Dynamic Behavior of Intermittent Buried Filters

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boiler ◽  
A. Schwager ◽  
J. Eugster ◽  
V. Mottier
Keyword(s):  
Filter Material ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Unsaturated Media ◽  
Coarse Filter ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
The Media ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Buried filters were investigated experimentally in pilot and full scale as typical on-site treatment for small wastewater flows. The filters were operated by intermittent flushing which causes the water and the pollutant transport through the unsaturated media to be of a highly dynamic nature. Water transport and tracer studies at low and high hydraulic flush loads revealed frequent flushing at low loads to be superior to less frequent flushing at high loads for treatment of the same daily amount of wastewater. These findings were confirmed in a full scale plant through monitoring of the dynamic washout of unoxidized matter in terms of COD and NH4+ after application of different hydraulic loads. The moisture retention capacity of the filter media correlated to the grain size distribution was found to be an important parameter. COD-removal and nitrification rates depend strongly on the oxygen supply to the media. In general, the oxygen diffusion into the media and the air exchange, induced by intermittent flushing, are sufficient. However, when applying relatively large hydraulic loads and coarse filter grains, especially in the range above 1 mm, buried filters tend to larger breakthroughs of unoxidized matter due to short retention times and instantaneous lack of oxygen. Experiments on average treatment performance were carried out and showed that under optimized conditions even wastewaters containing relatively high ammonia contents (150 gNH4+-N/m3) can be fully nitrified when limestone type filter material is used. Full scale operation revealed further that careful pre-treatment (e.g. septic tank) for the removal of most of the suspended solids is necessary to guarantee safe operation.

Pre-Treatment of Karst Groundwater Recharge with Roofwater System

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
Wei Ping Wang ◽  
Ya Qun Zhou ◽  
Hai Yan Deng
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Filter Material ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
Driven System ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
The Media ◽  
Pre Treatment

Urban roofwater harvesting and reuse plays a more and more important role in alleviating the pressure of urban flood control and water shortage. Roofwater was injected into aquifers after initial removal and pre-treatment to add groundwater supply, this methodology was tested in the roof of NO.1 teaching building on the west campus of University of Jinan, where the recharge system was designed and the device of initial rainwater removal was developed. The identification of rainfall intensity and hydraulic calculation of recharge system were carried out. In view of the characteristics of roofwater pollutants, the media, particular size, thickness and rate of filter material were determined by laboratory tests. It is an auto-recharge and gravity-driven system, which was proved to be feasible by the recharge test at the end of flood seasons in 2011.

Enzyme-assisted Extraction for Optimized Recovery of Phenolic Bioactives from Peganum hermala Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-354
Author(s):  
Qadir Rahman ◽  
Anwar Farooq ◽  
Amjad Gilani Mazhar ◽  
Nadeem Yaqoob Muhammad ◽  
Ahmad Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Enzyme Complexes ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Central Composite

This study investigates the effect of enzyme formulations (Zympex-014, Kemzyme dry-plus and Natuzyme) on recovery of phenolics from Peganum hermala (harmal) leaves, under optimized conditions using response surface methodology. As compared to the other enzyme complexes, the yield (34 g/100g) obtained through Zympex-014-assisted extraction was higher under optimized conditions such as time (75 min), temperature (70°C), pH (6.5) and enzyme concentration (5 g/100 g) using central composite design (CCD). Effectiveness of Zympex-014 towards hydrolysis of P. hermala leaves cell wall was examined by analyzing the control and enzyme-treated leave residues using scanning electron microscope (SEM). GC/MS characterization authenticated the presence of quercetin (1.44), gallic acid (0.23), caffeic acid (0.04), cinnamic acid (0.05), m-coumaric acid (0.23) and p-coumaric acid (0.37 μg/g) as the potent phenolics in Zympex-014 based extract. It can be concluded from the findings of the current work that pre-treatment of P. hermala leaves with Zympex-014 significantly enhanced the recovery of phenolics that supports its potential uses in the nutra-pharamaceutical industry.

Swine manure biogas production improvement using pre-treatment strategies: lab-scale studies and full-scale application

2021 ◽  
pp. 100716
Author(s):  
Deisi Cristina Tápparo ◽  
Daniela Cândido ◽  
Ricardo Luis Radis Steinmetz ◽  
Christian Etzkorn ◽  
André Cestonaro do Amaral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Production Improvement ◽  
Pre Treatment

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study on the Use of Xylit as Filter Material for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5281
Author(s):  
Marcin Spychała ◽  
Tadeusz Nawrot ◽  
Radosław Matz
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Filter Material ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Wastewater Quality

The aim of the study was to verify two morphological forms (“angel hair” and “scraps”) of xylit as a trickling filter material. The study was carried out on two types of polluted media: septic tank effluent (STE) and seminatural greywater (GW). The basic wastewater quality indicators, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium nitrogen (NNH4), and total phosphorus (Ptot) were used as the indicators of treatment efficiency. Filtering columns filled with the investigated material acted as conventional trickling filters at a hydraulic load of 376–472 cm3/d during the preliminary stage, 198–245 cm3/d during stage I, and 184–223 cm3/d during stage II. The removal efficiency of the two morphological forms of xylit did not differ significantly. The average efficiencies of treatment were as follows: for COD, over 70, 80, and 85% for preliminary stage, stage I and stage II, respectively; for BOD5, 77–79% (preliminary stage); for TSS, 42% and 70% during the preliminary stage, and 88, 91, and 65% during stage I; for NNH4, 97–99% for stage I and 36–49% for stage II; for Ptot, 51–54% for stage I and 52–56% for stage II. The study demonstrated that xylit was a material highly effective in wastewater quality indicators removal, even during the initial period of its use.

Effect of Combined Air-Drying-Osmotic Dehydration on Kinetics of Techno-functional Properties, Color and Total Phenol Contents of Lemon (Citrus limon. v. lunari) Peels

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ghanem Romdhane ◽  
N. Djendoubi ◽  
C. Bonazzi ◽  
N. Kechaou ◽  
N. Boudhrioua Mihoubi
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Osmotic Dehydration ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Combined osmotic dehydration (sucrose solution: 50–70 % w/w, 30–50 °C for 2 h followed by air drying at 40 and 60 °C) is an appropriate process for preservation of oil retention capacity, lightness and yellowness of lemon peels (Citrus limon. v. lunari). Incorporation of sugars to lemon cuboids pieces increased drying rate during the first falling rate phase of the air dehydration step and improved their color stability. Osmotic dehydration process allows protective effect against further total phenol loss during air drying: significant loss of total phenol content (70–80 %) was recorded during osmotic dehydration and then it remains constant during air drying at 40 and 60 °C. For the investigated temperature of osmotic pre-treatment (30–50 °C), water retention capacities were reduced by up to 70 % and were maintained constant during air drying.

Phosphorus removal by apatite in horizontal flow constructed wetlands for small communities: pilot and full-scale evidence

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1629-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Harouiya ◽  
S. Martin Rue ◽  
S. Prost-Boucle ◽  
A. Liénar ◽  
D. Esser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
Apatite Mineral ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
P Removal

Phosphorus (P) removals in constructed wetlands (CWs) have received particular attention in recent decades by using specific materials which promote adsorption/precipitation mechanisms. Recent studies have shown interest in using apatite materials to promote P precipitation onto the particle surface. As previous trials were mainly done by lab experiments, this present study aims to evaluate the real potential of apatites to remove P from wastewater in pilot units and a full-scale plant over a 2 year period. P retention kinetics of two qualities of apatites are presented and discussed. In this work apatite appears to have high retention capacity (>80% of P removal) and is still an interesting way for P removal in CWs for limiting the risk of eutrophication downstream of small communities. Nevertheless, the apatite quality appears to be of great importance for a reliable and long term P removal. The use of materials with low content of apatite mineral (40–50%) seems to be not economically relevant.

scholarly journals Stable-Isotope-Based Labeling of Styrene-Degrading Microorganisms in Biofilters

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 4796-4804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alexandrino ◽  
Claudia Knief ◽  
André Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Filter Material ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hexadecenoic Acid ◽  
Degrading Bacteria

ABSTRACT Deuterated styrene ([2H8]styrene) was used as a tracer in combination with phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis for characterization of styrene-degrading microbial populations of biofilters used for treatment of waste gases. Deuterated fatty acids were detected and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method was evaluated with pure cultures of styrene-degrading bacteria and defined mixed cultures of styrene degraders and non-styrene-degrading organisms. Incubation of styrene degraders for 3 days with [2H8]styrene led to fatty acids consisting of up to 90% deuterated molecules. Mixed-culture experiments showed that specific labeling of styrene-degrading strains and only weak labeling of fatty acids of non-styrene-degrading organisms occurred after incubation with [2H8]styrene for up to 7 days. Analysis of actively degrading filter material from an experimental biofilter and a full-scale biofilter by this method showed that there were differences in the patterns of labeled fatty acids. For the experimental biofilter the fatty acids with largest amounts of labeled molecules were palmitic acid (16:0), 9,10-methylenehexadecanoic acid (17:0 cyclo9-10), and vaccenic acid (18:1 cis11). These lipid markers indicated that styrene was degraded by organisms with aPseudomonas-like fatty acid profile. In contrast, the most intensively labeled fatty acids of the full-scale biofilter sample were palmitic acid and cis-11-hexadecenoic acid (16:1cis11), indicating that an unknown styrene-degrading taxon was present. Iso-, anteiso-, and 10-methyl-branched fatty acids showed no or weak labeling. Therefore, we found no indication that styrene was degraded by organisms with methyl-branched fatty fatty acids, such as Xanthomonas, Bacillus,Streptomyces, or Gordonia spp.

The effect of anaerobic pre-treatment on the inert soluble COD of fermentation industry effluents

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Yilmaz ◽  
I. Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Baker’S Yeast ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Baker's Yeast ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Process Wastewater ◽  
Volumetric Loading

The objective of this study is to determine the inert soluble COD of wastewaters from the fermentation industry. In this context, a series of experiments were performed for various effluents from baker's yeast industry including raw process wastewater, anaerobic pre-treatment plant effluents, domestic and washing waters mixture. The inert COD ratio (SISO) for the raw effluents from baker's yeast industry was determined as 0.1. This ratio was in the range of 0.20 to 0.30 for the anaerobically pre-treated effluents. TheSISO ratios for the wastewater simulating the effluent of the existing full-scale aerobic treatment plant have varied from 0.18 to 0.48. Such a large variation has been originated from the operating conditions of the existing full-scale anaerobic treatment plants. The higher volumetric loading rates and shorter sludge retention times correspond the lower SISO ratios for the full-scale anaerobic treatment systems in general.

Two examples of anaerobic pre-treatment of wastewater in the beverage industry

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Austermann-Haun ◽  
Karl-Heinz Rosenwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Cod Removal Efficiency ◽  
Beverage Industry ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Uasb Reactors

Two examples of full scale UASB-reactors in a fruit juice factory and a brewery are given. In both cases, the design was based on semi-technical tests. Although the wastewater concentrations are rather similar and move within a low range, the parts of the anaerobic treatment plants and their design are different. In both cases, the COD removal efficiency in the UASB-reactors is consistently above 80%. It becomes apparent that UASB-reactors are very suitable for industries with seasonal load variations. The co-fermentation of a kieselguhre-sludge-mixture was tested in lab-scale experiments. It became obvious that the pellet structure of the biomass gets lost. Furthermore, it is shown that the running expenses of anaerobic pre-treatment are very low, even when combined with an aerobic stage.

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