Evaluation of Treatment Schemes Appropriate for Wastewater Reuse in Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Experimental Information ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Tertiary Treatment

The scope of this paper is the evaluation of wastewater reuse quality criteria and treatment specifications, appropriate to Greek conditions. The parameters that affect wastewater reuse criteria were taken into consideration, concerning among others reuse priorities, available treatment plants and effluent characteristics. The proposed wastewater reclamation criteria were verified by a series of lab-scale experiments, designed to study the feasibility and effectiveness of the following treatment schemes to produce treated wastewater suitable for reuse: a) disinfection of secondary effluent with UV radiation and chlorination and b) tertiary treatment and disinfection of wastewater with UV radiation and chlorination. The experimental data were analyzed using a stochastic statistical model that employs Monte Carlo simulation. The main scope of the stochastic approach was the regeneration of a greater set of data, based on the defined by the experimental information mathematical distribution of each parameter involved and the determination of relative probability distributions. Following this approach the standards proposed are realistic and feasible and in the case of restricted reuse can be readily achieved by the existing wastewater treatment plants in Greece. Even in the case of unrestricted reuse the additional treatment required can be achieved at a moderate cost, through upgrading of the existing plants with tertiary treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence of common enteric viruses in municipal wastewater treatment plants and their health risks arising from wastewater reuse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Zihan Li ◽  
Zifan Che ◽  
Hu Xinran ◽  
Ming Ying ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Raw Wastewater

Abstract Enteric viruses are known to be prevalent in municipal wastewater, but information on the health risks arising from wastewater reuse is limited. This study quantified six common enteric viruses in raw wastewater and determined the effectiveness of different secondary and tertiary treatment processes at reducing their abundances in three full-scale wastewater treatment plants in China. In the raw wastewater, polyomavirus BK and norovirus GII (Nov GII) exhibited the highest abundance among the detected DNA and RNA viruses, respectively, with concentrations >5 log10 copies/L. Viruses in the raw wastewater were mainly removed by the secondary treatment processes, with log reduction values ranging from 1 to 2. The tertiary treatment processes of both chlorination and ultraviolet irradiation facilitated the additional reduction of viruses. The quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the health risks of adenovirus (Adv) and Nov GII when reusing the treated wastewater for irrigation of public green spaces and crops. Estimated disabled-adjusted life-years of Adv and Nov GII for both reuses were higher than the risk threshold (10−6) required by the WHO in the actual scenarios. More effective treatment technologies should be implemented to remove viruses for safe reuse of the treated wastewater.

A study about the use of chemicals in conventional tertiary treatment. Performances comparison of three municipal wastewater treatment plants and pilot plant experiences

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Iborra-Clar ◽  
J.A. Mendoza-Roca ◽  
A. Bes-Pií ◽  
J.J. Morenilla-Martínez ◽  
I. Bernácer-Bonora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Valencian Region ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Rainfall diminution in the last years has entailed water scarcity in plenty of European regions, especially in Mediterranean areas. As a consequence, regional water authorities have enhanced wastewater reclamation and reuse. Thus, the implementation of tertiary treatments has become of paramount importance in the municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of Valencian Region (Spain). Conventional tertiary treatments consist of a physico-chemical treatment of the secondary effluent followed by sand filtration and UV radiation. However, the addition of coagulants and flocculants sometimes does not contribute significantly in the final water quality. In this work, results of 20-months operation of three WWTP in Valencian Region with different tertiary treatments (two without chemicals addition and another with chemicals addition) are discussed. Besides, experiments with a 2 m3/h pilot plant located in the WWTP Quart-Benager in Valencia were performed in order to evaluate with the same secondary effluent the effect of the chemicals addition on the final water quality. Results showed that the addition of chemicals did not improve the final water quality significantly. These results were observed both comparing the three full scale plants and in the pilot plant operation.

Effect of wastewater chlorination on endocrine disruptor removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1551-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Noutsopoulos ◽  
D. Mamais ◽  
V. Samaras ◽  
T. Bouras ◽  
M. Marneri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Water Courses ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds of mainly anthropogenic origin that interfere with the endocrine system of animals and humans thus causing a series of disorders. Wastewater treatment plants are one of the major routes for transporting such chemicals to the water courses. In the context of this study, several chlorination batch tests were performed in order to assess the effectiveness of chlorination to remove bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS), nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylates (NP1EO and NP2EO) from secondary effluent. According to the results, an appreciable removal of NP, BPA and TCS to the order of 60–84% was observed as an effect of moderate chlorination doses. This was not the case for NP1EO and NP2EO as even at high chlorine doses, removal efficiencies were lower (37% for NP1EO and 52% for NP2EO). Removal efficiencies of NP, BPA and TCS are practically independent of contact time, although this was not the case for NP1EO and NP2EO. Based on toxicity experiments, it is anticipated that following chlorination of the target chemicals, production of more toxic metabolites is taking place. Therefore the effectiveness of chlorination to remove EDCs is questionable and more research is needed to guarantee safe wastewater reuse.

Minimizing health risks during secondary effluent application via subsurface drip irrigation

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2330-2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Oron ◽  
Lieonid Gillerman ◽  
Avraham Lael ◽  
Yossi Manor ◽  
Erez Braude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater

Health risks posed on consumers due to the use of agricultural products irrigated with reclaimed wastewater were assessed by numerical simulation. The analysis is based on defining of an Exposure Model (EM) which takes into account several parameters: (i) the quality of the applied wastewater, (ii) the irrigation method, (iii) the elapsed times between irrigation, harvest, and product consumption, and; (iv) the consumers' habits. The exposure model is used for numerical simulation of human consumers' risks by running the Monte Carlo simulation method. Although some deviations in the numerical simulation which are probably due to uncertainty (impreciseness in quality of input data) and variability due to diversity among populations reasonable results were accepted. Accordingly, there is a several orders of magnitude difference in the risk of infection between the different exposure scenarios with the same water quality. The variability indicates the need for setting risk-based criteria for wastewater reclamation, including the application method and environmental conditions, rather than single water quality guidelines. Extra data is required to decrease uncertainty in the risk assessment. Future research needs to include definite acceptable risk criteria, more accurate dose-response modeling, information regarding pathogen survival in treated wastewater, additional data related to the passage of pathogens into and in the plants during irrigation, and information referring to the consuming habits of the human community.

scholarly journals A case study of urban wastewater reclamation in Spain: comparison of water quality produced by using alternative processes and related costs

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Melgarejo ◽  
Daniel Prats ◽  
Andrés Molina ◽  
Arturo Trapote
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Alternative Processes

In Spain, and particularly in the Valencia Region, the scarcity of water resources means that water resource exploitation must be optimized. In this light, reusing the large amounts of treated wastewater is a top priority, especially in agriculture, urban use and the irrigation of golf courses. Rincón de León wastewater treatment plant–water reclamation plant (Alicante, Spain) supplies reclaimed flow to a number of users according to the guidelines stated in the Royal Decree 1620/2007. Reclamation treatment includes: coagulation + flocculation + filtration (sand bed), ultrafiltration, ultraviolet disinfection and desalination (reverse osmosis). By combining these processes, three tertiary treatment alternatives were configured, and for each of them the quality of effluents, treatment costs, energy consumption and the uses of treated water were analysed. The results show that the quality of the water treated using the three alternatives is suitable for different uses. Moreover, the costs resulting from the tertiary treatment processes, their energy consumption and the final price of the treated water paid by farmers have been obtained.

scholarly journals Water reuse potential for irrigation in Brazilian hydrographic regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maíra Lima ◽  
Bruna Magalhães de Araujo ◽  
Sérgio Rodrigues Ayrimoraes Soares ◽  
Ana Silvia Pereira Santos ◽  
José Manuel Pereira Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Effluent Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrographic Regions ◽  
Treatment Step

Abstract The present paper carried out an evaluation of the reuse potential of the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) effluents for irrigation in the 12 Brazilian Hydrographic Regions (BHRs). For this purpose, initially, the WWTPs were categorized and the effluent flow rate was estimated. Category 1 represents secondary effluent with an efficiency of organic matter removal greater than 80%; Category 2 represents effluent that underwent some disinfection step; and effluents that perform less than the other categories were called ‘Uncategorized’. After that, the irrigation water demands for each BHRs were compiled, and finally, the production of water for reutilization was compared with the demand for irrigation. Thus, it was observed that all the sewage flow rates generated in Brazil classified in Categories 1 and 2 represent 9% of the total irrigation water demand in the country (1,078.71 m3/s) and it stands out that only 7% of the flows treated in Brazil undergo a tertiary treatment step.

Deep-bed filtration of SBR effluent for agricultural reuse: pilot plant screening of advanced secondary and tertiary treatment for domestic wastewater

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Brenner ◽  
Semen Shandalov ◽  
Gideon Oron ◽  
Menahem Rebhun
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Granular Filtration ◽  
Single Medium

A wastewater reclamation program has been proposed as a means of supplying a major part of agricultural water demand in Israel. This program may solve the two fold problem of a national water shortage combined with continuous contamination of groundwater resources by inadequately treated wastewater. A pilot-scale investigation of an advanced treatment scheme incorporating a sequencing batch activated sludge system, followed by deep-bed granular filtration, has been started. It is aimed at the development of design and operation guidelines for such systems to be applied on a full scale. Preliminary results presented herein indicate that the sequencing batch reactor system is capable of producing high-quality, low-suspended-solids effluent to be further polished by granular filtration. A single medium quartz sand filter operated under a high variety of filtration velocities and inflow turbidities with no chemicals added, demonstrated good performance and supplied basic design information to be applied in further investigation.

Reclaimed wastewater to irrigate olive groves and vineyards: effects on soil properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Mañas Ramírez ◽  
Jorge De las Heras Ibañez ◽  
Esther Peña Molina
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Primary Water

<p>Having drinking water is one of the sustainable development goals (SDG no. 6) that is not always easy to ensure, especially in countries like Spain or arid regions marked by water deficit. The reuse of treated water should be considered when planning water resources, but it is necessary to conduct experiments to verify that this effectiveness is applicable to real situations. Our field trial was carried out in several study areas distributed in agricultural parcels of SE Spain. Three olive grove and vineyard plantations were monitored for 3 years. Two irrigation water types were considered: freshwater from conventional wells (controls) and treated wastewater (TW). The treated wastewater came from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that employ a biological secondary treatment without disinfection and different numbers of Inhabitants Equivalent (IE) as a measure of pollutant load. They were located in Valdeganga (3,000 IE), Fuenteálamo (5,600 IE) and Ontur (1,500 IE). All the study plots were watered by drip irrigation using 16 mm-diameter polyethylene pipelines.</p><p>Several soil and water parameters were analysed to determine the main differences among them. Increasing of soil salinity is a real risk after irrigating with wastewater as is reflected in higher electrical conductivity values. However, this fact was compensated by the greater contribution of organic matter and nutrients, which allowed crops to adequately develop. Moreover, no microbiological, metal content, toxicity or organic compounds in the studied water samples were detected and reclaimed municipal wastewater was comparable in quality to the conventional sources at all the demonstration sites. Hence adopting this water type for irrigation for grapes and olives could help save primary water resources. The future of water resources management policies involves sustainable wastewater reuse within a circular economy frame because this is the only way to guarantee everyone solidarity access to water.</p><p>Fundings provided by the ERA-NET WaterWorks2014 Cofunded Call. This ERA-NET is an integral part of the 2015 Joint Activities developed by the Water Challenges for a Changing World Joint Programme Initiative (Water JPI).</p>

Tertiary treatment of secondary effluent using ultrafiltration for wastewater reuse: correlating membrane fouling with rejection of effluent organic matter and hydrophobic pharmaceuticals

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangshu Qu ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Junguo He ◽  
Gongduan Fan ◽  
Zhihui Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Effluent Organic Matter ◽  
Retention Efficiency

Permeability loss and the low retention efficiency of soluble organics significantly restrict the application of ultrafiltration (UF) for water reclamation.

Wastewater reclamation using discarded reverse osmosis membranes for reuse in irrigation in Djibouti, an arid country

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1362-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Osman Awaleh ◽  
Moussa Mahdi Ahmed ◽  
Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh ◽  
Farhan Bouraleh Hoch ◽  
Samatar Mohamed Bouh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The purpose of this paper is to establish the feasibility of recovering discarded reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in order to reduce the salinity of domestic treated wastewater. This study shows that the reuse of RO membranes is of particular interest for arid countries having naturally high mineralized water such as Djibouti. The pilot desalination unit reduces the electrical conductivity, the turbidity and the total dissolved salt respectively at 75–85, 96.7 and 95.4%. The water produced with this desalination unit contains an average of 254 cfu/100 mL total coliforms and 87 cfu/100 mL fecal coliforms. This effluent meets the World Health Organization standards for treated wastewater reuse for agricultural purposes. The annual cost of the desalination unit was evaluated as US $/m3 0.82, indicating the relatively high cost of this process. Nevertheless, such processes are required to produce an effluent, with a high reuse potential.

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