Treatment of domestic wastewater mixed with crushed garbage and garbage washing water by advanced gappei-shori johkaso

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Sankai ◽  
Guoji Ding ◽  
Noritoshi Emori ◽  
Satoshi Kitamura ◽  
Kensho Katada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Anaerobic Filter ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Washing Water

By using an advanced anaerobic filter-contact aeration Gappei-shori Johkaso (AFAJ), a small-scale wastewater unit used in Japan, experiments of the treatment of the wastewater mixed with domestic wastewater and disposer wastewater which came from washing water of crushed garbage by disposer were made. After the introduction of disposer wastewater into domestic wastewater, BOD, TN and SS loads increased to 1.7 times, 1.1 times and 1.7 times, respectively. Results showed that in the 5-person-use type AFAJ, no remarkable decrease appeared to the BOD and SS removal efficiencies after introduction of disposer wastewater into domestic wastewater, however, TN removal efficiency decreased significantly. As a result, effluent BOD and TN concentrations were much higher than 20 mg·l−1. On the other hand, the 7-person-use type AFAJ, whose volume was 35 % bigger than that of the 5-person-use type AFAJ, could treat the above wastewater to be less than 20, 10 and 20 mg·l−1, respectively. In addition, it was shown that not many changes took place in the kinds and occurrence frequencies of protozoa and metazoa after the addition of the disposer wastewater, which suggested that the addition of disposer wastewater had increased the BOD and SS loads while it did not lead to much change in the component of the domestic wastewater.

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

Two-stage entrapped mixed microbial cell process for simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen for rural domestic sewage application

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Kim ◽  
P.Y. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Microbial Cell ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Entrapped Mixed Microbial Cell

A two-stage entrapped mixed microbial cell (2SEMMC) process which separates nitrification and denitrification phases by the installation of the anoxic and oxic EMMC reactors packed with EMMC carriers was operated with 6, 4, 3, and 2 hours of hydraulic retention time (HRT) using simulated domestic wastewater. The activated sludge was immobilized using cellulose acetate for the EMMC carriers. Similar soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal efficiencies of 90-97% were observed for all HRTs (SCOD loading rate of 0.84-2.30 g/L/d) applied. In order to achieve more than 80 % of TN removal efficiency, the HRT should be maintained higher than 4 hours (less than 0.24 g/L/d of TN loading rate). Denitrification was a rate-limiting step which controlled overall TN removal efficiency at TN loading rate of 0.15-0.31 g/L/d although nitrification efficiencies achieved 97-99 %. The effluent TSS of less than 25 mg/L in the 2SEMMC process was maintained at the SCOD loading rate of less than 1.23 g/L/d with back-washing intervals of 5 and 10 days in the anoxic and oxic EMMC reactors, respectively. The minimum HRT of 4 hours is required for high removal efficiencies of organics (average 95.6 %) and nitrogen (average 80.5 %) in the 2SEMMC process with 3 times of recirculation ratio.

scholarly journals Performance comparison of uninsulated and insulated hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) operating at warm temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 1879-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Khalekuzzaman ◽  
Muhammed Alamgir ◽  
Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Md Nahid Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Abstract In this research, a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) configuration was proposed consisting of a front sedimentation chamber and four regular baffled chambers followed by two floated filter media chambers for the treatment of domestic wastewater. Performance comparison of uninsulated and insulated HABRs was carried out operating at warm temperature (18.6–37.6 °C) under variable HRTs (30 h and 20 h). The study suggests that almost similar chemical oxygen demand (91% vs 88%), total suspended solids (90% vs 95%), turbidity (98% vs 97%), and volatile suspended solids (90% vs 93%) removal efficiencies were obtained for uninsulated and insulated HABRs. Higher removal of total nitrogen (TN) of 41%, NH4+-N of 44%, and NO3−-N of 91% were achieved by the insulated HABR compared to TN of 37%, NH4+-N of 36%, and NO3−-N of 84% by the uninsulated HABR, whereas lower PO43− removal efficiency of 17% was found in the insulated HABR compared to 24% in the uninsulated HABR. This indicated insulation increased nitrogen removal efficiencies by 4% for TN, 8% for NH4+-N and 7% for NO3−-N, but decreased PO43−removal efficiency by 7%.

scholarly journals A NOVEL PROCESS FOR NUTRIENTS REMOVAL AND PHOSPHORUS RECOVERY FROM DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY COMBINING BNR WITH INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiming ZOU ◽  
Xiwu LU ◽  
Ting LI
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Nutrients Removal ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Mineral Phosphorus ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Induced Crystallization

An excessive discharge of phosphorus from wastewater to water bodies may potentially contribute to eutrophication. On the other hand, mineral phosphorus resources will be depleted in the near future, because of difficulty to automatically recycle from water to land, unlike nitrogen. A new process for nutrients removal coupled with phosphorus recovery was proposed in this study by combining biological nutrients removal (BNR) with induced crystallization (IC), BNR-IC for short later, differently from conventional phosphorus recovery process. Our results showed that the BNR-IC system can maintain not only high and stable carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies, all presenting above 90%, but also good phosphorus recovery performance from synthetic domestic wastewater, displaying about 70.2% of phosphorus recovery rate. When the COD, TN, NH4–N and P concentrations of 250 mg L−1, 42 mg L−1, 40 mg L−1, and 10 mg L−1, respectively were given in the influent, a stable removal efficiencies of 92.5% COD, 78.6% TN, 85.9% NH4–N and 95.2% P were obtained for the BNR-IC process and correspondingly the COD, TN, NH4–N and P concentrations of 18.75 mg L−1, 8.99 mg L−1, 5.64 mg L−1, 0.42 mg L−1 were monitored in the effluent, meeting the Chinese National Class I (grade A) Sewage Discharge Standard. Analyses of SEM and EDS, moreover, also demonstrated that the surface of seed crystal (calcite used here) was completely covered by hydroxyl calcium phosphate (HAP) produced during the induced crystallization process to recover phosphorus. Although our study involved only a small-scale trial, the proposed BNR-IC process here may be a promising technology, and can potentially aid in improvement of the effluent quality from WWTP and in recycle of mineral phosphorus resources when applied to practice.

scholarly journals Doppler-Shifted Inertial Oscillations on a β Plane

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1480-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Zhai ◽  
Richard J. Greatbatch ◽  
Jinyu Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Nonlinear Interactions ◽  
Inertial Waves ◽  
Background Flow ◽  
Inertial Oscillations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Spherical Earth

Abstract On the spherical earth, and in the absence of a background flow, the poleward propagation of near-inertial oscillations is restricted by the turning latitude. A background flow, on the other hand, provides a way to increase the apparent frequency of near-inertial waves through Doppler shifting. In this note, it is shown that near-inertial oscillations can be advected to latitudes higher than their turning latitude. Associated with the poleward advection there is a squeezing of the meridional wavelength. A numerical model is used to verify this result. The squeezed inertial oscillations are vulnerable to nonlinear interactions, which could eventually lead to small-scale dissipation and mixing.

Jan van Gool als kunstcriticus

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-283
Author(s):  
Lyckle De Vries
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Art Theory ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Dutch Art ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expression Of Emotions

AbstractIn 1750 and 1751 Jan van Gool published two volumes of artists' biographies entitled De Nieuwe Schouburg (Note 2). This sequel to Houbraken's Groote Schouburgh (.Note I) is an important source for Dutch art history of the period around 1700. The author's opinions are not strictly governed by the rules of art theory, nor is he a convinced Classicist. His main aim is to give complete and reliable information on the lives and works of artists. In so doing he cannot refrain from giving personal opinions. These characterize him as a competent art critic, who seems to have had an eye for style and quality. He despises work by contemporaries who still adhere to the Leiden tradition of fijnschilderen (small-scale, highly-finished painting). In his view the composition of a painting is of prime importance in assessing its quality, for it is mostly there that an artist's inventiveness, or lack of it, is revealed. Another aspect of great importance is the expression of emotions in painted figures through their glances, gestures and attitudes. Van Gool praises not only history painters who prove to have abilities in this field, but also painters of genre scenes and portraits. He pays far more attention to a painter's brushwork than his style of drawing, his predilection being for masters with a 'courageous' brush. Relatively little attention is given to colour and light and to the plasticity of painted figures. Van Gool's ideals seem to be summed up in the word natural. The essential qualities of the subjects painted must be made visible in the work of art. A painstaking realism in the Leiden tradition would endanger this ideal as much as a severe Classicism. The observation of reality should not be carried so far that details become more important than totalities, but on the other hand the overall form should not be idealized to such an extent that reality is forgotten.

scholarly journals Removal Efficiency and Adsorption aspects of Sand & Bagasse for Residual Surfactant from Laundry Wastewater (LW)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 7804-7808
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Floral Diversity

Techno-economic, sustainable and eco-friendly approaches for removal of the residual surfactants from laundry wastewater (LW) had always been a prime necessity of environment especially for floral diversity. In the present study, river sand and bagasse were used as adsorbents for removal of residual surfactant from LW via adsorption. Anionic content of surfactant of LW (treated and untreated) was determined by hyamine solution. The effect of adsorbent size, mass of adsorbent and duration of adsorption on removal efficiency was studied. Results revealed that 90 micrometer (µm) particle size, 9 grams (g) adsorbent mass and 6 minutes duration for adsorption by sand as an adsorbent reflected 97.6% removal efficiency for surfactants from LW. On the other hand, 150 µm particle size showed 99.2% removal efficiency at 0.1 g adsorbent mass for 2 minutes duration of adsorption using bagasse as an adsorbent. The cementing aspects of treated LW were also investigated and it was found that treated LW by both adsorbents was superior in all the studied properties of cementing parameters. On comparison, bagasse was much better adsorbent with respect to quantity (mass of adsorbent) as well as duration of adsorption to remove residual surfactant from LW.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK BADAI TROPIS DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP ANOMALI HUJAN DI INDONESIA(TROPICAL CYCLONE CHARACTERISTIC AND ITS IMPACT ON RAINFALL ANOMALY IN INDONESIA)

Agromet ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dyahwathi ◽  
S. Effendy ◽  
E.S. Adiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Anomaly ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Other Hand

<p>Tropical cyclone never reached Indonesia area but its impact able to cause disaster to this country. Some research indicated effect of tropical cyclone due to high intensity the rain in short duration in some location but drought in another. Tropical cyclone often followed by small scale tornado callled ’puting beliung’ that cause local or regional damage. This research purpose to analyze physical characteristics of tropical cyclone at period January-March 2004 in south Hindia Sea. The Fay is a strong tropical cyclone has increase rainfall until 32 ms-1 and rainfaal on 47% Java station rainfall. On the other hand, The Ken is a weak tropical cyclone only cause higher wind speed and rainfall are 8 ms-1 and 18% Java station rainfall, respectively.</p><p>------------------------------------------------------------------------</p><p>Meskipun siklon tropis tidak pernah terjadi di Indonesia namun dampaknya sering berpengaruh terhadap Indonesia. Hasil berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siklon tropis menyebabkan hujan intensitas yang tinggi dalam waktu singkat pada suatu wilayah, dan juga menyebabkan kekeringan di daerah lain. Siklon tropis sering diikuti terjadinya puting beliung dengan daya rusak bersifat lokal hingga regional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik fisik siklon tropis di Samudera Hindia bagian selatan pada periode puncak terjadinya siklon yakni, Januari-Maret 2004. Analisis dilakukan terhadap dua siklon yang terjadi pada periode pengamatan yaitu siklon Fay (siklon kuat) dan siklon Ken (siklon lemah). Dampak siklon Fay terhadap peningkatan kecepatan angin menjadi 32 ms-1 dan peningkatan hujan yang signifikan padak 47% stasiun hujan di Jawa. Sedangkan siklon Ken hanya menyebabkan kecepatan angin meningkat sebesar 8 ms-1 dan peningkatan hujan pada 8% stasiun hujan di pulau Jawa.</p>

Removal of Trace Heavy Metals from Sewage Using the Lime-Magnesium Process

1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
W.K. Oldham ◽  
B.H. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Trace Heavy Metals ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Abstract The research described in this paper is directed toward optimizing conventional lime precipitation of heavy metals by the addition of small quantities of magnesium. Specifically, jar tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding various concentrations of Mg2+ to both raw sewage and primary effluent to improve the precipitation of metal ions at various reaction pH values. The desired pH levels (10.0, 10.6 and 11.4) were obtained by the addition of lime. General results of the study, using Cr3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ in concentrations of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/l, indicated the following: 1. as expected, the higher the reaction pH, the greater the removal efficiency; 2. for a given reaction pH, the presence of some added Mg++ increased the removal efficiency for all metals tested except Ni2+; 3. on the average, a lime dosage of 220 mg/l (reaction pH=10.6) coupled with an Mg2+ concentration of 30 mg/l, give equivalent removals to high lime treatment at 400 mg/l (reaction pH=11.4); 4. the removal efficiencies varied between 10% and 35% for Ni2+, while the other metals gave results of 35% to 95%, depending upon treatment conditions. It can be concluded that the addition of Mg2+ does indeed enhance the removal of many heavy metals although more work is needed to optimize the combinations for a given type of sewage and to subsequently investigate relative economics.

Freeway Speed Zones: Safety and Compliance Issues

1996 ◽  
Vol 1560 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Thornton ◽  
Richard W. Lyles
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
Good Measure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Speed Limits ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The effectiveness and appropriateness of establishing speed limits on freeways and the spatial extent of the zones were studied. Of particular interest were 55-mph (88-km/hr) speed zones that exist in the transition between urban and rural areas (determined according to urban area boundaries). Three types of freeway segments (urban-55, fringe-55, and rural-65) were analyzed, and although the study was of comparatively small scale, the results generally showed that higher speeds do not lead to more numerous or serious accidents. Moreover, compliance with speed limits is not necessarily a good measure of safety. On the other hand, motorists are self-policing to a certain degree in that they drive at reasonable speeds given the design of the different types of freeways. It is suggested that artificially lowered speed limits without a clear need being established from engineering and safety perspectives will not yield impressive safety benefits.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document