scholarly journals Equity impacts of informal private water markets: case of Kathmandu Valley

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Raina ◽  
Yogendra Gurung ◽  
Bhim Suwal
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Markets ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Government

Abstract South Asia is a hotspot for populations and economies adversely impacted by poor water security. This is evident in the case of Nepal where it has been estimated that 20% of households have no access to a domestic water source and two-thirds of the urban households live with inadequate water supply. Therefore, many depend on private solutions, such as private wells and purchasing water from informal water markets, to meet household water needs. Within this context, this paper examines whether private water vendors provide equitable access to both poor and wealthy households, whether they practice discriminatory pricing and whether poor households face a greater financial burden in meeting their household water needs. The analysis uses primary data collected from a 1,500-household survey conducted in 2014 and uses regression analyses to derive the results. The results reveal patterns of inequity in the private water market, but seemingly not purely due to an inherent bias against poorer households. Regardless, the market does not serve the poor adequately and given the lack of alternatives that poor households have, it points to an urgent need for the government to step in to counterbalance the deficiencies of the market.

scholarly journals Study on the Domestic Water Utilization in Kota Metro, Lampung Province, Indonesia: Exploring Opportunities to Apply the Circular Economic Concepts in the Domestic Water Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8956
Author(s):  
Sugiyono ◽  
Bart J. Dewancker
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Water Utilization ◽  
Water Service

Providing reliable public water service is a big challenge in Indonesia, especially for small cities, due to various constraints such as budget, regulation, and technical problems. Besides, people’s preferences play a significant role in domestic water utilization. This research particularly aims to identify factors influencing public preferences for domestic water use in Kota Metro, Lampung Province, Indonesia to find the reason why public water service is less preferable in this city. We did a household survey and performed a multinomial logistic regression and multiple correspondence analysis to investigate the preferable domestic water source and influential factors determining the choice. We found that accessibility and water quality are the two strongest motives in choosing domestic water use. Our analysis also shows that the respondent’s choice is influenced by his or her income, family size, and proximity to the pipe network. Subsequently, we synthesized our empirical findings and the existing situation of the domestic water fulfillment in Kota Metro to suggest an improvement proposal inspired by the circular economy concepts. We recommend a mixture of a pipe water service and community-based water management to improve the current domestic water fulfillment.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERMINTAAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PENERIMA MANFAAT BANTUAN PANGAN NON TUNAI (BPNT) DI KOTA BOGOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Anisah Nasution ◽  
Bayu Krisnamurthi ◽  
Dwi Rachmina
Keyword(s):  
Food Policy ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Food And Beverages ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Normal Goods ◽  
The Government ◽  
Food Needs

Food is a basic need and access to food is a human rights that must be fulfilled. Meeting food needs is the main target of food policy carried out by the government, especially for the poor household. One of the government's policies in terms of food is Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT). The purpose of this study was to analysis the food demand for BPNT's beneficiary household and not receiving BPNT. This study used primary data on food consumption with the highest share of expenditure of poor households in Bogor City. Demand for food was estimated by LA-AIDS (Linear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System) model. The results this study showed that there were significant differences in the average consumption of rice, non-rice and animal protein consumption between BPNT and non-BPNT households. The highest of food expenditure in both households was processed food and beverages. The BPNT dummy variable did not sign for a share of food expenditure. The result of the estimate also showed that rice, animal protein, vegetables, food and beverages and cigarettes are inelastic at their prices elasticity. All types of food studied were normal goods. Non-rice, vegetables and processed food and beverages were substitutes for rice in BPNT recipient households while in non-BPNT only processed food and beverages was substitutes for rice. The interesting thing in this research was that cigarettes become a complimentary item to all foods.

scholarly journals Urban household water resilience and source selection in Nepal pre- and post-disaster

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadhana Shrestha ◽  
Yoko Aihara ◽  
Arun P. Bhattarai ◽  
Niranjan Bista ◽  
Naoki Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Urban areas in low- and middle-income countries are under chronic water stress, and multiple water source use (MWSU) is common. A detailed study on MWSU is necessary for strengthening water security and enhancing household water resilience to natural disasters which is defined as the ability of a household water system that is exposed to a disaster to resist, accommodate, and recover efficiently in a short time. Surveys were conducted in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, before and after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. A classification of resilient and non-resilient households was based on respondents' perception scores of their water systems before the earthquake and one month after. Around 80% of households used two to three water sources, and 70% of households were classified as water resilient. Three characteristics of a water resilient household were: (i) use of greater number of water sources, (ii) use of multiple reliable water sources such as piped water, groundwater, and (iii) use of effective adaptive strategies such as water storage in a bigger container. Since the study showed the practice of MWSU enhanced the resilience, protection and management of local water sources (well, spring, stone spouts) by initiatives of local government or communities or both is recommended.

scholarly journals The Free Senior High Policy: An Appropriate Replacement to The Progressive Free Senior High Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Nurudeen Abdul-Rahaman ◽  
Abdul Basit Abdul Rahaman ◽  
Wan Ming ◽  
Abdul-Rahim Ahmed ◽  
Abdul-Rahaman S. Salma
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
School Policy ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Funding Programs ◽  
The Government ◽  
Access And Quality ◽  
Financial Burdens

Governments all over the world have been improving their educational sector through funding programs aimed at reducing the financial burden on parents, increasing access and quality to education. The government of Ghana in 2017 switched policy to a free senior high school policy to reduce poverty by finally eliminating the financial burdens parents face in paying their children’s fees. This study seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of the free senior high policy in replacing the pre-existing progressive free policy. The questionnaire survey was used to collect primary data for this study. The descriptive statistics were used in analyzing the data of this study. A total number of Two hundred (200) responses were retrieved, and out of those retrieved, 57 were females, and 143 were males. All 200 responses were usable in this study. The free senior high policy proved to put more butts on seats in helping to reduce financial burdens on parents than the pre-existing progressive free policy since nothing is paid by parents or guardians.

scholarly journals Towards sustainable communities: Socioeconomic determinants of domestic water consumption in Surakarta City, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 05016
Author(s):  
Paramita Rahayu ◽  
Erma Fitria Rini
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinants ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Household Water

The gap in water consumption among urban households remains obvious in most cities in Indonesia. It is particularly the case for high-density urban areas. Dense urban areas and limited availability of water resource position water as a contested resource. Regarding water as a contested resource, this paper aims to identify the socioeconomic determinants influencing levels of water consumption in the urbanized medium-sized city, using the case of Surakarta City. Data were collected by using proportional random sampling. Valid respondents are 356 households out of 400 respondents. Respondents were proportioned according to served and not served by networked water PDAM. The data are analyzed by using multiple regression. The result shows that, with 95 percent significance level, overall, age of head of household, total monthly income, housing type, the number of water source utilized by every household, total number of people in every household, and total person work in every household have simultaneously become factors determining water consumption of households in Surakarta. The socioeconomic variables are able to explain 16 percent of the whole factors determining household water consumption in Surakarta City. Even though many factors remain unexplained, this study reveals several important factors that often cause the marginalization of certain urban communities from appropriate domestic water in a rapidly growing secondary city.

scholarly journals Socio-economic status, resilience, and vulnerability of households under COVID-19: Case of village-level data in Sichuan province

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249270
Author(s):  
Imran Ur Rahman ◽  
Deng Jian ◽  
Liu Junrong ◽  
Mohsin Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Government

This paper investigates economic impacts of COVID-19 on households based on differences in the socio-economic status (SES). We determine the household-level effects of the COVID-19 shock using income sources, types of industries, communities’ resilience, household susceptibility, and relevant policy measures. For this purpose, we used primary data of 555 households collected through snowball sampling technique using an online survey questionnaire from different villages mostly located in Sichuan Province, China. Using step-wise binary logistic regression analysis, we estimated and validated the model. Results suggest the use of SES as a better measure for understanding the impacts of COVID-19 on different households. We find that households with low SES tend to depend more on farmland income and transfer payments from the government. Contrarily, high SES households focus more on business and local employment as sources of income generation. Poor households were less resilient and more likely to fall back into poverty due to COVID-19, while the opposite stands true for non-poor households with high SES. Based on the estimations, policies encouraging employment and businesses complemented with loans on lower interest rates are recommended, which may increase the SES, thus minimizing vulnerability and enhancing the households’ resilience towards poverty alleviation and economic shocks.

Free water for all the world's poor? A review of the strategy of South Africa's free basic water policy

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Security ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Tariff Structures

In 2001 South Africa introduced a social policy to provide all citizens, but particularly the poor, with a monthly supply of limited volumes of free water. Although criticised by international agencies at the time, lifeline tariffs to the poor are now promoted as a strategy to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Much of free basic water's contemporary allure lies in its ostensible artifice in offering water security to poor citizens whilst simultaneously strengthening the municipal cost-recovery regime. Past attempts at unravelling what has become something of a social policy allegory were hindered by the absence of a state voice in this intriguing narrative. A legal challenge launched by poor Soweto, Johannesburg citizens has enabled the public to have access to state affidavits. These primary data, together with improved positioning of free water literature within a broader scope of municipal water systems (rights, volumes and tariff structures), socio-political paradigms and a more rigorous interrogation of previously uncontested international standards and ideological ‘neutral’ discourses provide a more comprehensive chronicle of the complex free water narratives. As such, the offering of free water, far from being a benign concession, was used to contain very poor households to limited volumes of water beneath what they required whilst ensuring that the majority of still poor households, who consumed beyond the free volumes, paid the full cost of the water service.

When water is scarce: the perception of water quality and effects on the vulnerable

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdiyah Alhassan ◽  
Paul Adjei Kwakwa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Women And Children

The world has over 1 billion people without access to safe drinking water and it is expected that the number of people living in water-stressed or water-scarce places will increase to 3.4 billion by 2025 and one cannot ignore the effect such a situation will have on the vulnerable groups. The current study among other things examines household water insecurity and assesses its impact on vulnerable groups especially women and children in Dungu, a rural community in the northern region of Ghana. Relying on 125 respondents sampled, the findings show that the main source of drinking water in the community, a dam, fails to fulfil the household water security situation with respect to quantity, quality, reliability and accessibility. Because of the unwholesome nature of the water, the majority of the respondents treat water by using cloth filtering, boiling and the use of alum. Contentiously, the insecurity of water in the community has numerous negative effects ranging from health to economic effects on women and children who have to walk for 2 km in search of water and this could be reduced with the availability of a good quality water source close to home.

Klasifikasi Tahap Kematangan Pisang Ambon Berdasarkan Warna Menggunakan Naive Bayes

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Yulianto ◽  
Retno Nugroho Whidhiasih ◽  
Maimunah Maimunah
Keyword(s):  
Naive Bayes ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Naïve Bayes ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Bayes Method ◽  
Classification Image ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
The Government

ABSTRACT   Banana fruit is a commodity that contributes a great value to both national and international fruit production achievement. The government through the National Standardization Agency establishes standards to maintain the quality of bananas. The purpose of this Project is to classify the stages of maturity of Ambon banana base on the color index using Naïve Bayes method in accordance with the regulations of SNI 7422:2009. Naive Bayes is used as a method in the classification process by comparing the probability values generated from the variable value of each model to determine the stage of Ambon banana maturity. The data used is the primary data image of 105 pieces of Ambon banana. By using 3 models which consists of different variables obtained the same greatest average accuracy by using the 2nd model which has 9 variable values (r, g, b, v, * a, * b, entropy, energy, and homogeneity) and the 3rd model has 7 variable values (r, g, b, v , * a, entropy and homogeneity) that is 90.48%.   Keywords: banana maturity, classification, image processing     ABSTRAK   Buah pisang merupakan komoditas yang memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap angka produksi buah nasional maupun internasional. Pemerintah melalui Badan Standarisasi Nasional menetapkan standar untuk buah pisang, menjaga mutu  buah pisang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah klasifikasi tahapan kematangan dari buah pisang ambon berdasarkan indeks warna menggunakan metode Naïve Bayes  sesuai dengan SNI 7422:2009. Naive bayes digunakan sebagai metode dalam proses pengklasifikasian dengan cara membandingkan nilai probabilitas yang dihasilkan dari nilai variabel penduga setiap model untuk menentukan tahap kematangan pisang ambon. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer citra pisang ambon sebanyak 105. Dengan menggunakan 3 buah model yang terdiri dari variabel penduga yang berbeda didapatkan akurasi rata-rata terbesar yang sama yaitu dengan menggunakan model ke-2 yang mempunyai 9 nilai variabel (r, g, b, v, *a, *b, entropi, energi, dan homogenitas) dan model ke-3 yang mempunyai 7 nilai variabel (r, g, b, v, *a, entropi dan homogenitas) yaitu sebesar 90.48%.   Kata Kunci : kematangan pisang,  klasifikasi, pengolahan citra

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TAX COMPLIANCE TERHADAP PENYAMPAIAN SPT TAHUNAN WAJIB PAJAK ORANG PRIBADI

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Mela Cyntia Sani ◽  
Khuznatul Zulfa Wafirotin ◽  
Ika Farida Ulfa
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Online Systems ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Government

Individual Taxpayers (WPOP) experience problems every year due to difficulties in filling out SPT. The Directorate General of Taxes issued a new policy in providing easy Notification Services (SPT) using online systems namely e-Filling and e-SPT. The policy taken by the government turned out that there were still many obstacles faced by the KPP Pratama Ponorogo Tax Office regarding ponorogo's lack of understanding related to filling out SPT manually or online using e-SPT and e-Felling. So that this certainly can make taxpayers object to the submission of Annual Tax Returns, especially in terms of calculating the tax payable which must be calculated on its own. Data collection is done by using primary data in the form of questionnaires. The samples processed in this study were 100 respondents who were distributed to individual taxpayers registered at KPP Pratama Ponorogo. Data analysis method uses validity test and reliability test, hypothesis testing using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the awareness of taxpayers, taxpayer intentions, taxpayer attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control and ease of tax return filling process affect Tax Compliance (tax compliance) submission of Annual Tax Returns. This is because taxpayers know, understand and implement taxation provisions correctly and voluntarily so as to increase taxpayer compliance in fulfilling their obligations and are willing to report taxes with their own awareness.

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