Modelling Chaos? Sanitation Options; Support and Communication Tool

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Castellano ◽  
G. de Bruijne ◽  
S. Maessen ◽  
A. Mels
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of suitable sanitation options is a complex issue. There are many factors that influence the performance of each system. Sanitation suitable for use in low-income housing areas in developing countries is normally based on a combination of options specific to the local context. That makes it really difficult to develop an effective tool for decision-making. To date, decision support tools have failed to make a long-term impact on the choice for sanitation services in rural as well as urban and peri-urban settlements in developing countries. Most relate the choice of a sanitation option to one element (i.e. septic tank or pit latrine) rather than considering the sanitation system as a whole. Some lack transparency or are guided by personal choices and assumptions, which can include as well as exclude relevant aspects for the selection of sanitation systems. Decision-models are generally complex to understand and use and sometimes seem inconsistent. WASTE in collaboration with international experts is developing a practical support instrument to facilitate informed choice of sanitation systems. The tool is a knowledge sharing or awareness mechanism intended to provide a more comprehensive view of a settlement's limitations on the one hand and available sanitation options on the other. It intends to assist a wide range of stakeholders from city officials, planners, CBO's, users, service providers to financial and political authorities. Furthermore WASTE wants to present a practitioner's tool that uses a three-step approach providing a simple interface, flexible framework and transparent outcome. This support tool can be used independently, integrated in strategic sanitation planning as well as provide the base-ground for the selection of sanitation options in a multi-stakeholder participatory process.

Asset Based Approaches for Community Engagement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Wyatt ◽  
Robin Durie ◽  
Felicity Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Forthcoming Article ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policies And Programs

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Please check back later for the full article. The burden of ill health has shifted, globally, from communicable to non-communicable disease, with poor health clustering in areas of economic deprivation. However, for the most part, public health programs remain focused on changing behaviors associated with poor health (such as smoking or physical inactivity) rather than the contexts that give rise to, and influence, the wide range of behaviors associated with poor health. This way of understanding and responding to population ill health views poor health behavior as a defining “problem” exhibited by a particular group of individuals or a community, which needs to be solved by the intervention of expert practitioners. This sort of approach determines individuals and their communities in terms of deficits, and works on the basis of perceived needs within such communities when seeking to address public health issues. Growing recognition that many of the fundamental determinants of health cannot be attributed solely to individuals, but result instead from the complex interplay between individuals and their social, economic, and cultural environments, has led to calls for new ways of delivering policies and programs aimed at improving health and reducing health inequalities. Such approaches include the incorporation of subjective perspectives and priorities to inform the creation of “health promoting societal contexts.” Alongside this, asset-based approaches to health creation place great emphasis on valuing the skills, knowledge, connections, and potential within a community and seek to identify the protective factors within a neighborhood or organization that support health and wellbeing. Connecting Communities (C2) is a unique asset-based program aimed at creating the conditions for health and wellness within very low-income communities. At the heart of the program is the belief that health emerges from the patterns of relations within neighborhoods, rather than being a static attribute of individuals. C2 seeks to change the nature of the relations both within communities and with service providers (such as the police, housing, education, and health professionals) to co-create responses to issues that are identified by community members themselves. While many of the issues identified concern local environmental conditions, such as vandalism or safe out-door spaces, many are also contributory determinants of ill health. Listening to people, understanding the social, cultural, and environmental context within which they are located, and supporting new partnerships based on reciprocity and mutual benefit ensures that solutions are grounded in the local context and not externally determined, in turn resulting in sustainable health creating communities.

scholarly journals Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Nemati ◽  
Ghasem Raisi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Nowadays, improvement in income distribution and poverty eradication and hence low inequality are served as the main objectives of economic and social development strategy even prior than primary tasks of governments. to manifest importance of income distribution, some economists adopt income inequality and income distribution in society as criteria for economic system of the community, although these criteria and measures are theoretical for the economic system and this varies from the perspective of different people, however, it denotes on  importance of income distribution among individuals. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of economic growth on income inequality in the selection of low-income developing countries.To this end, using panel data and data for 28 developing countries over the period 1990-2010 the relationship between GDP and the Gini coefficient was examined. The results indicate that as per hypothesis Kuznets in the early stages of growth, income inequality increases and then it declines in later stage.

scholarly journals Influence of income on tertiary students acquisition of cellular products

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A.P Drotsky ◽  
B. Janse van Rensburg ◽  
J. W. De Jager
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Role Players ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine whether there are any differences between high and low-income group students in their selection of a cellular phone brand or network operator. Design/Methodology/Approach: Four hypotheses are set to determine if there are any significant differences between the two income groups in current decision-making. It is established that there exist no significant difference between high and low-income students in their selection of cellular phones and network operators. The levels of agreement or disagreement on various statements do, however, give an indication of the importance that students place on aspects that they view as important when acquiring a cellular phone or network operator.Findings: In the article, it is established that no significant differences exist between the two income groups. The levels of agreement or disagreement indicate the importance that subscription method, social value, service quality and branding has on student decision-making. Implications: The article provides a better understanding of the influence that income plays in student's decision-making in acquiring cellular products and services. Possible future research in student cellular usage can be guided through the information obtained in this article. Originality/Value: The article provides information to cellular network operators, service providers and cellular phone manufactures regarding the influence of income on students' acquisition of cellular products and services. Information from the article can assist in the establishment of marketing plans for the student market by these role players.

On-Site Sanitation Systems for Low-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1055-1078
Author(s):  
Peter Appiah Obeng ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Bernard Keraita ◽  
Henrik Bregnhøj ◽  
Robert C. Abaidoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Technical Capacity ◽  
Pollute Groundwater ◽  
Selection Of

On-site sanitation systems, the commonest sanitation technologies in low-income countries, are central to the elimination of open defecation in such countries. Nevertheless, their selection and application in the physical and socio-economic environment of low-income settings could be a complex and challenging task. Poorly designed and constructed facilities could pollute groundwater resources and create nuisances to the user and the general public. Meanwhile, local authorities in these countries often lack the human resource with the requisite technical capacity to analyse situations and recommend appropriate solutions. This calls for guidance in the most crucial technical decisions that affect the safe usage and environmental sustainability of on-site sanitation technologies. This Chapter reviews salient standards and guidelines for the selection of appropriate technologies, prevention of groundwater pollution, control of odor and fly nuisance, structural stability and safety of the latrine user.

Elements for setting up discharge standards in developing countries based on actual wastewater treatment plant performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 2001-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia C. Oliveira ◽  
Marcos von Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Best Available Technologies ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Uasb Reactors

The paper analyses the capability of 166 full-scale wastewater treatment plants operating in Brazil, in order to achieve different quality targets for wastewater discharge. These targets cover a wide range of possible situations, reflecting usual practices adopted worldwide. Six different treatment processes have been investigated: septic tank + anaerobic filter, facultative pond, anaerobic pond + facultative pond, activated sludge, UASB reactors alone, UASB reactors followed by post-treatment. The parameters investigated were: BOD, COD, suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and thermotolerant coliforms. Most technologies showed a poor performance, and some of them were not capable to achieve even relaxed standards. The paper presents elements for setting up discharge standards in developing countries, based either on values that may be achieved by treatment processes commonly applied or on best available technologies.

scholarly journals Developing sustainable arrangements for “proactive” disaster risk financing in Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-451
Author(s):  
Robby Soetanto ◽  
Ferry Hermawan ◽  
Alistair Milne ◽  
Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko ◽  
Sholihin As'ad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Disaster Risk Financing

Purpose Recent years saw a paradigm shift from ex post (reactive) to ex ante (proactive) approaches (e.g. insurance) to disaster risk financing for building resilience of communities in developing countries. To facilitate adoption, the approaches should be adapted so that they can be technically feasible and culturally desirable to the local context. This paper aims to report an exploratory study to elaborate the existing arrangements to deal with the impacts of disaster and the potential to shift to a more proactive disaster risk financing in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach A series of stakeholder engagement activities in Semarang and Solo, Indonesia was conducted to ascertain the existing arrangements for disaster risk financing at local government level, the challenges/barriers to the adoption of insurance, education and policies to facilitate the transformation from reactive to proactive process. Thematic analysis was applied to transcribed conversations during interviews, focus groups and workshops. Identification of emerging issues/themes was also guided by the researchers’ notes during the events, and facilitated by qualitative analysis software, Atlas Ti®. This was complemented by an analysis of regulations and documents provided by the local stakeholders. Findings The local governments heavily rely on contingency fund, which is not enough and often significantly delayed to fund recovery and reconstruction of public infrastructure. The use of insurance is limited in both public and private sectors, particularly in the majority of low-income communities. Various barriers and challenges were identified under several categories, namely, institutional, cultural, affordability, lack of awareness and knowledge, insurance arrangement process and lack of trust. The findings also suggest that improving insurance education should involve multiple stakeholders, and both formal and informal routes should be pursued. Originality/value The research fills the gap of knowledge in disaster risk financing in the context of developing countries, specifically in local governments and communities in Indonesia. The findings may be replicable for other developing countries with low adoption of ex ante financial instruments for dealing with the impacts of disaster.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Condition of Urban Street Food Vendors

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Harish Tigari ◽  
S Shalini
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Street Food ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Selection Of

The street food sector plays an important role in urban areas of many developing countries. Street food represents a significant part of urban food consumption for millions of low and middle-income consumers in urban areas daily. Street foods may be the least expensive and most accessible means of obtaining a nutritionally balanced meal outside the home for many low-income people. In Davanagere city most of the vendors are poorly educated, untrained in food hygienic food, and most of the foods are not well protected from flies; street food is relatively cheap. You can get to try a wide selection of different foods in one place. Street food stands are a source of income for many families. Some street food vendors are facing problems like those that don’t have their van or shop. They have to pay a limited amount of money for this. And they earn only a little profit.

Energy models: Methods and characteristics

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmeh Neshat ◽  
Mohammad Reza Amin-Naseri ◽  
Farzaneh Danesh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Selection Of

Given the importance of models in complicated problem solving, an inappropriate energy model can lead to inaccurate decisions and poor policy prescriptions. This paper aims at developing a decision support tool with which the selection of appropriate model characteristics can be facilitated for developing countries. Hence, it provides a comparative overview of different ways of energy models characterization and extracts the underlying relationships amongst them. Moreover, evolution of dynamic characteristics of energy models for developing countries is identified according to the previous studies on the developed and developing countries. To do this, it reviews the related literature and follows a systematic comparative approach to achieve its purposes. These findings are helpful in cases where model developers themselves are looking for appropriate characteristics in terms of certain purpose or situation.

On-Site Sanitation Systems for Low-Income Countries

2015 ◽  
pp. 319-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Appiah Obeng ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Bernard Keraita ◽  
Henrik Bregnhøj ◽  
Robert C. Abaidoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Technical Capacity ◽  
Pollute Groundwater ◽  
Selection Of

On-site sanitation systems, the commonest sanitation technologies in low-income countries, are central to the elimination of open defecation in such countries. Nevertheless, their selection and application in the physical and socio-economic environment of low-income settings could be a complex and challenging task. Poorly designed and constructed facilities could pollute groundwater resources and create nuisances to the user and the general public. Meanwhile, local authorities in these countries often lack the human resource with the requisite technical capacity to analyse situations and recommend appropriate solutions. This calls for guidance in the most crucial technical decisions that affect the safe usage and environmental sustainability of on-site sanitation technologies. This Chapter reviews salient standards and guidelines for the selection of appropriate technologies, prevention of groundwater pollution, control of odor and fly nuisance, structural stability and safety of the latrine user.

scholarly journals How marketing mix (7Ps) affect the patients’ selection of a hospital: experience of a low-income country

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Ravangard ◽  
Amir Khodadad ◽  
Peivand Bastani
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Health Service Providers ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Applying marketing mix in the hospitals is necessary for their success. It is also important to optimize the price, developing services, increasing health literacy, and improving financial resources. Experts and patients may have different views about the factors that influence the decision for choosing a hospital. This study was conducted to identify the factors in the marketing mix which influence patients’ selection of hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Methods A cross-sectional study involving patients assigned to six hospitals; three selected private and three corporate public hospitals in Shiraz in southern Iran in 2018 composed the study sample. From the inpatients and outpatients referring to these hospitals, 300 patients were included using a stratified sampling method proportional to size. Their views on the status of the selected hospitals regarding the 7Ps model of the hospital marketing mix (product, people, price, place, promotion, process, and physical environment) were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were collected by administering a validated researcher-developed questionnaire (CVI = 2.65, α = 0.929). Results Among 44 components of marketing mix according to 7Ps model, “specialty of health service providers” had the best status (mean (SD) 4.15 ± 0.82) from the patients’ viewpoints. Among the 7Ps, “physical environment” and “people” had better status respectively. In contrast, the studied hospitals had the poorest status in “promotion.” Significant relationship was revealed between the private and corporate public hospitals in terms of price, promotion, and process (P < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation revealed a direct relationship between all the components of marketing mix in the hospitals (P < 0.001). Conclusion The studied hospitals have an appropriate status in physical environment and people mix but poor status in promotion mix. It is therefore necessary for these hospitals to pay more attention to the “promotion mix” irrespective of the related costs. Moreover, as “process mix” had a high significant correlation with the other marketing mix, managers can improve their marketing services through correcting their current processes.

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