Sustainability check: five-year annual sustainability audits of the water supply and open defecation free status in the ‘One Million Initiative’, Mozambique

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Godfrey ◽  
M. van der Velden ◽  
A. Muianga ◽  
A. Xavier ◽  
K. Downs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Statistical Probability ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

UNICEF, the Government of Mozambique and the Government of the Netherlands co-financed a USD 48 million rural water supply and sanitation intervention termed the One Million Initiative between 2007 and 2013. This paper presents the methods applied and the results obtained from the annual audits carried out in the programme using a Sustainability Check (SC) tool. The SC was applied by external audit company and was designed to ensure ongoing sustainability of investments beyond the programme lifespan. It grades the status of rural water supplies and ‘open defecation free’ (ODF) communities based on a multivariate composite index comprising institutional, social, technical and financial indicators. The SC uses three data collection instruments: a semi-structured focus group with the district authorities, a facility audit of water points, and an audit of ODF villages with a semi-structured household survey. The paper notes a trend towards increased sustainability of both ODF communities and rural water supplies during the course of the five-year period. The study concluded that an 80% sustainability score provides the greatest statistical probability of achieving >90% of functioning water supplies. The paper notes that when the sustainability score is <80%, the probability of the water supply functioning drastically reduces to 50%.

Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Community Rural Water Supplies in Sankuri Division, Garissa District, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 20662-20683
Author(s):  
Dr. Githae N.M. ◽  
Farah M.A ◽  
Masese D. M.
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
The Government

Water is the most important natural resource, indispensable for life and at the same time the backbone of growth and prosperity for humankind. More than 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2.6-billion lack access to basic sanitation in the world today.  Water is not like other commodities in the sense that it is essential to human life. It is also essential to economic growth and poverty reduction. About 18% of the world’s population lacks access to improved water supply, According to WHO, 1.6 million deaths per year can be attributed to unsafe water and lack of sanitation (Pérard, 2007:42). Major threats to the sustainability of rural water supplies include high poverty levels in communities, weak institutional framework and inability of communities to handle breakdowns. The purpose of the research was to determine the factors that affect the sustainability of rural water supply facilities in Sankuri Division, Garissa District. To explore the causes of non-functionality of the water supply, a purposive survey was undertaken covering five (5) locations situated within the proximity of the Tana Rive with a sample of 384 households for quantitative data. Qualitative data was collected through focused group discussions and key informant interviews. The study established demographic characteristics of the study population, majority of the respondents (73.8%) that fetched water for the household were women, and 4.4% were female children. As concerns their level of education and ability to pay for the services, those with higher levels of education were more likely to pay for the water services. Economic factor had a bearing on the households’ ability to pay for the services and therefore the need to consider the cost implication for sustainability of the WSS. Aspects of the operations and management of the WSS elicited components of sustainability and the study’s findings whereby Water management Committee accounted for 48.6%, however components of management contributing to unsustainability among others were poor management skills 18%, corruption among the office bearers 8.4% and lack of accountability 8%. The study concluded that involvement of women in the management of the water systems since they are mostly involved in accessing this valuable commodity for their households is of utter importance, given their key role in this vital commodity for the members of their households. Cost has played a crucial role in the sustainability of the WSS, and lastly, Governance issues were not articulated to promote active community participation by the government policy, hence influence of the Operation and Management of the WSS. The study made recommendations at two levels: To the Government to incorporate basic Operations and Management skills for the WSS teams and enhance the capacity building in the initiation of the projects. Water Service Providers to be aware of the consumers’ preference in the management of the WSS. The committee members’ capacity building is crucial for the attainment of sustainability of the WSS. Water tariffs to be affordable in order to support the communities’ ability to pay for the services, and to facilitate maintenance of the systems. Lastly, planning of annual stakeholders and management meetings to promote trust and ownership of the water facility should be emphasized.

scholarly journals Stranded Assets as a Key Concept to Guide Investment Strategies for Sustainable Development Goal 6

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kalin ◽  
Joseph Mwanamveka ◽  
Andrea Coulson ◽  
Donald Robertson ◽  
Holly Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
International Development ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The concept of Stranded Assets has been used for nearly 50 years across many sectors, most recently it has been a focus of investment portfolios in light of the possible impacts of climate change. However, to date there has been no in-depth determination of the impact of Stranded Assets for rural water supply, despite international development targets from Rio, through Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and now the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The limiting factor for carrying out such an assessment is the requirement of a full and detailed asset register recording all rural water supplies in a country. The Scottish Government Climate Justice Fund Water Futures Programme, in collaboration with the Government of Malawi, is undertaking a comprehensive asset audit across Malawi, and this paper introduces the concept of Stranded Assets for the rural water supply sector using Malawi as an exemplar. Here, we demonstrate how significant change in the implementation strategy for SDGs compared to the MDGs is needed to reduce the potential for Stranded Assets and meet its ultimate aim.

War could leave Libyans without water

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government

Significance Greater Tripoli is particularly vulnerable to any disruption of the infrastructure, while the COVID-19 pandemic makes adequate water supply to the capital and other urban centres even more critical. Impacts Fresh disruption of water supplies would fuel public anger and exacerbate social unrest, probably causing more armed clashes. Service disruptions and unrest would worsen tensions within the Government of National Accord, further undermining its authority. Water shortages will also undercut efforts to develop Libya’s agricultural sector as a way of diversifying its oil-dependent economy.

scholarly journals Does program linking with insurance makes agriculture insurance sustainable?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-20
Author(s):  
Krishna P. Timsina ◽  
Yuga N. Ghimire ◽  
Ghanshyam Kandel ◽  
Deepa Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Grant

Agriculture insurance is most common forms of risk transfer in agriculture. It is often compulsory for borrowers of agricultural loans in low and middle income countries. This study tries to find out the status of compulsory agriculture insurance in Nepal and its sustainability through answering question “are compulsory agriculture insurance programs making agricultural insurance sustainable? Or we have to think differently for its sustainability. Household survey were conducted using pre-tested semi structured questionnaire in eight districts. Altogether 377 insurer farmers (132 crop and 245 livestock farmers) were selected from the list of target population using simple random sampling technique. Similarly, five cases were selected from the study districts. Result shows that Government of Nepal (GoN) has developed both cost of production and value based insurance products based on farmers demand. Basically, premium rate is fixed as five percent to cost of production based and seven percent to value based insurance for most of crops and livestock. Different governments programs such as youth self-employment program, youth focused program, spring rice promotion program and other grant/subsidy programs under different mega projects of GoN have started to link agriculture insurance with their programs. Insurance has been made mandatory to get such any subsidy support from the government for promoting agriculture insurance simultaneously. However, this study found that this strategy did not adequately work. But if they feel the enterprises is risky and realize the importance of agriculture insurance and can get higher returns from the enterprises, they were willing to participate in agriculture insurance. Most of farmers who participated in government grant program have limited understanding of crop insurance so that they have discontinued insurance after the end of grant/subsidy program. Therefore, it is necessary to revisit the existing provision of grant linked insurance and need to focus more on creating awareness on importance of agriculture insurance for its sustainability.

scholarly journals Determinants of citizen engagement in rural water supply and sanitation services in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 08001
Author(s):  
Rahmi Kasri ◽  
Paulus Wirutomo
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Citizen Engagement ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Community-based development approach has been successful in accelerating access to rural water supply and sanitation in Indonesia. However, it suffers with criticism on its effectiveness to sustain services and to protect environment. A transformation of approach to citizen engagement is promoted to achieve better development outcomes. Through case study in four villages, this study diagnosed what define and determine citizen engagement in Indonesian rural water supply and sanitation. Determinants of citizen engagement is synthesized by using narrative thematic analysis for the qualitative data and principal component analysis for 708 household survey data. It found that citizen engagement is an interrelation of structure, culture and process elements of social life. Sustainable service of rural water supply and sanitation should be seen as enriched and restructured management cycle with citizen engagement concept. The study offers an improved service delivery cycle of rural water supply developed by Lockwood and Smith in 2011. Method of analysis and the findings of this study demonstrate the integration of sociological and environmental science perspectives. It also provides input to strengthen rural water supply and sanitation programs, especially Pamsimas and STBM, the two biggest government development programs for rural water and sanitation in Indonesia.

Equity in access to water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia: an analysis of EDHS data (2000–2011)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selamawit Seyoum ◽  
Jay P. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Equity In Access ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Significant efforts to improve water supply and sanitation (WS&S) in Ethiopia have been made over the past decade, yet it is unclear how progress has affected different segments of the population. This study used data from Ethiopia's Demographic and Health Survey (2000, 2005, and 2011) to assess trends in: 1) access to improved water supplies; 2) use of improved sanitation; 3) use of untreated surface water as a primary source for drinking water; 4) open defecation; and 5) water transport times greater than 30 minutes. Trends were assessed by urban/rural residence, administrative region and education. The study found increases in access to improved water supplies and reductions in open defecation; however, no progress was observed in the use of improved sanitation. Rural households that reported drinking untreated surface water went from nearly one-third in 2000 to one-fifth in 2011. No improvements were found regarding the reported time spent collecting water. Inequities in WS&S remained high across the country, highlighting the need to focus on these differences and target resources towards sub-populations that lack this fundamental necessity.

scholarly journals Keberlanjutan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat Desa Piji dan Desa Gintungan Di Kabupaten Purworejo

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Andito Sidiq Swastomo ◽  
Doddy Aditya Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
The Government

Pencapaian target SDG's penyediaan akses air minum bagi seluruh masyarakat membutuhkan usaha dan kerja keras dari pemerintah. Beberapa program pembangunan infrastruktur air minum telah diluncurkan oleh pemerintah guna memenuhi kebutuhan layanan dasar bagi masyarakat khususnya pada wilayah perdesaan. Namun dalam perkembangan pasa konstruksi, SPAM Desa terbangun mengalami perkembangan yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberlanjutan sistem penyediaan air minum pedesaan berbasis masyarakat dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberlanjutan sistem tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah multikasus olistik dengan dua desa penelitian yaitu Desa Piji dan Desa Gintungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem penyediaan air minum pedesaan dengan pendekatan berbasis masyarakat mempunyai keberlanjutan yang berbeda-beda. Desa dengan keberlanjutan pada aspek sosial, keuangan, lingkungan dan kelembagaan mempunyai tingkat keberlanjutan yang sangat baik sedangkan desa dengan keberlanjutan hanya pada salah satu aspek saja mempunyai tingkat keberlanjutan yang rendah. Hal ini terlihat pada sistem penyediaan air minum di Desa Piji yang mengalami keberlanjutan sebaliknya pada Desa Gintungan tidak terjadi keberlanjutan. Keberlanjutan SPAM Desa sangat dipengaruhi oleh modal sosial dan modal manusia yang dimiliki. Pada kedua desa penelitian, faktor modal sosial yang mempengaruhi berupa jaringan hubungan sosial yang kuat, kepercayaan, dan norma aturan, sedangkan faktor modal manusia yang berpengaruh berupa motivasi, komitmen, efektivitas tim kerja dan kepemimpinan.Abstract: Achieving the SDG's target of providing access to water for all communities requires effort and hard work from the government. Several water supply infrastructure development programs have been launched by the government to meet basic service needs for the community, especially in rural areas. However, in the development phase of construction, the SPAM Desa was developed experiencing different developments. This study aims to determine the sustainability of the community-based rural water supply system and the factors that influence the sustainability of the system. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research design used was an olistic multicase with two research villages namely Piji Village and Gintungan Village. The results showed that the rural water supply system with a community-based approach has a different sustainability. Villages with sustainability in social, financial, environmental and institutional aspects have a very good level of sustainability while villages with sustainability in only one aspect have a low level of sustainability. This can be seen in the water supply system in Piji Village which experiences sustainability whereas in Gintungan Village there is no sustainability. Sustainability of SPAM Desa is strongly influenced by social capital and human capital they have. In the two research villages, social capital influencing factors are in the form of a strong social relations network, trust and rule norms, while influential human capital factors are motivation, commitment, work team effectiveness and leadership.

scholarly journals Defamation Laws and Practice in the Age of Internet in Albania

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Leka
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Judicial Corruption ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

The picture of recent legal developments concerning defamation in Albania is mixed. On the one hand, several criminal defamation and insult statuteshave been abolishedsince 2012, following strong lobbying of human rights organizations. On the other, the application of criminal defamation laws has not stopped, while government officials and other high profile persons have discovered the power of civil defamation claims. Faced with intense criticism, the government has tried to re-introduce the abolished criminal defamation laws and has faced the same strong opposition and international outcry. In the meantime, defamation claims or threats thereof are routinely being used against the media or against the political opponent for the only purposes of creating tension and diffusing the attention of the public. The vagueness of the laws and the inconsistencies of judicial interpretation, helped in no little measure by judicial corruption and the political control of the judiciary, have widened the gap between constitutional and international guarantees of the freedom of speech and the actual enforcement of those guarantees. This article will briefly expose the history of defamation laws in Albania, the difficulties of their application, and the status of affairs concerning defamation laws and claims.

Arab Citizens in the “Jewish” State of Israel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Galnoor
Keyword(s):  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Equal Citizenship ◽  
Government Coalition

Israel’s Declaration of Independence proclaims full equality for all of Israel’s citizens and calls upon members of the Arab nation “to participate in the upbuilding of the State on the basis of full and equal citizenship.” This pledge has not been kept. On the one hand, the government is using its majority to legislate laws that undermine the status and legitimacy of the Arab citizens. On the other, since 2007 the same government has been investing a great deal of money in improving the economic conditions in the Arab localities. The tenuous relationship between Jews and Arabs is under constant pressure. Nonetheless, a change has begun to surface tacitly in the official state policy toward Arab citizens, recognizing the justification of equality, in economic terms. The three subsequent Knesset elections held in 2019–2020 strengthened the political representation and clout of the Arab citizens; however, the discriminating barrier, preventing their recognition as legitimate partners in the government coalition, has not been removed.

scholarly journals Public-Private Partnership: Ghanaian Perspective of Urban Water Supply

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.18) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Adam Andani Mohammed ◽  
Abdallah Mpawenimana Saidi
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Water Supply ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government

In Ghana, tariff of utilities including water is put below cost recovery levels such that government is unable to cope with the challenges in water supply. As such, the government resorts to private partnership to fund the gaps in the urban water supply in the country. The study adopted an integrative multi-stage critical review of relevant literature on public-private partnership in urban water supply. As such articles published between 2006 and 2017 were selected by specific inclusion criteria. Relevant articles on the topic were identified through references and citations. The paper examines the status and trend of water supply, reforms and management of urban water supply in Ghana. The study found problems like poor water supply system, inadequate human and economic resources as well as poor resource allocations and urban water management. 

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