Potential and Present Wastewater Reuse in Jordan

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1573-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gur ◽  
S. S. Al Salem
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Resource Capacity ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

Reclaimed wastewater must be considered as an important component of the water budget in Jordan where water resources are rather limited. It has been estimated that wastewater effluents will amount to about 50% of the water deficit that is anticipated by the year 2000. This constitutes about 23% of the total renewable groundwater resource capacity. Quality characteristics of wastewater effluents from different treatment plants and other sources are presented. Review of institutional and legal aspects of water reuse is recommended toward encouraging treated effluent reuse. Outlines for a new reuse strategy have been suggested to ensure that wastewater reuse projects are operationally sustainable and environmentally sound.

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

Reclaimed wastewater quality enhancement by oxygen injection during transportation

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
M. Álvarez ◽  
J. Rodríguez-Sevilla ◽  
M. C. Marrero ◽  
A. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Oxygen Injection

In-sewer treatments have been studied in sewer systems, but few have been carried out on reclaimed wastewater systems. A study of oxygen injection has been performed in a completely filled gravity pipe, 0.6 m in diameter and 62 km long, in cast iron with concrete inside coating, which is part of the reclaimed wastewater reuse scheme of Tenerife (Spain). A high pressure oxygen injection system was installed at 16.0 km from pipe inlet and a constant dosage of 30 mg/L O2 has been injected during six months, under three different operational modes (low COD, 63 mg/L; high COD, 91 mg/L; and partially nitrified water). Oxygen has been consumed in nitrification and organic matter reduction. Generally, nitrification is clearly favored instead of the organic matter oxidation. Nitrification occurs, in general, with nitrite accumulation due to the presence of free ammonia above 1 mg/L. Denitrification is in all cases incomplete due to a limitation of easily biodegradable organic matter content, inhibiting the appearance of anaerobic conditions and sulfide generation. A notable reduction of organic matter parameters is achieved (TSS below 10 mg/L), which is significantly higher than that observed under the ordinary transport conditions without oxygen. This leads to a final cost reduction, and the oxygen injection system helps water reuse managers to maintain a final good water quality in the case of a treatment plant malfunction.

Wastewater reuse in Tunisia: assessing a national policy

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akissa Bahri ◽  
Francois Brissaud
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Green Belts

An ambitious national wastewater reuse policy was launched at the beginning of the eighties in Tunisia. The area currently equipped for irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, mainly secondary effluents, is 6,500 hectares. It is planned to expand this area to more than 20,000 ha in the next years. The rate of reclaimed water reuse, 15% of the available water, is still low compared to the potential. Irrigation is practiced only six months per year; reclaimed water is not stored during the non irrigation season. Shifting from rainfed to wastewater irrigated crops is a progressive process. Irrigated schemes surveys point out that wastewater reuse development is hampered by crop restrictions more than by supply drawbacks. As a result, disinfecting secondary effluents in order to remove restrictions on water reuse is contemplated. Storing reclaimed water, in reservoirs or aquifers, would lead to more reliable supplies, water quality improvement and an increase in the rate of reuse. Developing the irrigation of golf courses, green belts and hotel gardens should be a convenient policy in tourist areas.

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Europe: a model-based potential estimation

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hochstrat ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Future Projection ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

The basic aim of this paper is to present an approach to quantitatively assess the potential of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse in a European context. The model developed is based on the analysis and interrelation of water management data like water availability, water demand and treated effluent. In conjunction with information about the current status of wastewater reuse simple key figures are deduced, which allow future projection of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The simulation points out that there is a significant potential for an increased utilisation of reclaimed wastewater in many European countries, specifically in the Mediterranean region driven by different factors like increased wastewater treatment capacity and higher demand for irrigation and groundwater recharge.

scholarly journals The Potential of Wastewater Reuse for Agricultural Irrigation in Libya: Tobruk as a case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-369 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse

<div> <p>The aim of this paper is to highlight the way towards the exploitation of treated wastewater for food crops production in order to cope with the acute water scarcity and its hazardous consequences. Reclaimed water reuse has not been practiced in Tobruk, and hence, lack of relevant data and information was the major difficulty in carrying out this research. The existing sewage treatment plant in Tobruk city produces about 7,000 cubic meters per day of suitable effluent for agricultural irrigation and safe discharge. This proportion is worth twice as much as the water being currently used for irrigation. Therefore, with proper planning and management, treated wastewater reuse schemes, in addition to their economical and environmental benefits, can be an efficient mechanism to cope with water shortage and reducing the high burden placed on the desalination plant. Wastewater reuse is considered as a reliable, secure, and drought-resistant water source. Owing to the lack of disinfection processes and routinely monitoring data, there is uncertainty concerning the microbiological safety and quality of the treated effluent. Public perception might be the major challenge facing the planning for a reuse scheme as 51 % of the population of Tobruk have shown their reluctance to consume food crops irrigated with treated wastewater. Nonetheless, public attitudes can be fostered by awareness through the media as some people, when the issue was discussed, have shown a positive response. In fact their main concerns were related to public health safety and potential negative environmental impacts which can be addressed through good planning and prudent management.</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Secondary wastewater disposal for crop irrigation with minimal risks

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Oron ◽  
R. Armon ◽  
R. Mandelbaum ◽  
Y. Manor ◽  
C. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Real Rate ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Subsurface Drip

A critical objective for any wastewater reuse program is to close the gap between supply of and demand for water and to minimize health and environmental hazards. Thus, the effects of treated effluent on crops, soils and community health must be considered carefully. When applying wastewater to soil-plant systems, it is to be noted that the passage of water through the soil reduces considerably the number of microorganisms carried out by the reclaimed wastewater. Nevertheless, there is a need to study the real rate of organism decay subject to water quality, soil and vegetable characteristics, and irrigation method. The aim of this work is to determine the fate of the fecal coliforms, coliphages F+ and CN13, and helminth eggs survival during the application of reclaimed wastewater in a vineyard orchard near the City of Arad (Israel) via onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Wastewater obtained from a stabilization pond, and soil samples were tested and an important decrease of microorganisms was reached in both cases, with the better values obtained with the sub-surface drip irrigation system.

scholarly journals Analysis of Barriers and Opportunities for Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Europe

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Mesa-Pérez ◽  
Julio Berbel
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities

This paper presents an analysis of the perception regarding reclaimed wastewater reuse in agriculture conducted in the European Union regions. The analysis is based upon a SWOT framework and applies a cluster analysis to reduce the dimension of the responses enabling an assessment of the different perceptions of water reuse. More than one hundred key actors identified among the regions participated in the evaluation of the relevance of aspects identified. The results indicate some groups of countries according to natural conditions (water scarcity) and the strategic role of agriculture as a key factor to determine agent’s perceptions and attitudes. The results indicate that the forthcoming EU regulation of water reuse should focus in the problems of the perceived high cost of reclaimed water for farmers and the sanitary risk perception for irrigated crops by consumers as the critical points for fostering the use of reclaimed water in agriculture and the need for regional implementation of the global regulatory framework.

Use of Reclaimed Wastewater for Ornamental and Recreational Purposes

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2109-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ohgaki ◽  
K. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Operation Techniques ◽  
Precious Resource

Although Japan is not arid area, water for a clean environment in the heavily urbanized area is a scarce and precious resource. Several projects involving ornamental and recreational reuse using reclaimed wastewater have been practiced in Japan. The wastewater reuse only for ornamental purpose holds a unique position in water reuse techniques in the world. A guideline manual for ornamental and recreational reuse which has been examined by Ministry of Construction, Japan, is described with the water quality criteria for two categories of reuse mode, recreational reuse with close contact and ornamental reuse for scenery. The facilities, the management and operation techniques, and the benefit to the public of ornamental reuse system are illustrated and discussed by reference to a project (design flowrate 43,200 m3/d) for restoring live streams in Tokyo Metropolitan area.

scholarly journals Wastewater reuse in Turkey: from present status to future potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilgehan Nas ◽  
Sinan Uyanik ◽  
Ahmet Aygün ◽  
Selim Doğan ◽  
Gürsel Erul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Potential

Abstract The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) initiated an important project, ‘Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Turkey’, in 2017. With this project, all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated to determine wastewater reuse purposes for the first time. The results obtained from this project were that although there are 1,015 existing WWTPs, only 15 of them realized wastewater reuse. In 2017, the total volume of reused treated wastewater in Turkey amounted to 29.6 million m3/year, accounting for 0.78% of the treated urban wastewater. With the present water potential and sectoral water use rates, Turkey should make key administrative and technical regulations in the coming years for water reuse. This paper aims to give an overview of wastewater reuse activities from present status to future potential in Turkey and the opportunities and challenges in expanding water reuse. The status of WWTPs, treatment processes and their compliance with the WWTPs where reuse is carried out in Turkey are evaluated in this study. The realization of the planned goals and challenges are discussed after regulatory changes in Turkey for reclaimed wastewater and reuse targets for 2023.

scholarly journals Public Perceptions On Water Reuse Options: The Case Of Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment Plant In Kuwait

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasem M. Alhumoud ◽  
David Madzikanda
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Reuse Options ◽  
Willingness To Use

The main sources of water in Kuwait are seawater desalination and groundwater. Reclaimed wastewater effluent could be an additional water source. Its use would reduce the volumes of recycled water being disposed of to the environment and it could reduce the demand for fresh water supplies. The results of a questionnaire survey of more than 1,500 random households residing in 64 districts in Metropolitan Kuwait are presented. The frequency distribution of the education level, knowledge of wastewater reuse, age, nationality and gender of the sample population are presented. In addition, we have presented the results of a survey of attitudes amongst residents of their willingness to use reclaimed water for a variety of purposes. The research analyzes the costs and benefits of using reclaimed water. The study concludes with useful recommendations for both the authorities and the citizens of Kuwait.

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