scholarly journals Microbiological water quality of Managed Aquifer Recharge systems in the salinity-prone southwest coastal Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solaiman Doza ◽  
Abu Mohd Naser ◽  
Md Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Momenul Haque Mondol ◽  
Golam Kibria Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coastal Bangladesh

ABSTRACTManaged aquifer recharge (MAR), a hydro-geological intervention designed to dilute groundwater salinity, pumps pond water treated through a slow sand filter into the underground aquifers. We evaluated the microbiological safety of the resulting MAR water at sites from three districts in southwest coastal Bangladesh. We collected monthly paired pond-MAR water samples from July 2016-June 2017 and enumerated fecal coliforms and E. coli using the IDEXX quanti-tray technique, by the most probable number (MPN) method. We used WHO risk categories for microbiological quality; no risk (<1 MPN), low risk (1-10 MPN) and moderate to high risk (>10 MPN per 100 mL water). We estimated the difference in mean log10 MPN in pond and MAR water using linear mixed effect models with random intercepts and cluster adjusted robust standard error. Almost all pond water samples (292/299, 98%) had moderate- to high-risk level (>10 MPN) fecal coliforms and E. coli (283/299, 95%). In contrast, 81% (242/300) of MAR water samples had no or low risk level fecal coliforms (0-10 MPN), of which 60% (179/300) had no fecal coliforms. We detected no or low risk level E. coli in 94% (283/300) of MAR water samples of these 80% (240/300) had no E. coli. MAR samples had lower mean log10 MPN fecal coliforms (-2.37; 95% CI: -2.56, -2.19) and E. coli (-2.26; 95% CI: - 2.43, -2.09) than pond water; microbial reductions remained consistent during the wet (May-October) and dry seasons. MAR-systems provided water with reduced fecal indicator bacteria compared to infiltered pond water.

Campylobacter in waterborne epidemics in Finland

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-L. Hänninen ◽  
R. Kärenlampi
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
July August September

The sources for drinking water in Finland are surface water, groundwater or artificially recharged groundwater. There are approximately 1400 groundwater plants in Finland that are microbiologically at a high risk level because in most cases they do not use any disinfection treatment. Campylobacter jejuni has caused waterborne epidemics in several countries. Since the middle of the 1980s, C. jejuni has been identified as the causative agent in several waterborne outbreaks in Finland. Between 1998 and 2001, C. jejuni or C. upsaliensis caused seven reported waterborne epidemics. In these epidemics approximately 4000 people acquired the illness. Most of the outbreaks occurred in July, August , September or October. In four of them source water and net water samples were analysed for total coliforms or fecal coliforms, E. coli and campylobacters. We showed that large volumes of water samples in studies of indicator organisms (up to 5000 ml) and campylobacters (4000–20,000 ml) increased the possibility to identify faecal contamination and to detect the causative agent from suspected sources.

Artificial Intelligence for the Online Prediction of the Cool-down Time in a Subsea Pipeline After an Unplanned Shutdown

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Gerri ◽  
Ahmed Shokry ◽  
Enrico Zio ◽  
Marco Montini
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Svm Classifier ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Subsea Pipelines

Abstract Hydrates formation in subsea pipelines is one of the main reliability concerns for flow assurance engineers. A fast and reliable assessment of the Cool-Down Time (CDT), the period between a shut-down event and possible hydrates formation in the asset, is of key importance for the safety of operations. Existing methods for the CDT prediction are highly dependent on the use of very complex physics-based models that demand large computational time, which hinders their usage in an online environment. Therefore, this work presents a novel methodology for the development of surrogate models that predict, in a fast and accurate way, the CDT in subsea pipelines after unplanned shutdowns. The proposed methodology is, innovatively, tailored on the basis of reliability perspective, by treating the CDT as a risk index, where a critic CDT threshold (i.e. the minimum time needed by the operator to preserve the line from hydrates formation) is considered to distinguish the simulation outputs into high-risk and low-risk domains. The methodology relies on the development of a hybrid Machine Learning (ML) based model using datasets generated through complex physics-based model’ simulations. The hybrid ML-based model consists of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier that assigns a risk level (high or low) to the measured operating condition of the asset, and two Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for predicting the CDT at the high-risk (low CDT) or the low-risk (high CDT) operating conditions previously assigned by the classifier. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is validated by its application to a case study involving a pipeline in an offshore western African asset, modelled by a transient physics-based commercial software. The results show outperformance of the capabilities of the proposed hybrid ML-based model (i.e., SVM + 2 ANNs) compared to the classical approach (i.e. modelling the entire system with one global ANN) in terms of enhancing the prediction of the CDT during the high-risk conditions of the asset. This behaviour is confirmed applying the novel methodology to training datasets of different size. In fact, the high-risk Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) is reduced on average of 15% compared to the NRMSE of a global ANN model. Moreover, it’s shown that high-risk CDT are better predicted by the hybrid model even if the critic CDT, which divides the simulation outputs in high-risk and low-risk values (i.e. the minimum time needed by the operator to preserve the line from hydrates formation), changes. The enhancement, in this case, is on average of 14.6%. Eventually, results show how the novel methodology cuts down by more than one hundred seventy-eight times the computational times for online CDT predictions compared to the physics-based model.

scholarly journals Clonal Populations of ThermotolerantEnterobacteriaceae in Recreational Water and Their Potential Interference with Fecal Escherichia coli Counts

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 4934-4938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. McLellan ◽  
Annette D. Daniels ◽  
Alissa K. Salmore
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity

ABSTRACT Bacterial strains were isolated from beach water samples using the original Environmental Protection Agency method for Escherichia coli enumeration and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Identical PFGE patterns were found for numerous isolates from 4 of the 9 days sampled, suggesting environmental replication. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, API 20E biochemical testing, and the absence of β-glucuronidase activity revealed that these clonal isolates were Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter spp. In contrast, 82% of the nonclonal isolates from water samples were confirmed to be E. coli, and 16% were identified as other fecal coliforms. These nonclonal isolates produced a diverse range of PFGE patterns similar to those of isolates obtained directly from untreated sewage and gull droppings. β-Glucuronidase activity was critical in distinguishingE. coli from other fecal coliforms, particularly for the clonal isolates. These findings demonstrate that E. coli is a better indicator of fecal pollution than fecal coliforms, which may replicate in the environment and falsely elevate indicator organism levels.

MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TILAPIA AND WATER IN AQUACULTURE FARMS FROM SINALOA

Biotecnia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
José Antonio Valenzuela-Armenta ◽  
Sylvia Páz Díaz-Camacho ◽  
Julio Adalberto Cabanillas-Ramos ◽  
Magdalena de Jesus Uribe-Beltrán ◽  
Mária del Carmen De la Cruz-Otero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Enterobacter Agglomerans ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The World ◽  
Fishery Products

Tilapia is the most cultivated fish around the world. The fish’s environment can harbor bacteria, especially coliforms, which are not normal biota of fish. These microorganisms are contamination indicator groups (IGs) reflecting the possible presence of pathogens, which can compromise the safety of fishery products. The IGs prevalence was estimated in tilapia and water from 29 aquaculture farms. Total and fecal coliforms (TC, FC), mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella sp., and Streptococcus sp., were investigated. In tilapia, TC and FC were detected in 64% and 48% of the samples, ranging from 4.0 x 101 to 9.8 x 105, and from 1.0 x 101 to 6.4 x 103 CFU/g, respectively; MAB were detected in 90% of the samples. In water, TC and FC were detected in 57% and 35% of the samples, oscillating from 1.0 x 101 to 2.28 x104, and from 1.0 x 101 to 1.2 x 103 CFU/mL, respectively. MAB were detected in 89% of the water samples. Mostly E. coli and Enterobacter agglomerans were detected. Generally, IGs concentrations meet the Mexican regulations; however, the tilapia’s microbiological quality must be continuously monitored.

scholarly journals Analisa Risiko Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja Menggunakan Metode HAZOPs Di Area Gas Cleaning System Di PT. RK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhamad Bob Anthony
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Hazard Risk ◽  
Cleaning System ◽  
Extreme Risk

PT. RK is one of the major international steel producing companies. This study aims to determine the potential hazards and the value of the level of risk that is likely to occur in the new plant owned by PT. RK i.e. the gas cleaning system area which is currently in the process of entering 95% progress. This study uses the Hazard & Operability Study (HAZOPs) method in analyzing risks in the gas cleaning system area of PT. RK. The Hazard & Operability Study (HAZOPs) method was used in this study because this method is very suitable for a new plant to be used. Based on the identification of potential hazards and risk analysis that has been done in the area of gas cleaning system using the HAZOPs method, it was found that 11 deviations that might occur from all existing nodes, i.e. for extreme risk levels of 1 (one) deviation or 9%, level high risk of 2 (two) deviations or 18%, moderate risk level of 6 (six) deviations or 55% and low risk level of 2 (two) deviations or 18%.Keyword : Gas Cleaning System, HAZOPs, Potential of Hazard, Risk Levels PT. RK merupakan salah satu perusahaan manufaktur besar penghasil baja berskala internasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi bahaya dan nilai level risiko yang kemungkinan terjadi di plant baru milik PT. RK yaitu area gas cleaning system yang saat ini proses pekerjaannya sudah memasuki progress 95%. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Hazard & Operability Study (HAZOPs) dalam menganalisa risiko di area gas cleaning system  PT. RK.  Metode Hazard & Operability Study (HAZOPs) digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikarenakan metode ini sangat cocok untuk sebuah plant baru yang akan digunakan. Berdasarkan identifikasi potensi bahaya dan analisa risiko yang telah dilakukan di area gas cleaning system dengan menggunakan metode HAZOPs, didapatkan bahwa 11 penyimpangan yang kemungkinan terjadi dari semua node yang ada yaitu untuk level risiko extreme sebanyak 1 (satu) penyimpangan atau sebesar 9%, level risiko high risk sebanyak 2 (dua) penyimpangan atau sebesar 18%, level risiko moderate sebanyak 6 (enam) penyimpangan atau sebesar 55% dan level risiko low risk sebanyak 2 (dua) penyimpangan atau sebesar 18%.Kata Kunci: Gas Cleaning System, HAZOPs, Level Risiko, Potensi Bahaya

scholarly journals Prediksi Tingkat Risiko Penyakit Kardiovaskuler Aterosklerotik pada Pasien yang Berobat di Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

e-CliniC ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Engelin E. Emor ◽  
Agnes L. Panda ◽  
Janry Pangemanan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Framingham Risk Score ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Framingham Risk

Abstract: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is caused by the accumulation of plaque on the artery wall causing dysfunction of anatomical and hemodynamic system of the heart and blood flow. There are many risk factors that cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease which are divided into modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors. Prevention of this disease can be achieved with early detection, such as prediction the risk level of 10 years ahead of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). This study was aimed to obtain the risk level of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients at Internal Medicine Polyclinic of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado by using their medical records from September to October 2017. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. There were 100 samples obtained by using conclusive sampling technique. Of the 100 patients, 42 (42%) patients had low risk, 27 (27%) patients had moderate risk, and 31 (31%) patients had high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in 10 years ahead. Conclusion: In this study, the highest percentage was in patients with low risk, followed by patients with high risk, and moderate risk.Keywords: ASCVD, Framingham Risk Score, Risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular sisease. Abstrak: Penyakit kardiovaskuler aterosklerotik adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh adanya timbunan plak pada dinding arteri sehingga menyebabkan gangguan fungsional, anatomis serta sistem hemodinamis jantung dan pembuluh darah. Terdapat banyak faktor risiko yang menyebabkan terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskuler aterosklerotik yang dibagi menjadi faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi dan yang tidak dapat dimodifikasi. Pencegahan penyakit ini dapat dilakukan dengan deteksi dini, salah satunya yaitu dengan memrediksi tingkat risiko 10 tahun kedepan terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskuler aterosklerotik dengan menggunakan Framingham Risk Score. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler ateroskerotik pada pasien di Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang menggunakan data rekam medik pasien Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode September - Oktober 2017. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 100 orang dengan teknik pengambilan conclusive sampling. Terdapat 42 pasien (42%) dengan tingkat risiko rendah, 27 pasien (27%) dengan risiko sedang, dan 31 pasien (31%) dengan risiko tinggi terkena penyakit kardiovaskuler aterosklerotik 10 tahun kedepan. Simpulan: Pada studi ini, persentase tertinggi ialah pasien dengan tingkat risiko rendah terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskuler aterosklerotik, diikuti tingkat risiko tinggi dan risiko sedang.Kata kunci: ASCVD, Framingham Risk Score, tingkat risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler aterosklerotik

End-of-radiation PSA as a novel prognostic factor in patients undergoing definitive radiation for prostate cancer.

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 68-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuoc T. Tran ◽  
Amol Narang ◽  
Ashwin Ram ◽  
Scott P. Robertson ◽  
Pei He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Treatment Intensification ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Poor Outcomes

68 Background: In patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing radiation therapy (RT) +/- androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), an end of radiation (EOR) PSA obtained during the last week of RT may serve as an early post-treatment predictor of poor outcomes and identify patients in whom to pursue treatment intensification or novel therapies. Methods: We reviewed an IRB-monitored, prospectively acquired database of patients with prostate cancer treated with definitive RT at our institution from 1993-2007 (n=890). Patients with an available EOR PSA were divided into two cohorts and analyzed separately based on inclusion of ADT into the treatment regimen. EOR PSA thresholds of 0.5 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL were explored. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine prognostic factors for biochemical failure-free survival (BFFS, Phoenix criteria) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed, with stratification by EOR PSA thresholds. Results: Median age was 69 years, with an even distribution of NCCN low risk (33.5%), intermediate risk (34.0%), and high risk (32.5%) patients. Median RT dose was 7020 cGy, and 54.5% were treated with ADT. Median follow-up of the entire cohort was 11.7 yrs. EOR PSA level was available for the majority of patients (77.5%). On multivariate analysis, EOR PSA >0.5 ng/mL was significantly associated with worse BFFS (p<0.0001) and OS (p<0.0001). In the subset of patients undergoing RT with ADT for NCCN intermediate/high risk disease, 5 yr BFFS was more disparate based an EOR PSA threshold of 0.5 ng/mL (5 yr BFFS: 87.3% vs. 41.1%, p<0.001), than initial NCCN risk level (5 yr BFFS: 88.7% vs. 76.9%, p=0.038). In NCCN low risk patients undergoing definitive RT alone, an EOR PSA threshold of 1.0 ng/mL was significantly prognostic of outcome (5 yr BFFS: 100.0% vs. 88.6%, p=0.024). Conclusions: For NCCN intermediate/high risk patients undergoing RT with ADT, EOR PSA >0.5 ng/mL may represent a better surrogate for poor outcomes than initial risk group. In addition, NCCN low risk patients undergoing RT alone who obtained an EOR PSA ≤1.0 ng/mL experienced excellent BFFS. Prospective evaluation of the utility of EOR PSA should be explored.

scholarly journals Background level of risk and the survival of predator-naive prey: can neophobia compensate for predator naivety in juvenile coral reef fishes?

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1799) ◽  
pp. 20142197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud C. O. Ferrari ◽  
Mark I. McCormick ◽  
Mark G. Meekan ◽  
Douglas P. Chivers
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Risk Environments ◽  
Two Factors

Neophobia—the generalized fear response to novel stimuli—provides the first potential strategy that predator-naive prey may use to survive initial predator encounters. This phenotype appears to be highly plastic and present in individuals experiencing high-risk environments, but rarer in those experiencing low-risk environments. Despite the appeal of this strategy as a ‘solution’ for prey naivety, we lack evidence that this strategy provides any fitness benefit to prey. Here, we compare the relative effect of environmental risk (high versus low) and predator-recognition training (predator-naive versus predator-experienced individuals) on the survival of juvenile fish in the wild. We found that juveniles raised in high-risk conditions survived better than those raised in low-risk conditions, providing the first empirical evidence that environmental risk, in the absence of any predator-specific information, affects the way naive prey survive in a novel environment. Both risk level and experience affected survival; however, the two factors did not interact, indicating that the information provided by both factors did not interfere or enhance each other. From a mechanistic viewpoint, this indicates that the combination of the two factors may increase the intensity, and hence efficacy, of prey evasion strategies, or that both factors provide qualitatively separate benefits that would result in an additive survival success.

scholarly journals High Fecal Contamination and High Levels of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Water Consumed in the City of Maputo, Mozambique

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Acácio Salamandane ◽  
Filipa Vila-Boa ◽  
Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira ◽  
Luísa Brito
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The City ◽  
Klebsiella Spp ◽  
Vibrio Spp

In the city of Maputo, Mozambique, food and water are often sold on the streets. Street water is packaged, distributed, and sold not paying attention to good hygienic practices, and its consumption is often associated with the occurrence of diarrheal diseases. Coincidentally, the increase of diarrheal diseases promotes the inappropriate use of antibiotics that might cause the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of water sold on the streets of Maputo, as well as the antibiotic resistance profile of selected Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The 118 water samples analyzed were from street home-bottled water (n = 81), municipal water distribution systems (tap water) (n = 25), and selected supply wells in several neighborhoods (n = 12). The samples were analyzed for total mesophilic microorganisms, fecal enterococci, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio spp. The results showed a high level of fecal contamination in all types of water samples. In home-bottled water, fecal coliforms were found in 88% of the samples, and E. coli in 66% of the samples. In tap water, fecal coliforms were found in 64%, and E. coli in 28% of the samples. In water from supply wells, fecal coliforms and E. coli were found in 83% of the samples. From 33 presumptive Vibrio spp. colonies, only three were identified as V. fluvialis. The remaining isolates belonged to Aeromonas spp. (n = 14) and Klebsiella spp. (n = 16). Of 44 selected Enterobacteriaceae isolates from water samples (28 isolates of E. coli and 16 isolates of Klebsiella spp.), 45.5% were not susceptible to the beta-lactams ampicillin and imipenem, 43.2% to amoxicillin, and 31.8% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Regarding non-beta-lactam antibiotics, there was a high percentage of isolates with tolerance to tetracycline (52.3%) and azithromycin (31.8%). In conclusion, water in Maputo represents a risk for human health due to its high fecal contamination. This situation is made more serious by the fact that a relatively high percentage of isolates with multidrug resistance (40%) were found among Enterobacteriaceae. The dissemination of these results can raise awareness of the urgent need to reduce water contamination in Maputo and other cities in Mozambique.

scholarly journals PREVENTION OF POSTOPERATIVE VENTRAL HERNIAS AND PREDICTORS OF HERNIATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
A. V. Fedoseev ◽  
A. S. Inyutin ◽  
S. N. Lebedev ◽  
V. S. Shklyar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Anterior Abdominal Wall ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Mesh Prosthesis ◽  
Ventral Hernias ◽  
Surgical Prevention

The issue of predicting and preventing postoperative ventral hernias is relevant. 450 patients were examined to identify and determine the significance of risk factors, and 71 patients underwent MRI of the anterior abdominal wall to assess the morphology of the anterior abdominal wall. Large and small predictors of herniation are identified. MRI revealed aponeurosis defects that are not physically determined, which is a high risk of postoperative ventral hernias. Based on the risk level of postoperative ventral hernias, their surgical prevention was performed. Patients at low risk should undergo laparorrhaphy with a staggered strengthening suture, at high risk - preventive using a mesh prosthesis, and if it is impossible - laparorrhaphy using a thread from a mesh polypropylene implant according to the developed technique.

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