scholarly journals ‘Solar septic tank’: evaluation of innovative decentralized treatment of blackwater in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-840
Author(s):  
Thammarat Koottatep ◽  
Stephanie Connelly ◽  
Tatchai Pussayanavin ◽  
Sopida Khamyai ◽  
Wattanapong Sangchun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Abstract An innovative decentralized wastewater treatment system, namely the ‘Solar Septic Tank (SST)’, was constructed and tested at the household scale in a community in central Thailand. This study aimed to investigate the long-term performance of the SST in treating blackwater subject to year-round variation. Results of the 3-year continuous operation and monitoring showed significant improvement in the SST effluent quality with the potential to minimize environmental problems and public health risks. The SST achieved significantly higher total chemical oxygen demand, soluble chemical oxygen demand, total biochemical oxygen demand (TBOD), soluble biochemical oxygen demand, total kjeldahl nitrogen, total solid and total volatile solid removal efficiencies than a conventional septic tank (CST). The average TBOD concentration of the SST effluent was 150 ± 75 mg/L, meeting the Thai discharge standard (less than 200 mg/L of TBOD), while the average TBOD concentration of the CST was 240 ± 140 mg/L, higher than the Thai discharge standard. The Escherichia coli inactivation in the SST was 1–2 log reduction more than that in the CST. The removal efficiencies of TBOD and pathogens exhibited positive correlation with the ratios of the SST temperature.

scholarly journals Long-term performance of a microbial electrolysis cell operated with periodic disconnection of power supply

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 16842-16849 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Hussain ◽  
M. Perrier ◽  
B. Tartakovsky
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Electrolysis Cell ◽  
Microbial Electrolysis Cell ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Microbial Electrolysis ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

This study describes a new approach for achieving stable long-term performance and maximizing removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) by periodic disconnection of the MEC power supply.

scholarly journals Organic Matter, Solid and Pathogen Removals from Black Water in A Pilot-Scale Solar Septic Tank

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Tatchai Pussayanavina ◽  
Thammarat Koottatep ◽  
Le My Dinh ◽  
Sopida Khamyai ◽  
Wattanapong Sangchun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Black Water ◽  
Solar Powered

Demonstrating the operational feasibility of a solar-powered septic tank as an alternative and sustainable sanitation option for communities was presented in this study. The efficiency and technical feasibility of a solar septic tank (SST) were tested and evaluated in pilot scale for treatment of black water from communal toilets. The system consisted of a modified septic tank equipped with a disinfection chamber inside the tank. Solar radiation was collected as a heat source for heating and disinfection. The system could achieve high removal efficiencies of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total solid (TS), and total volatile solid (TVS) of 97%, 94%, 91% and 96%, respectively. The inactivation efficiencies of E. coli and total coliforms in the SST were about 2.2 log reduction. The increased temperature inside the septic tank could help to inactivate pathogens and reduce the environmental issues related to conventional fecal sludge management. In turn, this improved the water quality of groundwater and surface water and minimize health risks. Influence of operational conditions including organic/nutrient loading rate and ratio between TCOD and TKN in the black water on the performance of the SST were discussed.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Kualitas Biogas Melalui Proses Pemurnian Dengan Purifier Bertingkat Seri Menggunakan Adsorben Arang Aktif Dan Zeolit

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Abdul Mukhlis Ritonga ◽  
Masrukhi Masrukhi ◽  
Ahmad Mafrukhi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Volatile Solid ◽  
Methane Gas

Abstrak. Biogas merupakan gas yang dihasilkan dari bahan organik melalui proses fermentasi. Energi yang terkandung dalam biogas tergantung dari konsentrasi metana (CH4). Semakin tinggi kandungan metana maka semakin besar kandungan energi pada biogas. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kandungan gas metana pada biogas serta dapat menurunkan gas-gas pengotor seperti CO2, dan gas-gas lain yang tidak terpakai dengan pemurnian menggunakan purifier yang telah di isi adsorben, pada penelitian ini adsorben yang digunakan yaitu arang aktif dan zeolit. Variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini yaitu C/N rasio, pH, suhu, total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) yang berpengaruh dalam produksi gas metan. Kadar  CH4 dan CO2 setelah dimurnikan, dan waktu optimal untuk proses pemurnian biogas, perlakuan yang diberikan menggunakan 3 waktu pengujian, yaitu 30, 60, dan 90 menit. Percobaan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio C/N sebesar 20,36 dengan suhu rata-rata 25,1oC dan pH rata-rata 6. Nilai BOD awal dan akhir masing-masing sejumlah 77800,86 mg/l dan 53002,42 mg/l dan COD awal dan akhir masing-masing sejumlah 59800 mg/l dan 36000 mg/l. TS dan VS masing masing mengalami penurunan sebesar 20,99% dan 17,93%. Penggunaan adsorben arang aktif dan zeolit dapat meningkatkan kandungan gas CH4 sebesar 136,5% dan menurunkan kandungan gas CO2 sebesar 64% pada biogas. Lama waktu pengujian mampu meningkatkan konsentrasi CH4 dan menurunkan kandungan gas CO2 dengan waktu paling optimal yaitu 30 menit.Increasing Quality Of Biogas With Purification Proses On Double Arranged Series Purifier Using Activated Charcoal And Zeolit AdsorbentAbstract. The quality of biogas is determined by the methane (CH4) content in the biogas. A good biogas is indicated by its high methane content. One way to increase the methane gas content in biogas is by purification using a series-level purifier that has been filled with adsorbents. In this study, the adsorbents used were activated charcoal and zeolite. The variables measured include CN ratio, pH, temperature, total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which influential in methane gas production. CH4 and CO2 levels, before and after purification. Biogas was purified for a duration of 30, 60, 90 minutes and was repeated three times. The results showed that the C/N ratio was 20.36 with an average temperature of 25.1 °C and an average pH of 6. The initial and final BOD values were 77800.86 mg/l and 53002.42 mg/l and the initial and final COD values were 59800 mg/l and 36000 mg/l. TS and VS experienced a decrease of 20.99% and 17.93%. The use of activated charcoal and zeolite adsorbents was able to increase the CH4 gas content by 136.5% and reduce the CO2 gas content by 64%. The optimal purification time is 30 minutes.

Enhancement of a UASB-septic tank performance for decentralised treatment of strong domestic sewage

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidal Mahmoud ◽  
Jules B. van Lier
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

The possibility of enhancing the process performance of the UASB-septic tank for treating strong sewage in Palestine by means of inoculating the reactor with well adapted anaerobic sludge and/or adding a packing media to the upper part of the reactor, creating an anaerobic hybrid (AH)-septic tank, was investigated. To achieve these objectives, two community onsite UASB-septic tank and AH-septic tank were operated in parallel at 2 days HRT for around 8 months overlapping the cold and hot periods of the year in Palestine. The achieved removal efficiencies of CODtot in the UASB-septic tank and AH-septic tank during the first months of operation, coinciding with the cold period and the subsequent hot period, were respectively 50(±15)% and 48(±15)% and 66(±8)% and 55(±8)%. This shows that the UASB-septic tank performed significantly better (p < 0.05) than the AH-septic tank after rather long periods of operation. The difference in the CODtot removal efficiency was mainly due to the better CODss removal efficiencies in the UASB-septic tank. The removal efficiencies over the last 50 days of operation for CODtot, CODsus, CODcol and CODdis were 70, 72, 77 and 55% and 53, 54, 78 and 45% for the UASB-septic tank and AH-septic tank, respectively. Comparing the here achieved COD removal efficiencies with previously reported efficiencies of UASB-septic tanks operated in Palestine shows that the reactor performance in terms of COD removal and conversion, during the first 8 months of operation, has improved substantially by being started with well adapted anaerobic sludge, simulating and predicting long-term performance. Adding packing media did not lead to an improvement.

scholarly journals Pengolahan limbah cair industri pembekuan ikan kaca piring (Sillago sihama) menggunakan kombinasi bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus megaterium, Nitrococcus sp. dan Pseudomonas putida secara aerob

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Maghfirotin Marta Banin ◽  
Yahya Yahya ◽  
Happy Nursyam
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Bacillus Megaterium ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Sillago Sihama

Industri pembekuan ikan (cold storage) sangat besar mengkonsumsi air untuk proses pencucian bahan baku dan peralatan sehingga banyak menghasilkan limbah cair. Salah satu pengolahan limbah yaitu secara biologi dengan memanfaatkan aktivitas mikroorganisme untuk menurunkan substrat tertentu pada limbah. Bakteri yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus megaterium, Nitrococcus sp. dan Pseudomonas putida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan kombinasi bakteri terhadap limbah cair industri pembekuan ikan kaca piring (Sillago sihama), dengan melihat perubahan nilai pH, TSS (Total Solid Suspended), amonia, minyak dan lemak, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) dan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan membandingkan kelompok perlakuan dengan kontrol. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengamatan yaitu hari ke-0, hari ke-5 dan hari ke-10. Limbah cair yang berasal dari pabrik pembekuan ikan kaca piring (Sillago sihama) dari PT. Inti Luhur Fuja Abadi, kabupaten Pasuruan. Hasil dari penelitian ini perlakuan kombinasi bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii (A), Bacillus megaterium (B),, Nitrococcus sp. (N), dan Pseudomonas putida (P) memberikan pengaruh yang nyata pada semua parameter. Nilai yang dihasilkan telah memenuhi syarat baku mutu limbah cair pembekuan ikan pada peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup nomor 5 tahun 2014. Nilai pH mengalami kenaikan dari kontrol, hari ke 5 sampai hari ke 10. Untuk kombinasi bakteri terbaik adalah A+P dengan nilai TSS sebesar 63,85 mg/L, kadar amoniak sebesar 1,02 mg/L, minyak dan lemak sebesar 1,95 mg/L, BOD sebesar 20,05 mg/L, dan COD sebesar 79,95 mg/L.

scholarly journals LAB-SCALE STUDY ON CO-DIGESTION OF KITCHEN WASTE, SLUDGE AND SEWAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2A) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Son Minh Tran
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Kitchen Waste ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Anaerobic digestion is widely used for biodegradable solid organic wastes in order to recover bio-energy in the form of biogas. Some previous studies presented that co-digestion of various substrates can improve biogas yields as well as enhanceperformance of organic wastes digestion, in comparison with digestion of sole solid waste. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of anaerobic mono-digestion and anaerobic co-digestion of the following mixtures: (a) sole kitchen waste (KW), (b) KW and sewage (SW), (c) sole sludge (SL)and (d) KW and SL. This study was conductedby four lab-scale anaerobic complete mixing reactors (numbered MH1 – MH4) in 4,5 liters working volume atorganic loading rate (OLR) 2,0 g(VS).L-1.d-1. The KW was collected from canteen B4 and SW was collected from effluent from septic tank C6 Building in Ho Chi Minh University of Technology (HCMUT). The results show that the reactor of sole KW obtained average total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), total phosphorus (TP) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) of 62 %, 62 %, 71 %, 72 %, 73 % and 45 %, respectively, whereas reactor of KW and SW co-digestion had were tCOD, sCOD, TS, VS, TP and TKN removal of 73 %, 78 %, 75 %, 79 %, 59 % and 57 %, respectively. Thus co-digestion of KW and SW revealed an efficient enhancement of digestion, instead of sole KW digestion. Similarly, TS (74 %) and VS removals (75 %) of co-digesting mixtures of SL and KW were higher than those of sole SL digestion (67 %). Furthermore, co-digestion of SL and KW obtained better performance in tCOD and sCOD removals (70 % and 76 %, respectively).

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Santos/São Vicente Preconditioning Station for an Oceanic Submarine Outfall

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
E. Garcia Agudo ◽  
R. Amaral ◽  
G. Berzin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Resultant Effect ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Solids Removal

The efficiency of solids removal and the resultant effect on submarine outfall performance of the sewage preconditioning station of Santos and Sao Vicente cities are evaluated. Emphasis is given to the removal of floatable materials that could emerge on the water surface. It was found that most floatables are disaggregated in the pumping process, thus changing their floating properties. The efficiency of the removal of floating materials by the milliscreens of size of openings 1.5 mm is about 70%; of the remaining floatables that are pumped to the submarine outfall, only about 50% appear on the water surface. The removal efficiencies for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended and settleable solids are much lower than those seen with milliscreens with smaller openings.

Comparison of Luffa Cylindrical Sponge and Plastic Sponge as Carriers in Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor for Sewage Treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 2431-2438
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang Wang ◽  
Shang Hua Zhang ◽  
Chang Qing Pang ◽  
Jie Li
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Luffa cylindrical sponge and plastic sponge were used as carriers in sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for sewage treatment in this paper. The removals of suspended solid (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH3-N in sewage were studied. The average removal efficiencies of SS, COD and NH3-N with luffa cylindrical sponge were 96%, 89% and 90%, respectively, while these with plastic sponge were 94%, 83% and 80%, respectively. As a natural, cheap and environment friendly biocarrier, luffa cylindrical sponge was easy to get a biofilm with enriched microbes during the first few days of sewage treatment. It was much more suitable as a carrier than the plastic sponge for SBBR.

scholarly journals KINERJA BIOSAND FILTER BERBAHAN DASAR BATUAN ANDESIT DALAM MENURUNKAN KONSENTRASI BOD DAN COD PADA AIR TANAH DANGKAL

Jurnal Dampak ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Tivany Edwin ◽  
Yommi Dewilda
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biosand Filter

Air tanah dangkal merupakan opsi sumber air bersih yang umum digunakan masyarakat. Tingginya kadar Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) dan Chemical Oxygen demand (COD) terkadang ditemukan pada air tanah dangkal yang menandakan tercemarnya air tersebut. Oleh karena itu diperlukan teknologi tepat guna pengolahan air yang relatif murah dan efisien untuk skala rumah tangga masyarakat seperti biosand filter. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja biosand filter dalam menurunkan parameter BOD dan COD pada sampel air tanah dangkal dari sumur penduduk. Biosand filter didesain dengan dimensi reaktor 30x30x90 cm dengan perbandingan ketinggian media pasir halus:pasir kasar:kerikil sebesar 50:5:5 cm. Media yang digunakan merupakan batuan andesit yang mudah ditemukan di daerah Sumatra Barat. Debit air yang dialirkan pada biosand filter adalah 0,6 L/menit. Waktu penumbuhan biofilm selama 21 hari dan pengoperasian reaktor selama 14 hari. Setelah dilakukan analisis, reaktor biosand filter mampu menyisihkan parameter BOD dan COD. Efisiensi penyisihan konsentrasi BOD oleh reaktor biosand filter sebesar 75%-87%, dan efisiensi penyisihan konsentrasi COD oleh reaktor biosand sebesar 65%-70%. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa reaktor biosand filter cukup efektif dalam menyisihkan parameter BOD dan COD.Kata-kata Kunci : Air Tanah Dangkal, Andesit Biosand Filter, BOD, dan COD,

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