Determining Giardiasis Prevalence by Examination of Sewage

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Jakubowski ◽  
Jan L. Sykora ◽  
Charles A. Sorber ◽  
Leonard W. Casson ◽  
Patrick D. Gavaghan
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Giardia Cyst ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cyst Concentration

Raw sewage samples were collected monthly for one year from 11 wastewater treatment plants located across the United States. Giardia cyst concentrations in the raw sewage were determined by direct count using criteria of size, shape and the presence of two or more internal morphological characteristics for identification. The data were adjusted based on percentage of industrial wastewater reported processed by each plant. Although differences in the adjusted annual geometric mean cyst concentrations were noted among the sites (the highest was 3750 cysts/L and the lowest was 683 cysts/L), there was no correlation of cyst concentration with geographical location as determined by either latitude or longitude. However, when the three southernmost sites were grouped and compared against the group of all remaining sites, there was a significant difference in the annual geometric mean cyst concentration with the southernmost sites being higher. There was no significant association of geometric mean cyst concentration with size of the wastewater treatment plant as represented by mean daily flow. Attempts were made to obtain and correlate giardiasis cases with the monthly cyst levels at each of the sites. Due to reporting problems, low number of cases or unavailability of data, case information was deemed usable for only four of the 11 sites. A significant positive correlation with cases in the community was found at one site. Lack of correlation at other sites was believed to be due to deficiencies in case reporting. The results suggest that sewage examination may be useful for surveillance of Giardia infections in the community.

Distribution of Giardia Cysts in Wastewater

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan L. Sykora ◽  
Charles A. Sorber ◽  
Walter Jakubowski ◽  
Leonard W. Casson ◽  
Patrick D. Gavaghan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Giardia Cyst ◽  
Direct Counts ◽  
Giardia Cysts

This study was designed to determine geographic and seasonal distribution of Giardia cysts in wastewater and sludge and their removal by sewage treatment processes. Eleven wastewater treatment plants located in cities across the United States were included in the study. Flow weighted, composite samples of raw and treated wasteWaters and sludges were collected at monthly intervals for a period of one year. The cysts were concentrated by sucrose flotation or by simple centrifugation (“direct count”) and assayed microscopically. Sucrose flotation counts of cysts in the raw sewage were extremely variable producing results ranging from 0.4% to 77.8% of the direct counts. Based on 12 consecutive months of sampling, and using the direct counts, the highest geometric mean Giardia cyst concentrations occurred at the California site (3375 cysts/L), the Florida site (3087 cysts/L) and the Vermont site (2040 cysts/L). The lowest geometric mean Giardia cyst levels were in samples from the Pennsylvania site (642 cysts/L), the Tennessee site (762 cysts/L) and the Maryland site (957 cysts/L). Cyst concentrations in raw sewage were highest in late summer, fall and early winter. Although all raw sewage samples contained cysts, only about one half of the wastewater treatment plant effluents were positive with cyst concentrations ranging up to 44 cysts/L. Based on sucrose flotation counts, the concentrations of cysts detected in the sludges ranged from 70 to 30,000 cysts/L.

Planning Replicable Small Flow Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Developing Nations

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gaber ◽  
M. Antill ◽  
W. Kimball ◽  
R. Abdel Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Funding Agency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Technology Choice

The implementation of urban village wastewater treatment plants in developing countries has historically been primarily a function of appropriate technology choice and deciding which of the many needy communities should receive the available funding and priority attention. Usually this process is driven by an outside funding agency who views the planning, design, and construction steps as relatively insignificant milestones in the overall effort required to quickly better a community's sanitary drainage problems. With the exception of very small scale type sanitation projects which have relatively simple replication steps, the development emphasis tends to be on the final treatment plant product with little or no attention specifically focused on community participation and institutionalizing national and local policies and procedures needed for future locally sponsored facilities replication. In contrast to this, the Government of Egypt (GOE) enacted a fresh approach through a Local Development Program with the United States AID program. An overview is presented of the guiding principals of the program which produced the first 24 working wastewater systems including gravity sewers, sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants which were designed and constructed by local entities in Egypt. The wastewater projects cover five different treatment technologies implemented in both delta and desert regions.

scholarly journals Investigation of Job Satisfaction and Occupational Safety Perceptions of Employees in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Study of Istanbul

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Rüştü Uçan ◽  
Hakan Şanlıer ◽  
Müge Ensari Özay
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Occupational Accidents ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Safety Perceptions ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: There exist many fatal occupational accidents in the works carried out in wastewater treatment plants. Objective: This research was carried out to determine the relationship between job satisfaction levels and occupational safety perceptions of employees working in wastewater treatment plants. Methods: In this study, a questionnaire including Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale and Occupational Safety Scale is applied to a total of 161 people aged 16-65 years working in two different Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants in Istanbul by simple random sampling. Statistical Package for Social Science version-22 was used. Seventeen hypotheses were analyzed to show the relation between the occupational safety perceptions and socio-demographic parameters of employees. Results: The results show that there is no significant relationship between job satisfaction and occupational safety perception of the personnel working in wastewater treatment plants (F=0.096 and p=0.227 >0.05). On the other hand, it is found that there is a statistically significant difference between the level of job satisfaction perception and age of the employees (F=2.358 and p=0.002 <0.05), as well as monthly income ranges (F=4.126 and p=0.008 <0.05). Conclusion: Consequently, the hazards associated with the work should be explained to employees of the wastewater treatment plant in detail. Furthermore, it is suggested to maintain an increase in wages to increase job satisfaction.

Physical and Chemical Studies of Bacterial Bioaerosols at Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Scanning Electron Mikroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

2012 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Justyna Płoszaj ◽  
Ewa Talik ◽  
Zofia Piotrowska-Seget ◽  
Józef S. Pastuszka
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Metabolic Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron

The paper presents the research results of the airborne bacteria collected at the wastewater treatment plants working with activated sludge system. Samples were taken by a six-stage Andersen Impactor placed near the aeration chambers. Bacteria cought at Petri plates were incubated at room temperature for 4 days, then analyzed in a macroscopic and microscopic way. This initial investigation was aimed at morphological characteristics of colonies and breeding characteristics of particular strains to giver general overwiev. Bacteria were identified on the basis of their metabolic properties using API biochemical tests. The essential studies were carried out using JOEL scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM model with field gun 7600[F]), equipped with "Cryo-SEM”, which gives the possibility of testing delicate biological samples in a frozen state. Its high resolving power and large depth of field allows to obtain images of surface structure of microorganisms in a magnification range from 1 000x to 70 000x. Bacteria samples were analyzed also in a fructured state what revealed internal structes and the thickness of cell walls which was in the range of 0,080-0,180 [μm]. Moreover, elemental composition of the surface layer of bacterial was also examined using photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Dominant elements were carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Analysis of main line (C1s, O1s, N1s) allowed the identification of chemical composition of studied bioaerosols. Investigation found that the main compounds were polymers such as peptides and polysaccharides, as well hydrocarbon like compounds.

Application of a novel sampling bailer device for the analysis of dissolved methane concentrations in municipal wastewater during and following anaerobic treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2936-2943
Author(s):  
David J. Beale ◽  
Tim H. Muster ◽  
Jason Low ◽  
Mark Trickey
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Methane Recovery ◽  
Dissolved Methane ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Methane Concentrations

Abstract Modern wastewater utilities need to be able to measure and quantify the amount of methane from their treatment facilities in order to understand the potential energy that can be produced and the amount of methane being lost. This paper describes the application of a novel sampling bailer designed for the collection of wastewater samples that minimises methane losses. Samples collected during and following anaerobic treatment from a wastewater treatment plant using a novel sampling bailer were analysed using a previously optimised analytical method. Analysis of wastewater and anaerobic pond samples using current industry approaches resulted in dissolved methane concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 14.33 mg L−1. In comparison, the modified sampling protocol resulted in concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 18.73 mg L−1. The relative standard deviations (RSD%) of low level spikes (5.0 mg L−1 and 0.1 mg L−1 methane; n = 5) were found to be 2.3 and 10.3, respectively. Statistical analysis of the dissolved methane concentrations using the two different approaches demonstrated a significant difference in the recovered dissolved methane concentrations, indicating there is a greater methane recovery potential in wastewater treatment plants than previously realised, when collected using the novel sampling bailer and analysed following the optimised analytical protocol.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst removal efficiency from urban and slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plants and assessment of cyst viability in wastewater effluent samples from Tehran, Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Amir-Hossein Mahvi ◽  
Hossein Keshavarz ◽  
Khadijeh Khanaliha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Giardia Cyst ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
The Difference

Five municipal and domestic wastewater treatment plants, most of which had secondary treatment systems formed by activated sludge, were studied during 2013–2014 in Tehran. The study was done in order to evaluate their efficiency in terms of removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by (oo)cyst recovery in effluent samples using immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. Results showed that mean concentrations of cysts in the influent samples always outnumbered mean concentrations of oocysts (883.3 ± 4,16.7–3,191.7 ± 1,067.2 versus 4.8 ± 6.2–83.8 ± 77.3 (oo)cysts/L), and that lower concentrations of (oo)cysts were recorded in summer, and higher levels in autumn, and that the difference was statistically significant (t-test, P &lt;0.05) only in wastewater from slaughterhouses. Results for removal percentages of all the plants ranged from 76.7 to 92.1% for cysts and from 48.9 to 90.8% for oocysts. There was more reduction of (oo)cysts at the urban treatment plant by activated sludge-A2O-sand filtration than at plants with conventional activated sludge and activated sludge-trickling filter, however, this difference was not statistically significant for cysts and oocysts (ANOVA, P &gt; 0.05). Infections in mice inoculated with cysts obtained from urban wastewater effluent demonstrated presence of infectious Giardia cysts. Results demonstrate limited efficiency of conventional wastewater treatment processes at physico-chemical removal of (oo)cysts.

Analysis and balance of phosphorous removal from wastewater at urban wastewater treatment plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Peter Lukac ◽  
Lubos Jurik
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽  
The Mean

Abstract:Phosphorus is a major substance that is needed especially for agricultural production or for the industry. At the same time it is an important component of wastewater. At present, the waste management priority is recycling and this requirement is also transferred to wastewater treatment plants. Substances in wastewater can be recovered and utilized. In Europe (in Germany and Austria already legally binding), access to phosphorus-containing sewage treatment is changing. This paper dealt with the issue of phosphorus on the sewage treatment plant in Nitra. There are several industrial areas in Nitra where record major producers in phosphorus production in sewage. The new wastewater treatment plant is built as a mechanicalbiological wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, sludge regeneration, an anaerobic zone for biological phosphorus removal at the beginning of the process and chemical phosphorus precipitation. The sludge management is anaerobic sludge stabilization with heating and mechanical dewatering of stabilized sludge and gas management. The aim of the work was to document the phosphorus balance in all parts of the wastewater treatment plant - from the inflow of raw water to the outflow of purified water and the production of excess sludge. Balancing quantities in the wastewater treatment plant treatment processes provide information where efficient phosphorus recovery could be possible. The mean daily value of P tot is approximately 122.3 kg/day of these two sources. The mean daily value of P tot is approximately 122.3 kg/day of these two sources. There are also two outflows - drainage of cleaned water to the recipient - the river Nitra - 9.9 kg Ptot/day and Ptot content in sewage sludge - about 120.3 kg Ptot/day - total 130.2 kg Ptot/day.

Sludge minimization by disintegration at different wastewater treatment plants

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luchien Luning ◽  
Paul Roeleveld ◽  
Victor W.M. Claessen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Sludge Minimization

In recent years new technologies have been developed to improve the biological degradation of sewage sludge by anaerobic digestion. The paper describes the results of a demonstration of ultrasonic disintegration on the Dutch Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Land van Cuijk. The effect on the degradation of organic matter is presented, together with the effect on the dewatering characteristics. Recommendations are presented for establishing research conditions in which the effect of sludge disintegration can be determined in a more direct way that is less sensitive to changing conditions in the operation of the WWTP. These recommendations have been implemented in the ongoing research in the Netherlands supported by the National Institute for wastewater research (STOWA).

scholarly journals Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Samendra P. Sherchan ◽  
Shalina Shahin ◽  
Jeenal Patel ◽  
Lauren M. Ward ◽  
Sarmila Tandukar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Wastewater Samples

In this study, we investigated the occurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in primary influent (n = 42), secondary effluent (n = 24) and tertiary treated effluent (n = 34) collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A–F) in Virginia (WWTP A), Florida (WWTPs B, C, and D), and Georgia (WWTPs E and F) in the United States during April–July 2020. Of the 100 wastewater samples analyzed, eight (19%) untreated wastewater samples collected from the primary influents contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA as measured by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected in influent wastewater samples collected from WWTP A (Virginia), WWTPs E and F (Georgia) and WWTP D (Florida). Secondary and tertiary effluent samples were not positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA indicating the treatment processes in these WWTPs potentially removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the secondary and tertiary treatment processes. However, further studies are needed to understand the log removal values (LRVs) and transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through analyzing wastewater samples from a wider range of WWTPs.

scholarly journals Aerial Mapping of Odorous Gases in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Using a Small Drone

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1757
Author(s):  
Javier Burgués ◽  
María Deseada Esclapez ◽  
Silvia Doñate ◽  
Laura Pastor ◽  
Santiago Marco
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Aerial Mapping ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Current Monitoring ◽  
Flexible Tubes

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are sources of greenhouse gases, hazardous air pollutants and offensive odors. These emissions can have negative repercussions in and around the plant, degrading the quality of life of surrounding neighborhoods, damaging the environment, and reducing employee’s overall job satisfaction. Current monitoring methodologies based on fixed gas detectors and sporadic olfactometric measurements (human panels) do not allow for an accurate spatial representation of such emissions. In this paper we use a small drone equipped with an array of electrochemical and metal oxide (MOX) sensors for mapping odorous gases in a mid-sized WWTP. An innovative sampling system based on two (10 m long) flexible tubes hanging from the drone allowed near-source sampling from a safe distance with negligible influence from the downwash of the drone’s propellers. The proposed platform is very convenient for monitoring hard-to-reach emission sources, such as the plant’s deodorization chimney, which turned out to be responsible for the strongest odor emissions. The geo-localized measurements visualized in the form of a two-dimensional (2D) gas concentration map revealed the main emission hotspots where abatement solutions were needed. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the multivariate sensor signals suggests that the proposed system can also be used to trace which emission source is responsible for a certain measurement.

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