scholarly journals Distribution of human fecal marker GB-124 bacteriophages in urban sewage and reclaimed water of São Paulo city, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Prado ◽  
Antônio de Castro Bruni ◽  
Mikaela Renata Funada Barbosa ◽  
Vilma Marques Santos Bonanno ◽  
Suzi Cristina Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Viral Marker ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes

Abstract Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis GB-124 have been described as potential markers of human fecal contamination in water sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of GB-124 phages in raw sewage, secondary effluents and reclaimed water of the São Paulo city using a low-cost microbial source tracking method. Samples were collected monthly from April 2015 to March 2016 in four municipal wastewater treatment plants that operate with activated sludge processes followed by different tertiary treatments (sand-anthracite filtration, membrane bioreactor/reverse osmosis) and final chlorination. GB-124 phages were detected in 100% of the raw sewage samples, with viral loads varying from 7.5 × 103 to 1.32 × 106 PFU/L. Virus removal efficiency in activated sludge processes ranged from 1.89 to 2.31 log10. Frequencies of phage detection were lower in reclaimed water samples (0–22.2%). The results indicated that GB-124 phage could be a complementary low-cost viral marker for the detection of human fecal pollution in waters impacted with urban sewage in this region. However, the datasets of tertiary effluents resulted in several samples with concentrations below the detection limit (DL ≤1 PFU/mL) suggesting the need to obtain analytical methods with lower DL for greater accuracy of negative results.

Floc size distribution and bacterial activities in membrane separation activated sludge processes for small-scale wastewater treatment/reclamation

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boran Zhang ◽  
Kazuo Yamamoto ◽  
Shinichiro Ohgaki ◽  
Naoyuki Kamiko
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Floc Size ◽  
Denitrification Activity ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes

Activated sludges taken from full-scale membrane separation processes, building wastewater reuse system (400m3/d), and two nightsoil treatment plants (50m3/d) as well as laboratory scale membrane separation bioreactor (0.062m3/d) were analyzed to characterize membrane separation activated sludge processes (MSAS). They were also compared with conventional activated sludges(CAS) taken from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Specific nitrification activity in MSAS processes averaged at 2.28gNH4-N/kgMLSS.h were higher than that in CAS processes averaged at 0.96gNH4-N/kgMLSS.h. The denitrification activity in both processes were in the range of 0.62-3.2gNO3-N/kgMLSS.h without organic addition and in the range of 4.25-6.4gNO3-N/kgMLSS.h with organic addition. The organic removal activity in nightsoil treatment process averaged at 123gCOD/kgMLSS.h which was significantly higher than others. Floc size distributions were measured by particle sedimentation technique and image analysis technique. Flocs in MSAS processes changed their sizes with MLSS concentration changes and were concentrated at small sizes at low MLSS concentration, mostly less than 60 μm. On the contrary, floc sizes in CAS processes have not much changed with MLSS concentration changes and they were distributed in large range. In addition, the effects of floc size on specific nitrification rate, denitrification rate with and without organic carbon addition were investigated. Specific nitrification rate was decreased as floc size increased. However, little effect of floc size on denitrification activity was observed.

Discrimination of adenovirus types circulating in urban sewage and surface polluted waters in São Paulo city, Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. Santos ◽  
M.J. Vieira ◽  
P. Garrafa ◽  
T.A. Monezi ◽  
V.H. Pellizari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Hexon Gene ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Polluted Waters

Owing to frequent overflow of sewage-polluted creeks and rivers in São Paulo city, the population that lives in those surrounding areas is constantly exposed to a high risk of infection by many pathogens. Our aim was to evaluate the occurrence of human adenovirus, especially F species (HAdV-40 and HAdV-41), in sewage and creek water in São Paulo city. A total of 95 water samples were collected from July 1998 to June 1999 and from September 2000 to December 2001 at Sewage Pumping Station Edu Chaves and Creek Pirajussara. Four-litre samples were concentrated by a two-step procedure based on filtration through electropositive filter membrane and ultracentrifugation. Adenoviruses were detected in 69 samples (72.6%) after amplification of a sequence of the hexon gene by PCR. The discrimination of human adenovirus F was done by RFLP. A first screening was performed by restriction of PCR product with TaqI, followed by the discrimination of HAdV-40 and HAdV-41 by RsaI restriction. Sixty-two (89.8%) samples showed F species viruses. Among them, human adenovirus, serotype 41, was the most frequently detected in 17 (62.9%) out of 27 samples and serotype 40 was identified only in 7 (25.9%) samples. No seasonal distribution of adenoviruses was observed.

scholarly journals O acesso vertiginoso na aquisição de máscaras faciais e suas repercussões na saúde pública e de populações vulneráveis/The vertiginous access in the acquisition of face masks and their repercussions on pubic health and vulnerable populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-388
Author(s):  
Andreia Faranha Da Conceição ◽  
Alan Patricio Da Silva ◽  
Luana Dias De Vargas ◽  
Marjorie Heloise Maruchi ◽  
Andreia Zarzour Abou Hala Corrêa
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Introdução: A infeção por COVID-19, ocasionou um colapso nas relações cotidianas, principalmente aos maiores de 60 anos e pessoas com doenças pré-existentes. Foram necessárias intervenções não farmacêuticas à toda população. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um recurso de baixo custo para grupos em situação de vulnerabilidade social da região do ABC Paulista, São Paulo. Método: Foi desenvolvido um modelo de máscara com materiais acessíveis e de fácil confecção: TNT, amarilho e elástico de borracha natural. Resultados: O processo para confecção foi realizado em 8 etapas: marcação, corte, fixados os arames e os elásticos, feita as pregas, costuradas e embaladas. Foram confeccionadas 100 máscaras. Conclusão: A confecção de máscaras para compartilhamento com pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social é uma alternativa para minimizar os riscos de infecção e promover algum tipo de assistência, portanto uma alternativa viável no combate a propagação da pandemia de COVID-19. AbstractIntroduction: The infection by COVID-19, caused a breakdown in everyday relationships, especially for those over 60 and people with pre-existing diseases. Non-pharmaceutical interventions were required for the entire population. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost resource for groups in situations of social vulnerability in the ABC Paulista region, São Paulo. Method: A mask model was developed with accessible and easy-to-manufacture materials: TNT, yellowing and natural rubber elastic. Results: The process for making was carried out in 8 stages: marking, cutting, the wires and elastics were fixed, the pleats were made, sewn and packed. 100 masks were made. Conclusion: The making of masks for sharing with people in a situation of social vulnerability is an alternative to minimize the risks of infection and promote some type of assistance, therefore a viable alternative in combating the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.Key words: occupational therapy, facial masks, low cost technology, pandemic, risk groups, Coronavirus. ResumenIntroducción: La infección por COVID-19 causó un colapso en las relaciones cotidianas, especialmente para las personas mayores de 60 años y las personas con enfermedades preexistentes. Se requirieron intervenciones no farmacéuticas para toda la población. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un recurso de bajo costo para grupos en situaciones de vulnerabilidad social en la región del ABC Paulista. Método: Se desarrolló un modelo de máscara con materiales accesibles y fáciles de fabricar: TNT, amarillamiento y goma elástica natural. Resultados: El proceso de fabricación se llevó a cabo en 8 etapas: se marcaron, cortaron, se fijaron los alambres y los elásticos, se fabricaron, cosieron y empaquetaron los pliegues. Se hicieron 100 máscaras. Conclusión: la creación de máscaras para compartir con personas en situación de vulnerabilidad social es una alternativa para minimizar los riesgos de infección y promover algún tipo de asistencia, por lo tanto, una alternativa viable para combatir la propagación de la pandemia de COVID-19.Palabras clave: terapia ocupacional, mascarillas, tecnología de bajo costo, pandemias, grupos de riesgo, coronavirus. 

scholarly journals The sanitation and urban agriculture nexus: urine collection and application as fertilizer in São Paulo, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana C. Chrispim ◽  
William A. Tarpeh ◽  
Delhi T. P. Salinas ◽  
Marcelo A. Nolasco
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
The Impact

Separately collected urine is an attractive potential fertilizer because of its high nutrient content, low cost, and inherent linkage of urban wastewater management and peri-urban agriculture. Urine from waterless urinals was applied to corn and lettuce plants to examine the impact of urine application rates and frequency on plant growth and soil parameters. In both corn and lettuce experiments, urine application significantly (p < 0.05) increased growth and leaf production relative to control plants. More frequent applications led to lower soil cation exchange capacities for corn and higher soil nitrogen content for both crops. Based on preliminary implementation calculations, waterless urinals at the University of São Paulo (USP), School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities campus could lead to over 1,500 m3 of water saved and 360 m3 of urine produced on an annual basis. These experiments and modeling results are discussed in the context of scaling up urban urine collection, transport, and fertilization in São Paulo, Brazil.

scholarly journals SISTEMA WEB DE MANEJO DA IRRIGAÇÃO – SISMI

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Eduardo De Pieri Prando ◽  
Luis Sergio Vanzela ◽  
Karla Nascimento Sena ◽  
Guilherme Morais
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation

SISTEMA WEB DE MANEJO DA IRRIGAÇÃO – SISMI EDUARDO DE PIERI PRANDO[1]; LUIZ SERGIO VANZELA2; KARLA NASCIMENTO SENA3 E GUILHERME MORAIS4 [1]Mestre, Professor Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - IFSP, Votuporanga/SP, Email: [email protected] Doutor, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco - UNICASTELO, Fernandópolis/SP, Email: [email protected] Mestranda, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" Ilha Solteira/SP, Email: [email protected] Mestre, Professor Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - IFSP, Votuporanga/SP, Email: [email protected].  1 RESUMO Como os atuais métodos de manejo da irrigação são de difícil aplicação e custo relativamente elevado para irrigantes de baixa renda, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo de baixo custo denominado SISMI (Sistema Web de Manejo da Irrigação), para o controle da água pelo manejo da irrigação.A plataforma foi desenvolvidautilizando a IDE NetBeans com o módulo da linguagem PHP, adaptada para computadores e celulares.O aplicativo SISMI indica o momentoe calcula o tempo de irrigação de acordo com uma adaptação da metodologia do balanço hídrico para o controle da irrigação, tanto para sistemas de irrigação por aspersão quanto para localizada. Para isso, são utilizados dados do clima (temperatura máxima e mínima, e precipitação), dados do tipo de solo da área (textura ou capacidade média de água disponível), dados da planta (espécie, fase de desenvolvimento, fator de disponibilidade de água no solo e profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular) e do sistema de irrigação (método de irrigação, eficiência de aplicação, vazão do emissor e espaçamento). O aplicativo (disponível em http://www.sismmi.com.br/), proporciona aos usuários uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliá-los no controle da aplicação de água pelo manejo da irrigação via atmosfera, de forma simples, de baixo custo e confiável, com aumento da eficiência do uso da água e energia na irrigação. Palavras-chave: recursos hídricos,evapotranspiração, irrigação por aspersão, irrigação localizada. PRANDOE. P.; VANZELAL. S.; SENA K. N.; MORAIS G.SYSTEM WEB FOR MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION - SISMI  2 ABSTRACT As the current water management methods are difficult to apply and relatively high cost for low-income irrigators, this study aimed to develop a low cost single application SISMI (Web Management System of Irrigation), for control water for irrigation management. The platform was developed using NetBeans IDE with the module of the PHP language, adapted to computers and mobile phones. The application SISMI indicates the time, and calculates the time of irrigation according to an adaptation of the method of water balance control for irrigation, both irrigation sprinkler systems and for localized. For this, climate data are used (maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation), soil type data area (texture or medium capacity available water), plant data (type, developmental stage, water availability factor in soil and effective depth of the root system) and irrigation system (irrigation method, application efficiency, emitter flow and spacing). The application (available in http://www.sismmi.com.br/), provides users with a tool to assist them in controlling the application of water for irrigation management in the atmosphere, so simple, inexpensive and reliable, with increased efficiency of water use and energy in irrigation. Keywords: drip irrigation, evapotranspiration, sprinkler irrigation, water resources.

scholarly journals CONSTRUÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DE UMA TURBINA "TIPO PELTON"

Irriga ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289
Author(s):  
Luis Carlos Timm ◽  
Tamara Maria Gomes ◽  
Roberto Terumi Atarassi ◽  
Tarlei Arriel Botrel
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pelton Turbine ◽  
Research Institution ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
E Mail

CONSTRUÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DE UMA TURBINA "TIPO PELTON"   Luís Carlos TimmLaboratório Física do Solo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CP. 96, CEP: 13416-000. E-mail: [email protected] Maria GomesRoberto Terumi AtarassiTarlei Arriel Botrel Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CP. 9, CEP: 13418-900.   1 RESUMO  O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de uma turbina tipo “Pelton” por meio dos seguintes parâmetros: potência no eixo, rotação, torque e rendimento. A turbina foi construída com materiais de baixo custo, sendo os ensaios realizados em diferentes vazões e cargas hidráulicas. Os resultados proporcionaram um rendimento máximo em torno de 46%, possibilitando qualquer instituição de ensino e pesquisa construir o equipamento a baixo custo, adequado para a demonstração da transformação da energia hidráulica em energia mecânica.  UNITERMOS: Turbina pelton, rendimento, potência.   TIMM, L. C.; GOMES, T. M.; ATARASSI, R. T.; BOTREL, T. A. CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A PELTON TURBINE   2 ABSTRACT  This study was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil aiming to evaluate a “Pelton” turbine performance through the following parameters: axis power, rotation, torque and efficiency. The turbine was built using low cost material and tests have been performed applying different flow rates and hydraulic heads. The results show that 46% was the maximum efficiency, making it possible to any educational and research institution to build a low-coast equipment which is appropriate to demonstrate the transformation of hydraulic into mechanical energy.  KEYWORDS: Pelton turbine, yield, power.

E-Government in São Paulo: the case of the restructuring of Channel 156 in the city of Limeira

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Pantaroto Conejo ◽  
Gustavo Hermínio Salati Marcondes de Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Single Case Study ◽  
Government Information ◽  
Structured Interviews

The study aimed to identify the consequences of a low-cost restructuring process of an e-government initiative in the state of São Paulo. The measures adopted strengthened interaction between government and citizens and the initiative received an award for the good results achieved. A single-case study was carried out on Channel 156 of the municipal government of Limeira. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participation in meetings with the program’s managers and technicians, and analysis of internal documents available to researchers. The findings contribute to studies on the use of information technology by public agencies, an area as yet poorly explored. The research may help in restructuring similar initiatives in other contexts through the use of appropriate management and information technology tools, resulting in better service to citizens.Palavras chave: E-government. Information technology. Single-case study. Public management.Link: http://www.ies.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ies/article/view/30850/16875 

Virus Removal by Activated Sludge Treatment

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Shimohara ◽  
S. Sugishima ◽  
M. Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Virus Survival ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes

Removal of poliovirus 1 by activated sludge treatment in batch experiments was investigated, virus counts were reduced by more than 99% under conditions of 0.2 to 0.4 kg BOD.kg MLSS−1.day−1 and MLSS concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 mg.l−1. There were no distinct relationships between BOD-SS loadings or TOC of the effluent and virus inactivation rates. MLSS levels of more than 800 mg.l−1 were necessary for more than 99% reduction in viral counts. Although MLSS levels of more than 2,000 mg.l−1 reduced viral counts by 4 log values, factors such as low temperatures and anaerobic conditions which adversely affect the efficiency of activated sludge processes, resulted in prolonged virus survival.

Proof of concept for a new energy-positive wastewater treatment scheme

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1709-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Remy ◽  
M. Boulestreau ◽  
B. Lesjean
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Pilot Trials ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes

For improved exploitation of the energy content present in the organic matter of raw sewage, an innovative concept for treatment of municipal wastewater is tested in pilot trials and assessed in energy balance and operational costs. The concept is based on a maximum extraction of organic matter into the sludge via coagulation, flocculation and microsieving (100 μm mesh size) to increase the energy recovery in anaerobic sludge digestion and decrease aeration demand for carbon mineralisation. Pilot trials with real wastewater yield an extraction of 70–80% of total chemical oxygen demand into the sludge while dosing 15–20 mg/L Al and 5–7 mg/L polymer with stable operation of the microsieve and effluent limits below 2–3 mg/L total phosphorus. Anaerobic digestion of the microsieve sludge results in high biogas yields of 600 NL/kg organic dry matter input (oDMin) compared to 430 NL/kg oDMin for mixed sludge from a conventional activated sludge process. The overall energy balance for a 100,000 population equivalent (PE) treatment plant (including biofilter for post-treatment with full nitrification and denitrification with external carbon source) shows that the new concept is an energy-positive treatment process with comparable effluent quality than conventional processes, even when including energy demand for chemicals production. Estimated operating costs for electricity and chemicals are in the same range for conventional activated sludge processes and the new concept.

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