Water reuse and zero liquid discharge: a sustainable water resource solution

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Durham ◽  
M. Mierzejewski
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Liquid Discharge ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Zero Discharge ◽  
Sewage Reuse

Increased water demand from population and economic growth, environmental needs, change in rainfall, flood contamination of good quality water and over abstraction of groundwater are all factors that will continue to create water shortage problems. This paper considers alternative solutions, which conform to sustainable solution premises whilst being economically beneficial to the community. The importance of pilot studies is reviewed and the surprises they can uncover. Case studies describe the benefits of long-term operating experience of zero discharge systems reusing the wastewater produced by car manufacture and secondary sewage reuse for a large coal fired power plant. Applications of reuse on large islands such as Hawaii and desert communities are discussed including the production of cash crops with high efficiency irrigation systems by reusing brackish municipal wastewater. Large municipal zero discharge potable water production is also described with an economic comparison of the alternatives.

Forward osmosis for the treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate from water reclamation: process performance and fouling control

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431-2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kazner ◽  
S. Jamil ◽  
S. Phuntsho ◽  
H. K. Shon ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Liquid Discharge ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
A Minor

While high quality water reuse based on dual membrane filtration (membrane filtration or ultrafiltration, followed by reverse osmosis) is expected to be progressively applied, treatment and sustainable management of the produced reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) are still important issues. Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising technology for maximising water recovery and further dewatering ROC so that zero liquid discharge is produced. Elevated concentrations of organic and inorganic compounds may act as potential foulants of the concentrate desalting system, in that they consist of, for example, FO and a subsequent crystallizer. The present study investigated conditions under which the FO system can serve as concentration phase with the focus on its fouling propensity using model foulants and real ROC. Bulk organics from ROC consisted mainly of humic acids (HA) and building blocks since wastewater-derived biopolymers were retained by membrane filtration or ultrafiltration. Organic fouling of the FO system by ROC-derived bulk organics was low. HA was only adsorbed moderately at about 7% of the initial concentration, causing a minor flux decline of about 2–4%. However, scaling was a major impediment to this process if not properly controlled, for instance by pH adjustment or softening.

scholarly journals Exclusion of Estrogenic and Androgenic Steroid Hormones from Municipal Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Using UF/NF/RO Membranes for Water Reuse Application

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujahid Aziz ◽  
Tunde Ojumu
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment

In the context of water scarcity, domestic secondary effluent reuse may be an option as a reliable source for alleviating acute water shortage. The increasing risks linked with the presence of natural steroid hormones and many emerging anthropogenic micropollutants (MPs) passing through municipal wastewater treatment works (MWWTWs) are of concern for their endocrine-disrupting activities. In this study, domestic wastewater treated by a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) at an MWWTW in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, was used directly as the influent to a reverse osmosis (RO) pilot plant for the removal of selected natural steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) as a potential indirect water recycling application. Estrogenicity and androgenicity were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and the recombinant yeast estrogen receptor binding assays (YES). The influent pH and flux did not influence the rejection of E2 and T, which was most likely due to adsorption, size exclusion, and diffusion simultaneously. RO and nanofiltration (NF) exhibited excellent removal rates (>95%) for E2 and T. All the E2 effluent samples with MBR/ultrafiltration (UF), MBR/NF, and MBR/RO were lower than the US EPA and WHO trigger value of 0.7 ng/L, as well as the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values for fish (1 ng E2/L).

Capillary nanofiltration coupled with powdered activated carbon adsorption for high quality water reuse

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kazner ◽  
J. Meier ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Water

Direct capillary nanofiltration was tested for reclamation of tertiary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. This process can be regarded as a promising treatment alternative for high quality water reuse applications when combined with powdered activated carbon for enhanced removal of organic compounds. The nanofiltration was operated at flux levels between 20 and 25 L/(m2 h) at a transmembrane pressure difference of 2–3 bar for approximately 4,000 operating hours. The study was conducted with PAC doses in the range from 0 to 50 mg/L. The plant removal for DOC ranged from 88–98%. The sulfate retention of the membrane filtration process was between 87 and 96%. The process provided a consistently high permeate quality with respect to organic and inorganic key parameters.

Pilot Studies on Cloth Media Filter Applied in WWTP for the Treatment of Secondary Effluent

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 683-689
Author(s):  
Shi Quan Sun ◽  
Li Jun Bi ◽  
Ping Ping Xu ◽  
Chang Bo Jiang ◽  
Wan Chun Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Influent Water

Cloth media filter was applied in the treatment of the effluent of a municipal wastewater plant through pilot scale test for water reuse. Ferric chloride (FeCl3), PAFC and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were employed as coagulants respectively to carry out the test. The average removal efficiency of TP and CODCr was 28.76% and 8% after cloth media filter without coagulation, and TP removal was influenced by the influent water quality. However, precoagulation with coagulants of ferric chloride, PAFC, PAC, the average removal efficiency of TP was 63.58%, 60.13%, 66.94% respectively, and no influence of TP removal can be found by the influent water quality. The average removal efficiency of CODCr was increased to 17.7%、26.3% and 27.7%，SS was 70.7%、64.3% and 49.1%. TN and NH3-N were removed unstably after cloth media filter.

Exploring zero discharge potentials for the sustainability of a bottle washing plant

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Visvanathan ◽  
Anna Marie M. Hufemia
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Beverage Industry ◽  
Wwtp Effluent ◽  
Liquid Discharge ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Zero Discharge ◽  
Rinse Water

The beverage industry which requires large amounts of good quality water in their processes is a major contributor to the problem of excessive pumping from existing aquifers in Thailand. In view of a government restriction on groundwater withdrawal, an overall water management plan was drawn for the sustainability of a softdrink plant in Bangkok which depends solely on a deepwell source for its water needs. Technologies that can recover water for reuse, minimize raw water input and consequently lead to zero discharge were identified. The overall water balance drawn for this plant revealed that 76% of the raw water consumed daily ends up in the biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). A large portion (40%) of this wastewater is generated from the bottle-washing units. By employing microfiltration for polishing of the WWTP effluent, the plant can recover process water for reuse such that, groundwater input is reduced by 40% and liquid discharged to the receiving water by 56%. There are two proposed strategies for recovering rinse water from the bottle-washing units. A microfiltration-reverse osmosis system will purify the rinse water for reuse in the bottle washing process, thereby reducing raw water consumption further to 58% and the liquid discharge by 81.5%. On the other hand, a dual filter media-ion exchange system can reduce raw water input to 57% and the liquid discharge by 80.5%.

Experience with the design and operation of sustainable wastewater treatment facilities for pollution control and water reuse in Morocco and Jordan

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Young ◽  
J. Brinkley ◽  
R. Copithorn ◽  
J. Karam ◽  
O. Abu-Rayyan
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Operating experience at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Morocco was used to develop design criteria and operating procedures for the construction of two new WWTPs in Shobak and North Shouneh, Jordan to treat septage from small communities to water reuse standards. The WWTPs use an anaerobic/settling digestion tank, facultative lagoons, intermittent or recirculating sand filters, and reed beds to remove solids, carbon, nitrogen, and pathogens. The facilities are sustainable in that they minimize the use of complex mechanical and electrical equipment, do not require chemicals or high electrical demands, and produce beneficial products for the communities which include irrigation water, reeds, and dried biosolids that can be used as a soil amendment.

Externally-Fired Combined Cycle Repowering of Existing Steam Plants

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian L. Vandervort ◽  
Mohammed R. Bary ◽  
Larry E. Stoddard ◽  
Steven T. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Generating Capacity

The Externally-Fired Combined Cycle (EFCC) is an attractive emerging technology for powering high efficiency combined gas and steam turbine cycles with coal or other ash bearing fuels. The key near-term market for the EFCC is likely to be repowering of existing coal fueled power generation units. Repowering with an EFCC system offers utilities the ability to improve efficiency of existing plants by 25 to 60 percent, while doubling generating capacity. Repowering can be accomplished at a capital cost half that of a new facility of similar capacity. Furthermore, the EFCC concept does not require complex chemical processes, and is therefore very compatible with existing utility operating experience. In the EFCC, the heat input to the gas turbine is supplied indirectly through a ceramic heat exchanger. The heat exchanger, coupled with an atmospheric coal combustor and auxiliary components, replaces the conventional gas turbine combustor. Addition of a steam bottoming plant and exhaust cleanup system completes the combined cycle. A conceptual design has been developed for EFCC repowering of an existing reference plant which operates with a 48 MW steam turbine at a net plant efficiency of 25 percent. The repowered plant design uses a General Electric LM6000 gas turbine package in the EFCC power island. Topping the existing steam plant with the coal fueled EFCC improves efficiency to nearly 40 percent. The capital cost of this upgrade is 1,090/kW. When combined with the high efficiency, the low cost of coal, and low operation and maintenance costs, the resulting cost of electricity is competitive for base load generation.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Rice Husk Effectiveness as an Alternative Adsorbent for Turbidity Reduction in Synthetic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Noora Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Samara Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Cost

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

scholarly journals Efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment with membrane bioreactor

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Magdalena Domańska ◽  
Anna Boral ◽  
Kamila Hamal ◽  
Magdalena Kuśnierz ◽  
Janusz Łomotowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Membrane Reactors ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment

AbstractThe increasingly stringent requirements for wastewater treatment enforce the adoption of technologies that reduce pollution and minimize waste production. By combining the typical activated sludge process with membrane filtration, biological membrane reactors (MBR) offer great technological potential in this respect. The paper presents the principles and effectiveness of using an MBR at the Głogów Małopolski operation. Physicochemical tests of raw and treated wastewater as well as microscopic analyses with the use of the FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) method were carried out. Moreover, the level of electric energy consumption during the operation of the wastewater treatment plant and problems related to fouling were also discussed. A wastewater quality analysis confirmed the high efficiency of removing organic impurities (on average 96% in case of BOD5 and 94% in case of COD) and suspension (on average 93%).

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