Campylobacter in waterborne epidemics in Finland

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-L. Hänninen ◽  
R. Kärenlampi
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
July August September

The sources for drinking water in Finland are surface water, groundwater or artificially recharged groundwater. There are approximately 1400 groundwater plants in Finland that are microbiologically at a high risk level because in most cases they do not use any disinfection treatment. Campylobacter jejuni has caused waterborne epidemics in several countries. Since the middle of the 1980s, C. jejuni has been identified as the causative agent in several waterborne outbreaks in Finland. Between 1998 and 2001, C. jejuni or C. upsaliensis caused seven reported waterborne epidemics. In these epidemics approximately 4000 people acquired the illness. Most of the outbreaks occurred in July, August , September or October. In four of them source water and net water samples were analysed for total coliforms or fecal coliforms, E. coli and campylobacters. We showed that large volumes of water samples in studies of indicator organisms (up to 5000 ml) and campylobacters (4000–20,000 ml) increased the possibility to identify faecal contamination and to detect the causative agent from suspected sources.

scholarly journals Microbiological water quality of Managed Aquifer Recharge systems in the salinity-prone southwest coastal Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solaiman Doza ◽  
Abu Mohd Naser ◽  
Md Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Momenul Haque Mondol ◽  
Golam Kibria Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coastal Bangladesh

ABSTRACTManaged aquifer recharge (MAR), a hydro-geological intervention designed to dilute groundwater salinity, pumps pond water treated through a slow sand filter into the underground aquifers. We evaluated the microbiological safety of the resulting MAR water at sites from three districts in southwest coastal Bangladesh. We collected monthly paired pond-MAR water samples from July 2016-June 2017 and enumerated fecal coliforms and E. coli using the IDEXX quanti-tray technique, by the most probable number (MPN) method. We used WHO risk categories for microbiological quality; no risk (<1 MPN), low risk (1-10 MPN) and moderate to high risk (>10 MPN per 100 mL water). We estimated the difference in mean log10 MPN in pond and MAR water using linear mixed effect models with random intercepts and cluster adjusted robust standard error. Almost all pond water samples (292/299, 98%) had moderate- to high-risk level (>10 MPN) fecal coliforms and E. coli (283/299, 95%). In contrast, 81% (242/300) of MAR water samples had no or low risk level fecal coliforms (0-10 MPN), of which 60% (179/300) had no fecal coliforms. We detected no or low risk level E. coli in 94% (283/300) of MAR water samples of these 80% (240/300) had no E. coli. MAR samples had lower mean log10 MPN fecal coliforms (-2.37; 95% CI: -2.56, -2.19) and E. coli (-2.26; 95% CI: - 2.43, -2.09) than pond water; microbial reductions remained consistent during the wet (May-October) and dry seasons. MAR-systems provided water with reduced fecal indicator bacteria compared to infiltered pond water.

Water Quality of Swimming Pools in Jerusalem

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lerman ◽  
O. Lev ◽  
A. Adin ◽  
E. Katzenelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Indirect Information

The Israel Ministry of Health is now revising its regulations for the assurance of safe water quality in public swimming pools. Since it is not possible to monitor each of the pathogenic microorganisms, it is often recommended to monitor indicator bacteria which provide indirect information on the water quality in the swimming pool. Three indicator microorganisms are often recommended: coliform counts (total coliforms, fecal coliforms or E. Coli), staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. A four year survey of the water quality of swimming pools in the Jerusalem District was conducted in order to determine whether the monitoring of all three indicators is necessary to assure safe water quality or is it sufficient to monitor only a single microorganism. A statistical analysis, conducted by using several different statistical techniques, reveals that the populations of the three indicator organisms are significantly interdependent but the correlations between each pair of these indicators are not sufficient to base a prediction of any of the organisms based on the measurements of the others. Therefore, it is concluded that monitoring of all three indicators should be recommended in order to provide an adequate picture of the water quality in swimming pools.

scholarly journals Clonal Populations of ThermotolerantEnterobacteriaceae in Recreational Water and Their Potential Interference with Fecal Escherichia coli Counts

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 4934-4938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. McLellan ◽  
Annette D. Daniels ◽  
Alissa K. Salmore
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity

ABSTRACT Bacterial strains were isolated from beach water samples using the original Environmental Protection Agency method for Escherichia coli enumeration and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Identical PFGE patterns were found for numerous isolates from 4 of the 9 days sampled, suggesting environmental replication. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, API 20E biochemical testing, and the absence of β-glucuronidase activity revealed that these clonal isolates were Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter spp. In contrast, 82% of the nonclonal isolates from water samples were confirmed to be E. coli, and 16% were identified as other fecal coliforms. These nonclonal isolates produced a diverse range of PFGE patterns similar to those of isolates obtained directly from untreated sewage and gull droppings. β-Glucuronidase activity was critical in distinguishingE. coli from other fecal coliforms, particularly for the clonal isolates. These findings demonstrate that E. coli is a better indicator of fecal pollution than fecal coliforms, which may replicate in the environment and falsely elevate indicator organism levels.

MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TILAPIA AND WATER IN AQUACULTURE FARMS FROM SINALOA

Biotecnia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
José Antonio Valenzuela-Armenta ◽  
Sylvia Páz Díaz-Camacho ◽  
Julio Adalberto Cabanillas-Ramos ◽  
Magdalena de Jesus Uribe-Beltrán ◽  
Mária del Carmen De la Cruz-Otero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Enterobacter Agglomerans ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The World ◽  
Fishery Products

Tilapia is the most cultivated fish around the world. The fish’s environment can harbor bacteria, especially coliforms, which are not normal biota of fish. These microorganisms are contamination indicator groups (IGs) reflecting the possible presence of pathogens, which can compromise the safety of fishery products. The IGs prevalence was estimated in tilapia and water from 29 aquaculture farms. Total and fecal coliforms (TC, FC), mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella sp., and Streptococcus sp., were investigated. In tilapia, TC and FC were detected in 64% and 48% of the samples, ranging from 4.0 x 101 to 9.8 x 105, and from 1.0 x 101 to 6.4 x 103 CFU/g, respectively; MAB were detected in 90% of the samples. In water, TC and FC were detected in 57% and 35% of the samples, oscillating from 1.0 x 101 to 2.28 x104, and from 1.0 x 101 to 1.2 x 103 CFU/mL, respectively. MAB were detected in 89% of the water samples. Mostly E. coli and Enterobacter agglomerans were detected. Generally, IGs concentrations meet the Mexican regulations; however, the tilapia’s microbiological quality must be continuously monitored.

Identifying critical risk practices among street food handlers

2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alekhya Sabbithi ◽  
S.G.D.N. Lakshmi Reddi ◽  
R. Naveen Kumar ◽  
Varanasi Bhaskar ◽  
G.M. Subba Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Safety Practices ◽  
Street Food ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
South Indian

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and prioritize the key food safety practices among street food handlers that lead to microbial contamination in selected street foods of Hyderabad, India. These key food safety practices will help develop and design tailor-made training material for street food vendors in future. Design/methodology/approach It is a cross-sectional study conducted in south Indian city of Hyderabad. Stratified random sampling method was employed. A total of 463 samples of street foods were collected from five zones of Hyderabad. They included 163 salad toppings, 150 fresh fruit juices and 150 panipuri samples. Identification and enumeration of foodborne pathogens and indicator organisms (S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Bacillus cereus, Yersinia spp.) were performed as described by USFDA-BAM. Information on food safety knowledge and handling practices from street vendors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Associations between hygiene practices and bacterial pathogens were done using ANOVA. Risk estimation of food safety practices was assessed by calculating odds ratio. Findings Microbiological analysis indicated that a large number of carrot (98.1 percent) and onion (75.5 percent) samples were contaminated with E. coli. Peeled and cut fruits left uncovered have 13.4 times risk (OR: 2.40-74.8) of E. coli contamination compared to the covered ones. Panipuri samples picked from the vendors who did not have soap at the vending unit had significantly (p<0.001) higher contamination of fecal coliforms than those who had. Originality/value This study is the first of its kind in the study area.

scholarly journals Faecal contamination of a municipal drinking water distribution system in association with Campylobacter jejuni infections

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarja Pitkänen ◽  
Ilkka T. Miettinen ◽  
Ulla-Maija Nakari ◽  
Johanna Takkinen ◽  
Anja Siitonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Technical Management ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Maintenance Work

After heavy rains Campylobacter jejuni together with high counts of Escherichia coli, other coliforms and intestinal enterococci were detected from drinking water of a municipal distribution system in eastern Finland in August 2004. Three patients with a positive C. jejuni finding, who had drunk the contaminated water, were identified and interviewed. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes from the patient samples were identical to some of the genotypes isolated from the water of the suspected contamination source. In addition, repetitive DNA element analysis (rep-PCR) revealed identical patterns of E. coli and other coliform isolates along the distribution line. Further on-site technical investigations revealed that one of the two rainwater gutters on the roof of the water storage tower had been in an incorrect position and rainwater had flushed a large amount of faecal material from wild birds into the drinking water. The findings required close co-operation between civil authorities, and application of cultivation and genotyping techniques strongly suggested that the municipal drinking water was the source of the infections. The faecal contamination associated with failures in cleaning and technical management stress the importance of instructions for waterworks personnel to perform maintenance work properly.

Microbial Survey of Pennsylvania Surface Water Used for Irrigating Produce Crops

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 902-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
AUDREY D. DRAPER ◽  
STEPHANIE DOORES ◽  
HASSAN GOURAMA ◽  
LUKE F. LaBORDE
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Contaminated Irrigation Water ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

ABSTRACT Recent produce-associated foodborne illness outbreaks have been attributed to contaminated irrigation water. This study examined microbial levels in Pennsylvania surface waters used for irrigation, relationships between microbial indicator organisms and water physicochemical characteristics, and the potential use of indicators for predicting the presence of human pathogens. A total of 153 samples taken from surface water sources used for irrigation in southeastern Pennsylvania were collected from 39 farms over a 2-year period. Samples were analyzed for six microbial indicator organisms (aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, coliform, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci), two human pathogens (Salmonella and E. coli O157), and seven physical and environmental characteristics (pH, conductivity, turbidity, air and water temperature, and sampling day and 3-day-accumulated precipitation levels). Indicator populations were highly variable and not predicted by water and environmental characteristics. Only five samples were confirmed positive for Salmonella, and no E. coli O157 was detected in any samples. Predictive relationships between microbial indicators and the occurrence of pathogens could therefore not be determined.

scholarly journals High Fecal Contamination and High Levels of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Water Consumed in the City of Maputo, Mozambique

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Acácio Salamandane ◽  
Filipa Vila-Boa ◽  
Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira ◽  
Luísa Brito
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The City ◽  
Klebsiella Spp ◽  
Vibrio Spp

In the city of Maputo, Mozambique, food and water are often sold on the streets. Street water is packaged, distributed, and sold not paying attention to good hygienic practices, and its consumption is often associated with the occurrence of diarrheal diseases. Coincidentally, the increase of diarrheal diseases promotes the inappropriate use of antibiotics that might cause the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of water sold on the streets of Maputo, as well as the antibiotic resistance profile of selected Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The 118 water samples analyzed were from street home-bottled water (n = 81), municipal water distribution systems (tap water) (n = 25), and selected supply wells in several neighborhoods (n = 12). The samples were analyzed for total mesophilic microorganisms, fecal enterococci, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio spp. The results showed a high level of fecal contamination in all types of water samples. In home-bottled water, fecal coliforms were found in 88% of the samples, and E. coli in 66% of the samples. In tap water, fecal coliforms were found in 64%, and E. coli in 28% of the samples. In water from supply wells, fecal coliforms and E. coli were found in 83% of the samples. From 33 presumptive Vibrio spp. colonies, only three were identified as V. fluvialis. The remaining isolates belonged to Aeromonas spp. (n = 14) and Klebsiella spp. (n = 16). Of 44 selected Enterobacteriaceae isolates from water samples (28 isolates of E. coli and 16 isolates of Klebsiella spp.), 45.5% were not susceptible to the beta-lactams ampicillin and imipenem, 43.2% to amoxicillin, and 31.8% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Regarding non-beta-lactam antibiotics, there was a high percentage of isolates with tolerance to tetracycline (52.3%) and azithromycin (31.8%). In conclusion, water in Maputo represents a risk for human health due to its high fecal contamination. This situation is made more serious by the fact that a relatively high percentage of isolates with multidrug resistance (40%) were found among Enterobacteriaceae. The dissemination of these results can raise awareness of the urgent need to reduce water contamination in Maputo and other cities in Mozambique.

scholarly journals Microbial Contamination in Drinking Water of Saggiyan-Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Mohsin Javed ◽  
Muhammad Umer Aslam ◽  
Sohail Nadeem ◽  
Hina Aftab ◽  
Shabbir Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Safe Limits

The present study was carried to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters and microbial contamination of drinking water in the area of Saggiyan, Lahore. The tested water samples (S1-S30) were found to contain 199.6-402 mg/L TDS, 196-260 ppm EC, 196-260 ppm Hardness, 0.8-17 NTU turbidity, 169-290 mg/L alkalinity, 0-0.1 ppb arsenic and 0-0.1 ppm fluoride contents. 95% of the water samples were found contaminated with fecal coliforms while 27% of the samples had shown the presence of E. coli. Though the physico-chemical parameters of most water samples were found in the safe limits of WHO, however, the presence of microbial contamination rendered it non-suitable for drinking purposes.

scholarly journals A comparison between minerals-modified glutamate medium and lauryl tryptose lactose broth for the enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform organisms in water by the multiple tube method

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chlorinated Drinking Water ◽  
Laboratory Trial ◽  
Gas Reactions ◽  
Better Than

SummaryIn a multi-laboratory trial, minerals-modified glutamate medium (MMGM) was compared with lauryl tryptose lactose broth (LTLB) in the multiple tube method for the enumeration of coliform organisms, including Escherichia coli, in water. Samples of raw and chlorinated waters yielded a total of 2313 positive tube-reactions with MMGM and 2174 with LTLB. These were interpreted either as E. coli; other coliform organisms; or as false positive reactions. The results at first reading (18 or 24 h) and at 48 h have been analysed statistically in terms of (i) most probable numbers of coliform organisms; (ii) positive reactions and their interpretation; and (iii) whether or not the sample yielded any E. coli or other coliform organisms. All three analyses indicated the same trends. For the detection of E. coli in raw waters LTLB was better than MMGM at 18–24 h, but MMGM was better at 48 h with waters containing small numbers of coliform organisms; for raw waters with greater numbers of organisms, both media performed equally well. Analysis of a subset of samples read at both 18 and 24 h indicated that the superiority of LTLB over MMGM with raw waters disappeared by 24 h. For chlorinated waters, LTLB yielded more positive gas reactions at 18–24 h, but fewer of these were E. coli than with MMGM; at 48 h MMGM was clearly better than LTLB for total coliform organisms including E. coli – especially if the numbers were small. MMGM therefore remains the medium of choice for the detection of E. coli as an indicator of faecal contamination of chlorinated drinking water supplies. It is also better for the detection of small numbers of E. coli in other waters.

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