scholarly journals Combating water scarcity through roof water harvesting: planning and design with stakeholders' perception in Sikkim (India)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat Chandra Kusre ◽  
P. K. Bora ◽  
Deependra Rai ◽  
Singam Suranjoy Singh ◽  
Aphiya Tana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Storage Structure ◽  
Groundwater Aquifer ◽  
Steep Terrain

Sikkim is one of the constituent states of India, endowed with huge water resources. However, due to steep terrain and non availability of a groundwater aquifer, water conservation is a challenge. The water received as rainfall drains away through the steep terrain in the deep valleys, thereby creating a water stress after withdrawal of the monsoon. To overcome such a situation, a study was undertaken to design a suitable rain water harvesting system for the state. To design a suitable water harvesting system, we estimated the water demand of the end users, assessed the water availability during the non-rainy period, and designed the volume of storage structure. The study revealed that more than 80% of the respondents experienced water stress during the period from December to March. The average daily water demand of individual households was observed to be around 400 litres. The rainfall pattern indicated that 90% of the rainfall is concentrated during 6 rainy months. On average, 24 consecutive dry days were observed in the state. The volume of storage structure obtained, based on water availability and demand, was 5 m3 per household. It is felt that this volume can take care of the domestic water demand.

scholarly journals Modelling global water stress of the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water demand and climate variability

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3785-3808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wada ◽  
L. P. H. van Beek ◽  
M. F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Global Population

Abstract. During the past decades, human water use has more than doubled, yet available freshwater resources are finite. As a result, water scarcity has been prevalent in various regions of the world. Here, we present the first global assessment of past development of water stress considering not only climate variability but also growing water demand, desalinated water use and non-renewable groundwater abstraction over the period 1960–2001 at a spatial resolution of 0.5°. Agricultural water demand is estimated based on past extents of irrigated areas and livestock densities. We approximate past economic development based on GDP, energy and household consumption and electricity production, which are subsequently used together with population numbers to estimate industrial and domestic water demand. Climate variability is expressed by simulated blue water availability defined by freshwater in rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs by means of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB. We thus define blue water stress by comparing blue water availability with corresponding net total blue water demand by means of the commonly used, Water Scarcity Index. The results show a drastic increase in the global population living under water-stressed conditions (i.e. moderate to high water stress) due to growing water demand, primarily for irrigation, which has more than doubled from 1708/818 to 3708/1832 km3 yr−1 (gross/net) over the period 1960–2000. We estimate that 800 million people or 27% of the global population were living under water-stressed conditions for 1960. This number is eventually increased to 2.6 billion or 43% for 2000. Our results indicate that increased water demand is a decisive factor for heightened water stress in various regions such as India and North China, enhancing the intensity of water stress up to 200%, while climate variability is often a main determinant of extreme events. However, our results also suggest that in several emerging and developing economies (e.g. India, Turkey, Romania and Cuba) some of past extreme events were anthropogenically driven due to increased water demand rather than being climate-induced.

scholarly journals ANALISA POTENSI WADUK RUKOH DALAM MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN AIR DI KABUPATEN PIDIE, INDONESIAANALYSIS OF RUKOH RESERVOIR POTENCY FOR DETERMINING WATER REQUIREMENT IN PIDIE DISTRICT, INDONESIA

Agromet ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Siti Nurdhawata ◽  
Bambang Dwi Dasanto
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Model Calibration ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Tank Model ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Balance Analysis

<em>Generally, reservoir can overcome problem of water availability in particular region. The reservoir collects excess water during rainy season to be used at the time of water shortage during dry season. In Pidie, the largest water sources are from Krueng Baro Geunik and Krueng Tiro. The reservoir is located at Krueng Rukoh with Krueng Tiro as the source of water supply. The reservoir provides water for irrigating and supplying domestic water in Baro (11.950 ha) and Tiro (6.330 ha) areas. There are 13 districts (216718 inhabitants) use the water from this reservoir. Given the population growing at rate of 0.52% then the water demand in the region increases. The aim of study was to estimate the volume of water entering the reservoir using the tank model. Calibration curve between the tank model output and observation data showed good correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.7). The calibrated model was then used to calculate the discharge at Krueng Baro Geunik. A water balance analysis showed that the highest deficit occurred in September and the highest surplus in November. Based on this analysis, the capacity of Krueng Rukoh reservoir is able to fulfill its function assuming the rate of population growth and the irrigation area are constant.</em>

Sustainable homes: a methodology for assessing influence on regional water demand

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Micou ◽  
Gordon Mitchell ◽  
Adrian McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Spreadsheet Model ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

Growth in population and households, and lifestyle changes are factors placing water resources under increasing stress in some parts of the UK. The Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH), a government regulation defining performance standards for new dwellings, is one measure that may act to counter rising domestic water demand. One goal of the CSH is to reduce potable water use per capita in each home through implementation of water conservation measures. This paper reports on work in progress that aims to understand the likely impact of the CSH on regional and national water demand. A spreadsheet model is being developed to assess domestic water demand under a range of CSH uptake scenarios, as well as a range of demographic, technical, economic and behavioural aspects of water consumption and conservation. The paper discusses the model development and presents some preliminary results for the Yorkshire region.

scholarly journals Analysis of Regional Water Availability for Domestic Water Demand (Case Study: Malang Regency)

Agromet ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Dinia Putri ◽  
. Perdinan
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Water Condition ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation

<p>The fulfillment of water demands needs to consider climate variability impacts on water availability. A seasonal change from wet to dry may have a negative impact on water availability leading to water scarcity for domestic purposes. Therefore, information on water condition until sub-district level is important. We did water balance approach to analyze water condition especially during dry season in Malang district, East Java for period 2007-2016. Our results showed that several sub-districts faced a serious problem with water deficit condition. During dry season, an increased domestic water demand was not supported by water availability, which caused some villages could not provide basic water for domestic purposes. Further, the research may contribute to support mitigation and adaptation strategy for climate extreme in the region.</p>

scholarly journals Scholarship on urban Africa’s water crisis narratives: the state of the art

Water SA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2 April) ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Olivier ◽  
C Vogel ◽  
BFN Erasmus
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Small Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Academic Journal ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
African Cities ◽  
Crisis Narratives

Water crises present a global water governance challenge. To date, scholarship has tended to focus on technological and policy-based solutions, while ignoring the influence of narratives on public buy-in during such crises. Africa is expected to become hotter and drier in future, while its cities experience high levels of informal population growth and inequality. These factors combine to make African cities particularly vulnerable to times of water stress. The aim in this paper is to investigate the state of the ‘art’ on narratives framing domestic water use in African cities during periods of acute water stress and ‘crises’, using a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed academic journal articles. The findings revealed a small population of recently published papers that engage critically with state-generated narratives framing the crisis, limited to case studies on Cape Town and Windhoek. We recommend, however, a greater critical engagement with the anti-establishment narratives that can flourish during periods of acute water stress, and tend to be inflammatory and divisive in nature.

scholarly journals Future Domestic Water Demand for Jeddah City

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samy Kamis Ahmed Samy Kamis
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Jeddah City ◽  
Domestic Use

The paper discusses the present and future (1431-1460 A.H.) water de-mand and water resources for the domestic use in Jeddah city. Projection of both water demand driven by population as well as water resources are illustrated. Three scenarios are presented representing high, moderate and low cases for the population. Under each case, the level of water shortage problem is addressed and it is shown that without water conservation Jeddah city will face sig¬nificant water shortage.

scholarly journals Using Water Balance to Analyze Water Availability for Communities ( A Case Study in Some Areas of Bengawan Solo Watershed)

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alif Noor Anna ◽  
Kuswaji Dwi Priyono ◽  
Suharjo Suharjo ◽  
Yuli Priyana
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Water Surplus

This study aimed: (a) to determine the general water balance at the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed by using Thornthwaite-Mather model, and (b) to determine the fulfillment of domestic water demand in the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed. Prevailing climate change has affected the condition of water source in Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed. One of the impacts was extreme fluctuation of meteorological water availability that might cause flood and drought. Survey was selected as the research method while descriptive quantitative method was used for data analysis. The findings indicated the difference between precipitation and corrected evapotranspiration (P-EP) at the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed was between (-11.19 mm) to (78.56 mm). The highest value was obtained by Bambang Sub-watershed and the lowest was Wiroko Temon Sub-watershed. Positive value indicated the water surplus while negative value indicated water deficit. Domestic water demand for local communities was in the range of 50,782,500 liters to 131,690,700 liters, and the level of water availability varied, namely fulfilled and unfulfilled. 

scholarly journals Analisis Neraca Air Permukaan Sub DAS Krueng Khee Kabupaten Aceh Besar

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1002-1008
Author(s):  
Arini Putri ◽  
Susi Chairani ◽  
Ichwana Ichwana
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Input Surface ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Surface Water Storage

Pengetahuan mengenai ketersediaan air dan kebutuhan air sangat penting untuk mengetahui keseimbangan air. Perhitungan neraca air permukaan dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan ketersediaan air permukaan pada Sub DAS Krueng Khee untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air domestik dan irigasi. Data klimatologi dan sosial pada tahun 2014 yang digunakan pada penelitian. Berdasarkan penelitian ini diketahui potensi air permukaan Sub DAS Krueng Khee berasal dari air sungai dan curah hujan efektif. Jumlah potensi air dari air sungai pada tahun 2014 adalah 16.891.372,8/tahun. Ketersediaan air yang berasal dari curah hujan efektif digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kebutuhan air irigasi. Kebutuhan air yang terdapat di Sub DAS Krueng Khee meliputi: kebutuhan air domestik, irigasi, peternakan, dan industri. Analisis neraca air permukaan dilaksanakan dengan mengurangkan input air permukaan dengan output air pada daerah penelitian. Keseimbangan air permukaan (surface water balance) yang dicapai untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air di Sub DAS Krueng Khee pada tahun 2014 adalah: Perubahan simpanan air permukaan ( maksimum yaitu 4.279.181,10 /bulan pada bulan Januari (surplus), rata-rata yaitu 1.255.403,945 /bulan dan minimum yaitu 383.486,90/bulan pada bulan Oktober. Sepanjang tahun 2014 tidak terjadi kekurangan ketersediaan air untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air total Sub DAS Krueng Khee.Knowledge about water availability and water demand is significant to water balance awareness. Accounting surface water balance is to find out capability of surface water availability in Sub Watershed Krueng Khee in order to fulfill domestic and irigation water demand. Chilmatology and social data in year 2014 were used in this research. Based on the result the source of surface water potential in Sub Watershed Krueng Khee source are river water and effective rainfall. The amount of water potential from the river in year 2014 was 16.891.372,8/year. The water availability from effective ranfall used to fulfill irigation. Water demand in Sub wathershed Krueng Khee divers from domestic water demand, irigation, livestock and industry. Surface water balance analysis perfomed by subtracting input surface water with the water output in the research area. Surface water balance achieved to fulfill water demand in Sub Watershed Krueng Khee in 2014: surface water storage ( maximum was 4.279.181,10 /month in January (surplus), average was 1.255.403,945 / month and minimum was 383.486,90/month in October. Throughout the year 2014 there was no shortage of water availability to fulfill the water demand in Sub Wathershed Krueng Khee

scholarly journals Reviving the "Ganges Water Machine": where and how much?

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 9741-9763 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Muthuwatta ◽  
U. A. Amarasinghe ◽  
A. Sood ◽  
S. Lagudu
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
The State ◽  
Ganges River ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Bihar State ◽  
The Ganges

Abstract. Surface runoff generated in the monsoon months in the upstream parts of the Ganges River Basin contributes substantially to downstream floods, while water shortages in the dry months affect agricultural production in the basin. This paper examines the parts (sub-basins) of the Ganges that have the potential for augmenting subsurface storage (SSS), increase the availability of water for agriculture and other uses, and mitigate the floods in the downstream areas. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to estimate sub-basin-wise water availability. The water availability estimated is then compared with the sub-basin-wise un-met water demand for agriculture. Hydrological analyses revealed that five sub-basins produced more than 10 billion cubic meters (B m3) of annual surface runoff consistently during the simulation period. In these sub-basins, less than 50 % of the annual surface runoff is sufficient to irrigate all irrigable land in both the \\textit{Rabi} (November to March) and summer (April to May) seasons. Further, for most of the sub-basins, there is sufficient water to meet the un-met water demand, provided that it is possible to capture the surface runoff during the wet season. It is estimated that the average flow to Bihar State from the upstream of the Ganges, a downstream basin location, is 277 ± 121 B m3, which is more than double the rainfall in the state alone. Strong relationships between outflows from the upstream sub-basins and the inflows to Bihar State suggested that flood inundation in the state could be reduced by capturing a portion of the upstream flows during the peak runoff periods.

scholarly journals Exploring the effects of domestic water management measures to water conservation attitudes using agent based modelling

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 552-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifigeneia Koutiva ◽  
Christos Makropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
Conservation Attitudes ◽  
Policy Measures

The urban water system's sustainable evolution requires managing both water supply and water demand within a complete urban water cycle framework. Such an approach, however, requires tools to analyse and simulate the complete system including both physical and cultural environments. One of the main challenges, in this regard, is the design and development of tools able to simulate the society's water demand behaviour and the way policy measures affect it. The effects of these policy measures are a function of personal attitudes that subsequently lead to the formation of people's behaviours. This work focuses on the exploration of social impact theory on water conservation attitudes of urban households. A model is designed and implemented using agent based modelling. The developed model's ability to represent social structure and mechanisms of social influences is tested against historical data from the 1988–1994 drought of Athens, Greece as a case study.

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