, in collaboration with CADF (Consorzio Acque Delta Ferrarese), the water utility serving the city. At the core of our solution is SWaMM (Smart Water Metering Middleware), an interoperable wireless IoT middleware based on the Edge computing paradigm, which proved extremely effective in interfacing with several types of smart water meters operating with different protocols.

Automatic Detection of Corrugation: Preliminary Results in the Dutch Network Using Axle Box Acceleration Measurements

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoguang Li ◽  
Alfredo Núñez ◽  
Zili Li ◽  
Rolf Dollevoet
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Detection ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
System Response ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Track System ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Automatic Detection Algorithm ◽  
Wheel Track

Short pitch corrugation is commonly seen in all kinds of tracks. There is not yet a conclusive explanation in the literature for its initiation and growth mechanisms. In this paper, we use an axle box acceleration (ABA) measurement system to detect corrugation. ABA can be easily implemented in operational trains, providing direct and reliable health monitoring of the track. We have extended a detection algorithm for rail surface local short wavelength defects to also detect short pitch corrugation, which is a continuous defect over the track. A 3D transient FE wheel-track model is employed to find theoretical signature tunes of the wheel-track system response when passing over a short pitch corrugation. Numerical simulations agree with ABA measurement obtained in the Dutch rail network. Based on the signature tune identified, an automatic detection algorithm is developed. Preliminary results with the algorithm are discussed. Field observations show a good potential of the detection algorithm to be used by inframanagers, to detect and monitor corrugation.

scholarly journals Water Scarcity Footprint Analysis of Container-Grown Plants in a Model Research Nursery as Affected by Irrigation and Fertilization Treatments

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2436
Author(s):  
Joshua Knight ◽  
Damon E. Abdi ◽  
Dewayne L. Ingram ◽  
R. Thomas Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Groundwater Source ◽  
Fabric Surface ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Container Capacity

Water scarcity footprint (WSF) was determined for irrigation experiments in 2017 and 2018 for container-grown plants in a specially designed research nursery in Michigan, USA. The system design allowed for the capture of irrigation water running off a fabric surface of a nursery bed and irrigation water that passed through the fabric surface and moved through a bed of sand under the fabric. The volume of irrigation water applied (IWA) from a groundwater source and the volume of water that would be necessary to dilute (WD) water leaving the system to tap water standards for NO 3 − and PO 4 3 − of 10 mg L−1 and 0.05 mg L−1, respectively, were determined. The sum of IWA and WD would be the consumptive water use (CWU) of each treatment. WSF was calculated by weighting these component volumes per plant grown in a 10.2 L container using the consumption-to-availability scarcity index for this river basin. The WSF of water requirements for dilution (WSFwd) for plants in 2017 (20 May to 25 September) were calculated as 150, 37, and 34 L per plant for control plants, those receiving 2 L per day, and those returned to container capacity daily, respectively. In 2018 (11 June to 12 October), WSF of irrigation water applied (WSFiwa) for control plants, those receiving daily water use replacement (DWU), and those returned to container capacity daily were calculated to be 116, 61, and 28 L. Control plants received 19 mm of irrigation daily through overhead sprinklers in both experiments. In almost all cases, the PO 4 3 − dilution requirements set the dilution coefficients for WSFwd calculations. The irrigation control treatment resulted in higher WSFwd than irrigation treatments through spray stakes providing 2 L per container per day, irrigation returning the substrate water content to container capacity daily, or daily irrigation based on DWU. Fertilizer treatments and substrate composition treatments across irrigation treatments had only a minor impact on WSF.

Hedging for Privacy in Smart Water Meters

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elad Salomons ◽  
Lina Sela ◽  
Mashor Housh
Keyword(s):  
Smart Water ◽  
Water Meters
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