The investigation of the advanced treatment of municipal wastewater by modular flotation-filtration systems and reuse for irrigation

The objective of this study was to provide clarified municipal wastewater effluent at the turbidity level of less than 2.0 NTU and reuse for landscape irrigation (golf course). For that purpose, during pilot -study first was used a combined flotation-filtration module-clarifier alone (Alternative I). A particularly designed configuration of the primary flotation unit and combined flotation-filtration clarifier, as a modular clarification system was used in the next step of the investigation (Alternative II). In addition, start up of the full scale plant was performed as well. In the first phase of this study, the impact of the type and concentration of coagulant and flocculant was tested. As a result, mechanisms of flocculation were proposed. Only under the moderate hydraulic loads (75.7-151.4 LPM) during pilot tests by Alternative I, was it possible to reach satisfactory turbidity reduction. By the Alternative II, the clarification performance was improved under the higher hydraulic load (302.8 LPM). The kinetics of the investigated flotation systems were assesed by empirical flotation models. Based on the pilot-study, Alternative II is recommended in order to reduce the high solids loadings under a higher hydraulic load, and it provided irrigation water at a required rate of 3785 m3/d during start up and optimization of the full scale plant.

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Kinetic start-up performance of two large treatment plants for nutrient removal

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2001.0678 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 43 (11) ◽

pp. 153-160

Author(s):

A. Haarbo ◽

P. Harremoës ◽

C. Thirsing

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Removal ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Action Plan ◽

Great Accuracy ◽

Full Scale ◽

Point Of View ◽

Start Up ◽

Main Emphasis ◽

Optimum Solution ◽

Kinetics Of

In 1987 an action plan was passed in the Danish Parliament demanding a considerable reduction of the discharge of nutrients to the aquatic environment in Denmark. Consequently, the two largest wastewater treatment plants in the Copenhagen area had to be upgraded to include nutrient removal. For more than 8 years an extensive effort has been made to determine an optimum solution for this upgrading from a technical and financial point of view. The work included six years of comprehensive pilot plant investigations with the aim of thoroughly studying and interpreting the kinetics of the processes involved. The investigations revealed valuable information particularly concerning limitations of the nitrification process. Consequently, the investigations contributed to an expectation of no unforeseen problems during the implementation of the upgraded plants. This paper presents the results of the start-up of the two full-scale plants with the main emphasis laid on the kinetic performance in relation to the information achieved from the pilot tests. The results showed that the start-up of the full scale plants proceeded with great accuracy as expected from the investigations. Accordingly, the implementation of the plants was carried out successfully, ending an era of more than 10 years in total.

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Implementing Neuromarketing in the Enterprise: Factors That Impact the Adoption of Neuromarketing in Major Spanish Corporations

Frontiers in Communication ◽

10.3389/fcomm.2020.576789 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Author(s):

Verónica Crespo-Pereira ◽

Beatriz Legerén-Lago ◽

Jaime Arregui-McGullion

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Large Scale ◽

Full Scale ◽

External Factors ◽

General Level ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Distribution Method ◽

Main Factors ◽

Internal And External Factors ◽

The Impact

Technological advances in the field of neuroscience have generally been well-received in the entertainment and advertising industries, where there are great commercial benefits linked to knowing the most intimate aspects of how audiences and consumers respond to different messages. Despite this interest in the results of neuroscience research, large enterprises seem to resist implementing them in their marketing activities, thus limiting the development of the discipline. This research reflects on the main factors that impact the adoption of neuromarketing within large-scale enterprises, both from a bibliographical and an empirical perspective. This review included ethical, economic, professional, technological, and cultural aspects. A review of secondary sources was undertaken to understand the current state of neuromarketing and its place within large-scale enterprises. This review suggested that a series of internal and external factors may be limiting its adoption, including organizational culture, lack of knowledge and training, uncertainty about its results and/or concerns about the cost of this methodology. To validate the results of the bibliographical research, a structured, self-administered online questionnaire was designed to be distributed amongst a senior decision makers within large companies in Spain. The aims of this survey were to diagnose the level to which major corporations in Spain are aware of and employ neuromarketing; and to identify the internal and external factors that may be limiting or driving its rate of adoption. Before running a full-scale study, a pilot test was undertaken to, among others, validate the sampling methods and survey distribution strategy and to measure the impact of some major challenges that had been identified during survey design. The pilot study did succeed in reaching highly qualified respondents, but its low response rate highlighted a major issue in the research design: the sampling method cannot scale efficiently. A full review of the sampling strategy and survey distribution method is needed before a full-scale study can be launched. The data gathered in the pilot study can't be considered representative or statistically valid; they are, at best, preliminary findings that will need to be validated by further research. The responses do suggest that neuromarketing techniques are not used in the majority of large Spanish companies and that the general level of knowledge on the subject is not very high. The results also suggest that neuromarketing has a good reputation amongst industry practitioners and that, if current trends are confirmed, its adoption will increase significantly in the future. The main factors that would drive the adoption of neuromarketing are the culture of innovation of the companies themselves and the direct alignment of neuromarketing techniques to the market research needs on the company. Further research in this area should take into account the learnings provided by this pilot.

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Nitrogen removal from sludge water with SBR process: start-up of a full-scale plant in the municipal wastewater treatment plant at Ingolstadt, Germany

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0607 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 51-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M.J. Vallés-Morales ◽

J.A. Mendoza-Roca ◽

A. Bes-Pií ◽

A. Iborra-Clar

Keyword(s):

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Waste Water Treatment ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Full Scale ◽

Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽

Ammonium Concentration ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Start Up

The sludge water obtained from the dewatering processes following anaerobic sludge digestion contains high levels of ammonia. This sludge water is generally returned to the beginning of the waste water treatment plant process, thereby significantly increasing the nitrogen load on the biological process. In this project, the start-up of a full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process to separately treat the aforementioned sludge water is studied. Two parallel SBRs were operated over 8 hour cycles. The duration of the start-up was approximately 100 days until a hydraulic load of 225 m3/d was reached for each SBR. This paper presents the results of the start-up, highlighting the change in nitrogen concentration with time and the effect of other parameters such as temperature and suspended solids in that period. Following the project period of operation, the ammonium concentration was reduced by more than 95% on average.

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Pilot and Full-Scale Experience in Anaerobic Treatment of Brewer's Yeast Processing Wastewater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1991.0568 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 23 (7-9) ◽

pp. 1167-1177 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Yoda ◽

S. Imabayashi ◽

N. Suzuki

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Anaerobic Treatment ◽

Full Scale ◽

Processing Plant ◽

Brewer’S Yeast ◽

Brewer's Yeast ◽

Start Up ◽

Cobalt And Nickel

The anaerobic expanded micro-carrier bed (MCB) process, which utilizes fine particles as expanded bed media to enhance granular sludge formation, was applied to the wastewater from a brewer's yeast processing plant. Based on the results3 of the pilot study, in which 97 to 99 % COD removals were maintained at 13 to 24 kgCOD/m3/day, a full-scale MCB plant with a total reactor volume of 985 m was constructed at Asahi's Koganei plant. Though not found in the pilot study, cobalt and nickel were found to be deficient in the wastewater and had to be supplemented during the start-up. However, a sufficient amount of granular sludge was cultivated BO that the reactor could accept the design loading, within three months of operation and achieve the average COD removal of 93.5% at 9.8 kgCOD/m3/day. Thus, it was clearly demonstrated in the full-scale installation that the MCB process could provide a reliable and predictable way to cultivate granular sludge necessary for efficient anaerobic treatment.

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Bioaugmentation as a tool to accelerate the start-up of anoxic-oxic process in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant at low temperature

International Journal of Environment and Pollution ◽

10.1504/ijep.2009.025125 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 37 (2/3) ◽

pp. 205 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lijun Zhao ◽

Jingbo Guo ◽

Jixian Yang ◽

Li Wang ◽

Fang Ma

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Full Scale ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Start Up

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Start-up and maturation phases of a full-scale, high-rate anaerobic pond bioreactor® plus improved facultative ponds to treat municipal wastewater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2015.041 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 503-510 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. R. Peña ◽

A. Aponte ◽

A. F. Toro

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll A ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Full Scale ◽

High Rate ◽

Methanogenic Activity ◽

Start Up ◽

Tropical Conditions ◽

Adaptation State

Results of the start-up and maturation phases of a full-scale, high-rate anaerobic pond bioreactor (HRAPB)® plus improved facultative ponds (IFPs) to treat municipal wastewater are presented (CODt: 759 mg L−1, CODf: 219 mg L−1, S-SO42–: 102 mg L−1, and Cr+: 1,500 μgL−1). The start-up of the HRAPB® comprised, first, the application of a selective pressure increasing up-flow velocity rates. Second, batch stages between successive rates were allowed until 70% of the initial CODf was removed. The IFPs were left in batch and ended when in-pond Chlorophyll-a concentration reached 800 μgL−1. Subsequently, the system underwent gradual maturation and reached effluent concentrations of CODt: 223 mg L−1, CODf: 50 mg L−1, and Cr+: 60 μgL−1. The actual efficiency of the system compared with the expected design efficiency was lower given the characteristics of the influent wastewater biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand ratios < 0.4, presence of Cr+ >1,000 μgL−1, and variations in both conductivity (500–4,500 μScm−1) and pH (6.5–10.5 units). Nonetheless, the system exhibited an adaptation state in less than 1.5 months and yielded an ST/SV ratio of 0.46, and specific methanogenic activity of 0.43 g-CH4-CODg−1SV−1d−1 for HRAPB®; the in-pond Chlorophyll-a was on average 1,200 μgL−1 in the IFPs, which demonstrated the robustness of these eco-technologies in tropical conditions.

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Reducing the total discharge from a large WWTP by separate treatment of primary effluent overflow

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0444 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (7) ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N. Hanner ◽

A. Mattsson ◽

C. Gruvberger ◽

U. Nyberg ◽

H. Aspegren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

High Rate ◽

Storm Events ◽

Surface Loading ◽

Sewer Systems ◽

Start Up ◽

Hydraulic Load ◽

The Impact ◽

Total Discharge

At many large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) the increased hydraulic load, caused by combined sewer systems during storm events, results in primary effluent overflow when the capacity of further treatment is exceeded. Due to stringent effluent standards, regulating the total discharge from the WWTPs, the Rya WWTP in Göteborg and the Sjölunda WWTP in Malmö will have to reduce the impact of primary effluent overflow. Separate, high rate, precipitation processes operated only during high flow conditions have been investigated in pilot units at the two WWTPs. Precipitation in existing primary settlers operated at a surface loading of 3.75 m/h removed phosphorus to 0.35 mg/l. The Actiflo process was also shown to remove suspended solids and phosphorus well. BOD was reduced by 50-60%. With such processes the overall effluent concentrations from the plants can be reduced significantly. Key upgrading features are small footprints, short start up time and high efficiency.

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Does Hospital Disaster Preparedness Predict Response Performance During a Full-scale Exercise? A Pilot Study

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x1400082x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 441-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ahmadreza Djalali ◽

Luca Carenzo ◽

Luca Ragazzoni ◽

Massimo Azzaretto ◽

Roberta Petrino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Disaster Preparedness ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Control Function ◽

Hospital Staff ◽

Full Scale ◽

Publication Type ◽

Response Performance ◽

Hospital Disaster Preparedness ◽

The Impact

AbstractIntroductionThe assessment of hospital disaster preparedness and response performance is a way to find and remove possible gaps and weaknesses in hospital disaster management effectiveness. The aim of this pilot study was to test the association between the level of preparedness and the level of response performance during a full-scale hospital exercise.MethodThis pilot study was conducted in a hospital during a full-scale exercise in the Piedmont region of Italy. The preparedness evaluation was conducted by a group of three experts, three days before the exercise, and the response evaluation was conducted during the exercise. The functional capacity module was used for preparedness evaluation, and the response performance of the “command and control” function of the hospital was evaluated by nine semiquantitative performance indicators.ResultsThe preparedness of the chosen hospital was 59%, while the response performance was evaluated as 70%. The hospital staff conducted Simple Triage and Rapid Transport (START) triage while they received 61 casualties, which was 90% correct for the yellow group and 100% correct for the green group.ConclusionThis pilot study showed that it is possible to use standardized evaluations tools, to simultaneously assess the relationship between preparedness elements and response performance measures. An experimental study including a group of hospitals, also using more comprehensive evaluation tools, should be done to evaluate the correlation between the level of preparedness and the response performance of a hospital, and the impact of hospital disaster planning, on the outcome of disasters victims.DjalaliA,CarenzoL,RagazzoniL,AzzarettoM,PetrinoR,Della CorteF,IngrassiaPL.Does hospital disaster preparedness predict response performance during a full-scale exercise? A pilot study.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(4):1-7.

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