scholarly journals Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes distribution in river water in Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Mahmoudi ◽  
E. Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad ◽  
B. Kazemi ◽  
A. Haghighi ◽  
A. Mirzaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Little is known about the diversity and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species in river waters in Iran. In the present study, we determined the genotype and subtype distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in river water samples in Iran. A total of 49 surface water samples were collected from rivers and surface water in Guilan and Tehran provinces during 2009–2010. Water samples were filtrated through a 1.2-μm pore size membrane filter or by Filta-Max filter followed by immunomagnetic separation or sucrose purification methods. Genotype and subtype of Cryptosporidium were identified by sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, respectively. A total of 24 (48.97%) water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium species by the 18sRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing technique. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of five species of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, C. andersoni, and C. canis) in the water samples of the study area and, to our knowledge, the first report of C. muris in Iran. The results of GP60 gene analysis showed that all C. parvum and C. hominis isolates belonged to the IId and Id subtype families, respectively. The investigated river water supplies were heavily contaminated by pathogenic species of Cryptosporidium from humans and livestock. There is potential risk of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals.

Enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water concentrates by laser-scanning cytometry

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Zanelli ◽  
B. Compagnon ◽  
J. C. Joret ◽  
M. R. de Roubin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Laser Scanning Cytometry ◽  
Direct Microscopic Observation

The utilization of the ChemScan® RDI was tested for different types of water concentrates. Concentrates were prepared by cartridge filtration or flocculation, and analysed either without purification, or after Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) or flotation on percoll-sucrose gradients. Theenumeration of the oocysts was subsequently performed using the ChemScan® RDI Cryptosporidium application. Enumeration by direct microscopic observation of the entire surface of the membrane was carried out as a control, and recoveries were calculated as a ratio between the ChemScan® RDI result and the result obtained with direct microscopic enumeration. The Chemscan enumeration technique proved reliable, with recoveries yielding close to 100% in most cases (average 125%, range from 86 to 467%) for all the concentration/purification techniques tested. The quality of the antibodies was shown to be critical, with antibodies from some suppliers yielding recoveries a low as 10% in some cases. This difficulty could, however, be overcome by the utilization of the antibody provided by Chemunex. These data conclusively prove that laser scanning cytometry, which greatly facilitates the microscopic enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water samples and decreases the time of observation by four to six times, can be successfully applied to water concentrates prepared from a variety of concentration/purification techniques.

scholarly journals Concentration and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Surface Water Samples by Method 1622 Using Ultrafiltration and Capsule Filtration

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 1123-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto D. Simmons ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey ◽  
Christopher D. Heaney ◽  
Frank W. Schaefer ◽  
Donna S. Francy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Surface Water Samples

ABSTRACT The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvumis known to occur widely in both source and drinking water and has caused waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. To improve monitoring, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency developed method 1622 for isolation and detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. Method 1622 is performance based and involves filtration, concentration, immunomagnetic separation, fluorescent-antibody staining and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) counterstaining, and microscopic evaluation. The capsule filter system currently recommended for method 1622 was compared to a hollow-fiber ultrafilter system for primary concentration of C. parvum oocysts in seeded reagent water and untreated surface waters. Samples were otherwise processed according to method 1622. Rates of C. parvumoocyst recovery from seeded 10-liter volumes of reagent water in precision and recovery experiments with filter pairs were 42% (standard deviation [SD], 24%) and 46% (SD, 18%) for hollow-fiber ultrafilters and capsule filters, respectively. Mean oocyst recovery rates in experiments testing both filters on seeded surface water samples were 42% (SD, 27%) and 15% (SD, 12%) for hollow-fiber ultrafilters and capsule filters, respectively. Although C. parvum oocysts were recovered from surface waters by using the approved filter of method 1622, the recovery rates were significantly lower and more variable than those from reagent grade water. In contrast, the disposable hollow-fiber ultrafilter system was compatible with subsequent method 1622 processing steps, and it recovered C. parvum oocysts from seeded surface waters with significantly greater efficiency and reliability than the filter suggested for use in the version of method 1622 tested.

Quantitative detection of human enteric adenoviruses in river water by microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohiro Kishida ◽  
Naohiro Noda ◽  
Eiji Haramoto ◽  
Mamoru Kawaharasaki ◽  
Michihiro Akiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Enteric Adenoviruses

We describe an assay for simple and accurate quantification of human enteric adenoviruses (EAdVs) in water samples using a recently developed quantification method named microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). The assay is based on automatic distribution of reaction mixture into a large number of nanolitre-volume reaction chambers and absolute copy number quantification from the number of chambers containing amplification products on the basis of Poisson statistics. This assay allows absolute quantification of target genes without the use of standard DNA. Concentrations of EAdVs in Japanese river water samples were successfully quantified by the developed dPCR assay. The EAdVs were detected in seven of the 10 samples (1 L each), and the concentration ranged from 420 to 2,700 copies/L. The quantified values closely resemble those by most probable number (MPN)-PCR and real-time PCR when standard DNA was validated by dPCR whereas they varied substantially when the standard was not validated. Accuracy and sensitivity of the dPCR was higher than those of real-time PCR and MPN-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has successfully quantified enteric viruses in river water using dPCR. This method will contribute to better understanding of existence of viruses in water.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF MAJOR ION CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE PREDICTION OF STABLE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION IN SURFACE WATER

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kai Chen ◽  
Linhua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Optimal Subset ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
O Isotopes ◽  
Subset Regression

The δ2H and δ18O values in water bodies are essential to the management of water resources because of the ability to insight into hydrological processes. In this study, we have measured and analyzed the major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, SO24– and HCO–3 ) and stable H-O isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) for fifteen surface water samples collected from the Xinbian River in Suzhou, northern Anhui Province, China. The results show that all of the water samples are classified to be Na-HCO3 type, and the mean values of δ2H and δ18O are –42.93‰ and –5.36‰, respectively. Gibbs diagram and the relationship between δ2H and δ18O indicate that both water chemistry and stable isotopes in river water are mainly controlled by evaporation. Correlation analysis reveals that a significant correlation between major ions and δ18O. Predictors (K+, SO24– and HCO–3 ) have been selected by optimal subset regression analysis were used to model the δ18O values in the river water. Moreover, the residuals of the model were normally distributed and values between –0.2‰ to 0.2‰ for most water samples, suggesting a strong relationship between the observed and predicted δ18O values.

scholarly journals Urban Occupation Increases Water Toxicity of an Important River in Central Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Elisa Flávia Luiz Cardoso Bailão ◽  
Leciana de Menezes Sousa Zago ◽  
Nathan Carvalho Silva ◽  
Karine Borges Machado ◽  
Patrícia Lima D'Abadia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Dna Breaks ◽  
Central Brazil

Meia Ponte River supplies water for two million people in Goiás State, Brazil. Despite its importance, the Meia Ponte River faces serious environmental problems such as the disposal of domestic and industrial effluents, what could impact the aquatic biota and the health of people who consumes its water. In this sense, here we aimed to evaluate the environmental quality and toxicity of surface water along the course of this river. Physicochemical analyses of water at Goiânia urban perimeter were higher than the limits of Brazil environmental regulations for fresh water. In relation to the diversity of species, phytoplankton classes associated to polluted environments were detected closer to urban perimeter. Allium cepa bioassay suggested that this river may contain substances with mitogenic activity. This result is in accordance with genotoxic analysis, because it was observed a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations. This data reveal the genotoxic potential of Meia Ponte River water. This genotoxicity represents a risk for aquatic biota and humans, once the genotoxic agents in water samples might cause the loss of DNA integrity, inducing damages and DNA breaks. In this context, the water utilization from Meia Ponte River without any treatment should be avoided and public policies need to be formulated and implemented to depollute this important river for Goiás State.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Composition in Surface Water in the Upper Yellow River in Northwest China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyu Shi ◽  
Shengjie Wang ◽  
Athanassios A. Argiriou ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Rong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Western China ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Upper Yellow River ◽  
D Values

Although stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in surface waters (especially in river waters) are useful tools to understand regional hydrological processes, relevant information at some upper reaches of large rivers in western China is still limited. During 2016–2017, we focused on the Liujiaxia Reservoir along the upper Yellow River, where we collected surface water samples at two locations, above and below the dam (identified as “lake water” and “river water”). The results show that the heavy isotopes in lake and river waters are enriched during the warm months, when the river discharge is large, and depleted during the cold months. The slopes of the water line (δ2H versus δ18O) for both the lake and river waters were lower than that of the global mean, due to evaporation. The different d values of the lake and river water reflect the regional evaporation and water sources.

Assessment of groundwater and surface water quality for irrigation suitability in Rupnagar District, Punjab, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navjot Kaur ◽  
Susanta Paikaray
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Wilcox Diagram ◽  
Sodium Percent ◽  
Sirsa River

<p>Groundwater and Sutlej river water are major sources of irrigation in Rupnagar district of Punjab. Water quality was examined for their agricultural suitability using a total of 54 surface water (16 from Sutlej and 6 from Sirsa River) and groundwater (total 32 of ~160 m depth) samples from Pre- (June 2019) and post-monsoon (Dec 2018) seasons. On-site parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids) indicate permissible pH (pH 6.6-8.2) and conductivity (147-1953 μS/cm), while 18.5% of samples are brackish salt to salt category type on salinity index. The results of these parameters were further interpreted and measured with different irrigation indexes like sodium percent (SP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), chloride concentrations and Wilcox diagram. Similarly, most of the samples (except Sutlej river water samples) were found to be above permissible limits with respect to SP (5.36-81.01) and RSC (0-6.23), but SAR is indicative of suitability for irrigation purposes (0.11-8.3). The suitability for irrigation as per SAR is because of low sodium content in all the samples relative to calcium and magnesium. The Wilcox diagram of pre-monsoon samples indicate high, medium and low saline to low sodium hazard except 1 sample with high saline to medium sodium hazard and salinity-sodium hazard in post-monsoon is comparatively lower than that of pre-monsoon. However careful observation of the complete data analysis suggests that all the parameters in Sutlej river water samples were found to be suitable for irrigation while most of the groundwater samples and 3 samples from Sirsa river were unfit for irrigation purposes as inferred from SP, RSC and Wilcox diagram.</p>

scholarly journals Vulnerability of Drinking-Water Wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to Enteric-Virus Contamination from Surface Water Contributions

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5937-5946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Nathaniel L. Haas ◽  
Randall J. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Wells

ABSTRACT Human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. In the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of La Crosse, Wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of Mississippi River water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. From March 2001 to February 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeling to have variable degrees of surface water contributions were sampled monthly for enteric viruses, microbial indicators of sanitary quality, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. 18O/16O and 2H/1H ratios were used to determine the level of surface water contributions. All samples were collected prior to chlorination at the wellhead. By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 24 of 48 municipal well water samples (50%) were positive for enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and noroviruses. Of 12 river water samples, 10 (83%) were virus positive by RT-PCR. Viable enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture in the well samples, although three well samples were positive for culturable HAV. Enteroviruses detected in the wells by RT-PCR were identified as several serotypes of echoviruses and group A and group B coxsackieviruses. None of the well water samples was positive for indicators of sanitary quality, namely male-specific and somatic coliphages, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci. Contrary to expectations, viruses were found in all wells regardless of the level of surface water contributions. This result suggests that there were other unidentified sources, in addition to surface water, responsible for the contamination.

Verification of the Determination Method of Dissolved Metal Content using ICP-OES and Its Application for River Water in Bandar Lampung City

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Gede Ratna Juliasih ◽  
Diky Hidayat ◽  
Purna Pirdaus ◽  
Rinawati Rinawati
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Metal Analysis ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
The Way

Method verification for metal analysis (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, and Mn) in surface water using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) was carried out to evaluate the method’s performance in the laboratory-based on US Method EPA 200.7. The verified method is used to determine the metal content in river water flowing in Bandar Lampung. The results showed that the method used had good linearity with a regression coefficient of more than 0.995. This method’s accuracy is expressed by the %RSD (relative standard deviation), which is in the range of 3.145 to 4.345% and meets the acceptance requirements with a %RSD value less than ⅔ CV Horwitz. The method accuracy obtained from the spiking analysis gives a range of 80-110% for the analysis of 1 mg/L and meets the acceptability required by AOAC. Overall, the performance of the method used is suitable for the analysis of metals in surface water. This method was applied for metal analysis in river water samples in several places in Bandar Lampung, which were the Palang Besi river (A1), the Way Balau Kedamaian river (B1), the Way Balau Kedaton river (C1), the Way Kuala river (D1), the Sumur Batu Kahuripan river (E1), Sumur Putri river (F1), and Muara Kahuripan river (G1). The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Co metals were under the LoD method, while the Mn concentration was above the LoD method in river water samples.

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