Pesticide Leaching Associated with Conventional Potato and Corn Production in Atlantic Canada

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Milburn ◽  
D.A. Leger ◽  
H. O'Neill ◽  
J.E. Richards ◽  
J.A. MacLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Field Edge ◽  
Herbicide Atrazine ◽  
Current Maximum ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract We employed field-scale tile drainage systems, private wells in farming areas, and research piezometers installed al field edge to evaluate nonpoint source impacts of four pesticides on groundwater quality. Nitrale-N was known to be teaching at all study sites. Herbicides dinoseb and metribuzin and the fungicide chlorothalonil were common to potato production; the herbicide atrazine was common to com production. Based on chemical properties, chlorothalonil is unlikely to leach, while atrazine, dinoseb and metribuzin are identified as potential leachers. In this study, chlorothalonil leaching was indeed very limited; only 4 of 66 tile drainage samples were positive, and al concentrations close to the detection limit (0.005 µg L−1). Chlorothalonil was not detected in any of the farm wells or research piezometers located in areas of intense potato production. Conversely, atrazine, dinoseb and metribuzin were confirmed as nonpoint source leachers. They were often detected in tile drainage water and have been detected in wells, but at mean annual concentrations less than current maximum acceptable concentrations for drinking water as established by Health and Welfare Canada.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar Amendment in Woodchip Denitrifying Bioreactors for Nitrate and Phosphate Removal in Tile Drainage Flow

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2883
Author(s):  
Rasa Vismontienė ◽  
Arvydas Povilaitis
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
P Removal ◽  
Biochar Amendment

Biochar has received increased attention in environmental applications in recent years. Therefore, three pilot-scale denitrifying bioreactors, one filled with woodchips only and the other two enriched with 10% and 20% by volume of biochar from deciduous wood, were tested under field conditions for the removal of nitrate (NO3-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) from tile drainage water in Lithuania over a 3-year period. The experiment showed the possibility to improve NO3-N removal by incorporating 20% biochar into woodchips. Compared to the woodchips only and woodchips amended with 10% biochar, the NO3-N removal effect was particularly higher at temperatures below 10.0 °C. The results also revealed that woodchips alone can be a suitable medium for PO4-P removal, while the amendment of biochar to woodchips (regardless of 10% or 20%) can lead to large releases of PO4-P and other elements. Due to the potential adverse effects, the use of biochar in woodchip bioreactors has proven to be very limited and complicated. The experiment highlighted the need to determine the retention capacity of biochar for relevant substances depending on the feedstock and its physical and chemical properties before using it in denitrifying bioreactors.

Short-Term Sustainability of Drainage Water Reuse: Spatio-Temporal Impacts on Soil Chemical Properties

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (S5) ◽  
pp. S-8-S-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis L. Corwin ◽  
Scott M. Lesch ◽  
James D. Oster ◽  
Stephen R. Kaffka
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Drainage Water Reuse

Effect of controlled drainage and tillage on soil structure and tile drainage nitrate loss at the field scale

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Tan ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
M. Soultani ◽  
I. J. van Wesenbeeck ◽  
H. Y. F. Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Controlled Drainage ◽  
Nitrate Loss ◽  
Free Drainage

Conservation tillage has become an attractive form of agricultural management practices for corn and soybean production on heavy textured soil in southern Ontario because of the potential for improving soil quality. A controlled drainage system combined with conservation tillage practices has also been reported to improve water quality. In Southwestern Ontario, field scale on farm demonstration sites were established in a paired watershed (no-tillage vs. conventional tillage) on clay loam soil to study the effect of tillage system on soil structure and water quality. The sites included controlled drainage and free drainage systems to monitor their effect on nitrate loss in the tile drainage water. Soil structure, organic matter content and water storage in the soil profile were improved with no-tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT). No-tillage also increased earthworm populations. No-tillage was found to have higher tile drainage volume and nitrate loss which were attributed to an increase in soil macropores from earthworm activity. The controlled drainage system (CD) reduced nitrate loss in tile drainage water by 14% on CT site and 25.5% on NT site compared to the corresponding free drainage system (DR) from May, 1995 to April 30, 1997. No-tillage farming practices are definitely enhanced by using a controlled drainage system for preventing excessive nitrate leaching through tile drainage. Average soybean yields for CT site were about 12 to 14% greater than the NT site in 1995 and 1996. However, drainage systems had very little effect on soybean yields in 1995 and 1996 due to extremely dry growing seasons.

scholarly journals Soil organic carbon and nitrogen characteristics in differently used grasslands at sites with drainage and without drainage

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dufková ◽  
T. Kvítek ◽  
J. Voldřichová
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Thermal Combustion

Extensive management (absence of management) of unfertilized permanent grasslands was examined for five years from the aspect of its influence on soil chemical properties of horizon A in a floodplain locality of the Crystalline Complex, in relation to water regime regulation, reclamations and liming. These treatments: without mowing (0), one cut (1) and two cuts (2) per year were used at sites without drainage (WD), with drainage (D) and with drainage water retardation (R). These average values were measured at all sites and for all treatments: content of soil organic carbon C<sub>org</sub> 2.3&ndash;3.4%, combustible substances CS 12&ndash;15%, humic to fulvic acids ratio C<sub>HA</sub>/C<sub>FA</sub> 0.81&ndash;0.94, C/N 8&ndash;9, humification rate 0.6&ndash;0.7, exchange pH 3.9&ndash;5.1. All sites have deteriorated conditions for the activity of soil microorganisms (low pH). Determinations of the contents of organic carbon (C<sub>org</sub> by thermal combustion, water soluble and hot water soluble carbon, C<sub>HA</sub> and C<sub>FA</sub>), CS and total nitrogen indicated decreases as a result of the influence of factors (drainage, liming, mowing) supporting mineralization and the cycle of soil organic matter. Mowing improved humus quality

scholarly journals Taxonomic and Functional Response of Millipedes (Diplopoda) to Urban Soil Disturbance in a Metropolitan Area

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Tóth ◽  
Elisabeth Hornung
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
And Function

Urbanization, as a major cause of local species extinction and biotic homogenization, drastically alters soil life. Millipedes are a key group of soil macrodetritivores and significantly influence soil quality, mainly through their essential role in nutrient cycling. Therefore, studying their taxonomic and functional responses to urban disturbance is crucial, as they contribute to the provision of several soil-related ecosystem services in cities. Differently degraded rural, urban forests and other woody patches (e.g., parks, gardens, and cemeteries) were sampled on Buda and Pest sides of the Budapest metropolitan area divided by the Danube River. We measured the most relevant physical and chemical properties of topsoil to characterize habitats. We applied an urbanization index based on vegetation cover and built-up area of the study sites to quantify urban intensity. The composition of the assemblages was determined by the division of the city along the Danube. Urbanization was associated with a reduction in species and functional richness of millipedes on both sides of Budapest. β diversity and species turnover increased with urban intensity. Urban disturbance was the main driver in assembly of taxonomic and functional community composition. A new species (Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus (Wood, 1864)) to the fauna of Budapest was found. Detritivore invertebrates depend on leaf litter and other dead organic matter types, therefore microsites providing these resources greatly improve their survival. Due to increasing urban disturbance, it is recommended to provide appropriate detritus and shelter sites as part of the management of green spaces in order to maintain species richness, abundance, and function of species.

Survival of Escherichia coli in agricultural soil and presence in tile drainage and shallow groundwater

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
A C VanderZaag ◽  
K J Campbell ◽  
R C Jamieson ◽  
A C Sinclair ◽  
L G Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
E Coli

Animal agriculture and the use of manure as a soil amendment can lead to enteric pathogens entering water used for drinking, irrigation, and recreation. The presence of Escherichia coli in water is commonly used as an indicator of recent fecal contamination; however, a few recent studies suggest some E. coli populations are able to survive for extended time periods in agricultural soils. This important finding needs to be further assessed with field-scale studies. To this end, we conducted a 1-yr study within a 9.6-ha field that had received fertilizer and semi-solid dairy cattle manure annually for the past decade. Escherichia coli concentrations were monitored throughout the year (before and after manure application) in the effluent from tile drains (at approximately 80 cm depth) and in 5- to 8-m-deep groundwater wells. Escherichia coli was detected in both groundwater and tile drain effluent at concentrations exceeding irrigation and recreational water-quality guidelines. Within two of the monitoring wells, concentrations of E. coli, and frequency of detections, were greatest several months after the manure application. In two monitoring wells and one tile drain the frequency of E. coli detections was higher before manure was applied than after. This suggests the presence and abundance of E. coli was not strongly related to the timing of manure application. A laboratory study using naladixic acid resistant E. coli showed the bacteria could survive at least two times longer in soil samples collected from the study field than in soil from the adjacent riparian area, which had not received manure applications. Together, field and lab results suggest that a consistent source of E. coli exists within the field, which may include “naturalized” strains of E. coli. Further studies are required to determine the specific source of E. coli detected in tile drainage water and shallow groundwater. If the E. coli recovered in subsurface water is primarily mobilized from naturalized populations residing within the soil profile, this indicator organism would have little value as an indicator of recent fecal contamination. Key words: Bacterial survival, naturalized Escherichia coli, groundwater, tile drainage

scholarly journals Resource Use Efficiency Analysis for Potato Production in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Mahesh Sapkota ◽  
Mahima Bajracharya
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Optimum Allocation ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
Farm Yard Manure ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Study Sites

Potato is one of the most important staple foods supporting food security and livelihood to millions of marginalized and poor farmers in Nepal. Generally the smallholders’ farmers, especially those located in remote villages are inadequately informed about technical knowledge, inputs and efficient use of resources causing poor production and low productivity. Thus, the present survey aimed to examine the efficiency of resources used in potato production in Baglung District, one of the remote hilly place located in Central Himalaya. The total of 120 potato growing households was selected using simple random sampling technique from the two potato pocket in 2016. The regression coefficients of each inputs using Cobb-Douglas production function were estimated using Stata software. Our results showed that major inputs such as labor, bullock, Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and intercultural operations were overused and need to decrease in terms of cost by 109, 177, 51 and 185%, respectively for its optimum allocation. Similarly, seed was found underused and need to increase its cost by 70% for optimum allocation. We concluded that inadequate training, exposure, knowledge gap and extension service to farmers in study sites were the reasons that farmers were using their resources inefficiently. It is recommended that the farmers involved in potato farming in the surveyed sites should be provided with additional proper technical knowledge for optimizing the use of resources which would help to increase the production and return from potato production.

Prediction of phosphorus concentration in tile-drainage water from the Montreal Lowlands soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beauchemin ◽  
R. R. Simard ◽  
M. A. Bolinder ◽  
M. C. Nolin ◽  
D. Cluis
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil Units ◽  
Total P

Subsurface drainage systems can be a significant pathway for P transfer from some soils to surface waters. The objective of the study was to determine P concentration in tile-drainage water and its relationship to P status in surface soils (A horizons) from an intensively cultivated area in the Montreal Lowlands. The profiles of 43 soil units were characterized for their P contents and pedogenic properties. Tile-drainage water P concentrations were monitored over a 3-y r period on a weekly basis on 10 soil units, and four times during each growing season for the other 33 units. The soil units were grouped into lower and higher P sorbing soils using multiple discriminant equations developed in an earlier related study. The A horizons of the lower P sorbing soils had an elevated P saturation degree [mean Mehlich(III) P/Al = 17%] associated with total P concentrations in tile-drainage water consistently greater than the surface water quality standard of 0.03 mg total P L-1. Conversely, low P concentrations in tile-drainage waters (< 0.03 mg L-1) and a moderate mean Mehlich(III) P/Al ratio of 8% were observed in the higher P sorbing soil group. Total P concentrations in drainage systems were significantly related to soil P status in surface soils. Grouping soils according to their P sorption capacities increased the power of prediction based on only one soil variable. However, accurate predictions in terms of drain P concentration can hardly be obtained unless large dataset and other factors related to field management practices and hydrology of the sites are also considered. Therefore, a better alternative to predict the risk of P leaching is to work in terms of risk classes and rely on a multiple factor index. Key words: Tile-drainage water, phosphorus, P transfer, P loss, degree of soil P saturation, phosphorus index

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