The role of physical-chemical treatment in wastewater reclamation and reuse

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avner Adin ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Chemical Coagulation ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

Amid the heightened public health concerns for emerging microorganisms such as cryptosporidium and enteropathogenic E. coli in the water environment, there have been many instances where optimization of chemical coagulation-flocculation processes and filtration of wastewater was not achieved in practice, resulting in waste of coagulant chemicals and breach of the multiple barriers to pathogen removal and inactivation; thus, unnecessarily endangering public health. In addition, lack of information on the optimization of these processes has hampered the establishment of alternative and more cost-effective wastewater reclamation methods for tertiary and advanced wastewater treatment. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the basic factors affecting the optimization of chemical coagulation-flocculation and filtration processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse, based on the theoretical developments and practical applications. Reference is also made to the wastewater treatment processes and operations that can produce reclaimed water with an extremely small probability of enteric virus contamination.

Evaluation of the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria Using Enteric Virus Monitoring Data

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1513-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Asano ◽  
L. Y. C. Leong ◽  
M. G. Rigby ◽  
R. H. Sakaji
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Ground Water Recharge ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Crop Irrigation

The State of California's WastewaterReclamationCriteria is under review and will be revised and expanded to include several new regulations on the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater. To provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of the existing and proposed Criteria, enteric virus monitoring data from secondary and tertiary effluents were evaluated. These virus data were obtained from special studies and monitoring reports, covering the period from 1975 to 1989, including ten municipal wastewater treatment facilities in California. Based on the enteric virus data from these reports, and using the current Criteria as a guide, four exposure scenarios were developed to determine the risk of waterborne enteric virus infection to humans as a consequence of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The exposure assessments included food crop irrigation, landscape irrigation for golf courses, recreational impoundments, and ground water recharge. The virus enumeration and the resulting risk assessments described in this paper provide a comparative basis for addressing the treatment and fate of enteric viruses in wastewater reclamation and reuse. The analyses show that annual risk of infection from exposure to chlorinated tertiary effluent containing 1 viral unit/100 L in recreational activities such as swimming or golfing is in the range of 10−2 to 10−7, while exposures resulting from food-crop irrigation or groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater is in the range of 10−6 to 10−11. The risk analyses are also used to demonstrate that the probability of infection can be further mitigated by controlling exposure to reclaimed wastewater in the use area.

Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Chiou ◽  
T.C. Chang ◽  
C.F. Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.

Risk analysis of wastewater reclamation and reuse

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Ganoulis ◽  
Anastasia Papalopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
States Of Nature

Wastewater reclamation and reuse involve alternative technologies for sewage treatment (biological oxidation, nitrification-denitrification, use of lagoons and aquifer recharge), different states of nature (climatic conditions, type of soils, irrigated crops, irrigation systems, socio-economic environments) and various preferences or criteria (economic, environmental, aesthetics, etc.). Although tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater should be applied before any recycling of wastewater a risk still exists from enteric virus and toxic contaminations. To determine risks from wastewater reclamation and reuse, the engineering risk analysis is a very useful framework (Ganoulis, 1994). The various steps to be undertaken for a comprehensive application of risk analysis techniques to wastewater reclamation and reuse are summarized in this paper. These are (a) identification of hazards, (b) risk quantification, (c) consequences of risk and (d) risk management. The main objective of the analysis is to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) for managing the risks related to a particular application of wastewater reclamation and reuse.

A study about the use of chemicals in conventional tertiary treatment. Performances comparison of three municipal wastewater treatment plants and pilot plant experiences

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Iborra-Clar ◽  
J.A. Mendoza-Roca ◽  
A. Bes-Pií ◽  
J.J. Morenilla-Martínez ◽  
I. Bernácer-Bonora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Valencian Region ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Rainfall diminution in the last years has entailed water scarcity in plenty of European regions, especially in Mediterranean areas. As a consequence, regional water authorities have enhanced wastewater reclamation and reuse. Thus, the implementation of tertiary treatments has become of paramount importance in the municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of Valencian Region (Spain). Conventional tertiary treatments consist of a physico-chemical treatment of the secondary effluent followed by sand filtration and UV radiation. However, the addition of coagulants and flocculants sometimes does not contribute significantly in the final water quality. In this work, results of 20-months operation of three WWTP in Valencian Region with different tertiary treatments (two without chemicals addition and another with chemicals addition) are discussed. Besides, experiments with a 2 m3/h pilot plant located in the WWTP Quart-Benager in Valencia were performed in order to evaluate with the same secondary effluent the effect of the chemicals addition on the final water quality. Results showed that the addition of chemicals did not improve the final water quality significantly. These results were observed both comparing the three full scale plants and in the pilot plant operation.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Phosphorous Removal in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in China: A Review

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Qiu ◽  
Han-chang Shi ◽  
Miao He
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Operational Optimization ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Surface water environment in China was degraded rapidly in the last two decades, resulting in increasingly tighten criteria issued for municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper reviewed the recent advances of process design and operational optimization for nutrients removal. Three major processes, as anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) process, oxidation ditch (OD), and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) occupied 65% of WWTPs amounts and 54% of treatment volumes of China in 2006. However conservative process designs and operational faults often impaired the process performances and energy efficiency. Therefore, typical processes were modified, combined, and innovated to meet the requirements of the diverse influent characteristics and lower energy consumptions. Furthermore, operational optimization techniques by modeling, simulation, and real-time control were also developed and applied in China to improve the process operation. Although great efforts had been contributed to improve the WWTPs performances in China, attentions should be continuously paid to the introduction, instruction, and implementation of advanced techniques. At last, the technical demands and appropriated techniques of WWTPs in China were briefly discussed.

A proposed sustainable BNR plant with the emphasis on recovery of COD and phosphate

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-D. Hao ◽  
M.C.M. van Loosdrecht
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Water Problems ◽  
Sustainable Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Water problems have to be solved in an integrated way, and sustainability has become a major issue. For this reason, developing more sustainable wastewater treatment processes is needed. New discoveries and good understanding on microbial conversions of nitrogen and phosphorus make more sustainable processes possible. New options for decentralized sustainable sanitation are generally compared to conventional sewage systems, we think that for a proper comparison also innovative centralized treatment schemes should be evaluated. In this article, a more sustainable WWTP is proposed for municipal wastewater treatment, mainly based on the principles of denitrifying dephosphatation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX). The proposed system consists of a first stage of the A/B process in which maximal sludge production is achieved. In this way, COD is regained as sludge for methanation. The following BCFS® and CANON processes can remove N and P with minimal or no COD need. As a potential fertiliser, struvite can easily be removed from the sludge water by adding magnesium compounds. A case study is done on the basis of the mass balance over the proposed plant. The effluent from the system has a good quality to be recycled. This could also make a contribution to meeting the world's water needs and lessening the impact on the world's water environment. Since all the separate units are already applied or tested on pilot-scale, no problems for technical implementation are foreseen.

Technical-economic modelling of integrated water management: wastewater reuse in a French island

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Xu ◽  
F. Valette ◽  
F. Brissaud ◽  
A. Fazio ◽  
V. Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

An integrated technical-economic model is used to address water management issues in the French island of Noirmoutier. The model simulates potable water production and supply, potable and non potable water demand and consumption, wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, water storage, transportation and reuse. A variety of water management scenarios is assessed through technical, economic and environmental evaluation. The scenarios include wastewater reclamation and reuse for agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as domestic non potable application, desalination of seawater and brackish groundwater for potable water supply. The study shows that, in Noirmoutier, wastewater reclamation and reuse for crop irrigation is the most cost-effective solution to the lack of water resources and the protection of sensitive environment. Some water management projects which are regarded as having less economic benefit in the short-term may become competitive in the future, as a result of tightened environmental policy, changed public attitudes and advanced water treatment technologies. The model provides an appropriate tool for water resources planning and management.

Performance of a combined eco-system of ponds and constructed wetlands for wastewater reclamation and reuse

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Wang ◽  
J. Peng ◽  
B. Wang ◽  
R. Cao
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

An on-site study on the operational performance of a combined eco-system of ponds and SF constructed wetland for municipal wastewater treatment and reclamation/reuse in Donging City, Shandong, China was carried out from January 2001 through October 2003. The removal efficiencies for various main parameters were: TSS 84.8±7.3%, BOD5 87.2±5.3%, CODCr 70.2±18.6%, TP 52.3±23.1%, and NH3-N 54.8±23.9% with effluent concentration of TSS 9.12±5.12 mg/l, BOD5 6.44±4.58 mg/l, CODCr 42.8±6.7 mg/l, TP 0.94±0.27 mg/l and NH3-N 7.95±2.36 mg/l. In addition, the removal efficiencies for faecal coliforms and total bacteria were >99.97% and >99.998% respectively, which well meet Chinese National standards for effluent quality of municipal wastewater treatment plants. The composition of TSS was closely related to CODCr and BOD5 variations, and nitrification-denitrification is the major mechanism of nitrogen removal both in ponds and in wetlands. In addition, sedimentation also played an important role in the removal of TSS, nitrogen, phosphorus and BOD5. The removal efficiencies of various parameters, the number of species and biomass of biological community in the system increased gradually with the ecological maturation.

scholarly journals Bio-Methanol Production Using Treated Domestic Wastewater with Mixed Methanotroph Species and Anaerobic Digester Biogas

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Tae Kim ◽  
Young-Seok Yoo ◽  
Young-Han Yoon ◽  
Ye-Eun Lee ◽  
Jun-Ho Jo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

The development of cost-effective methods, which generate minimal chemical wastewater, for methanol production is an important research goal. In this study, treated wastewater (TWW) was utilized as a culture solution for methanol production by mixed methanotroph species as an alternative to media prepared from commercial or chemical agents, e.g., nitrate mineral salts medium. Furthermore, a realistic alternative for producing methanol in wastewater treatment plants using biogas from anaerobic digestion was proposed. By culturing mixed methanotroph species with nitrate and phosphate-supplemented TWW in municipal wastewater treatment plants, this study demonstrates, for the first time, the application of biogas generated from the sludge digester of municipal wastewater treatment plants. NaCl alone inhibited methanol dehydrogenase and the addition of 40 mM formate as an electron donor increased methanol production to 6.35 mM. These results confirmed that this practical energy production method could enable cost-effective methanol production. As such, methanol produced in wastewater treatment plants can be used as an eco-friendly energy and carbon source for biological denitrification, which can be an alternative to reducing the expenses required for the waste water treatment process.

Coagulation-adsorption-ultrafiltration for wastewater treatment and reuse

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Abdessemed ◽  
G. Nezzal ◽  
R. Ben Aim
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Uf Membranes ◽  
Tubular Membranes

We considered the treatment of domestic wastewater by coagulation–adsorption–ultrafiltration, and a test of adsorption like pre-treatment to the membrane as an alternative for wastewater reclamation and reuse. The performances of two inorganic tubular membranes (M2 and M5 CARBOSEP with 15,000 Da and 10,000 Da MWCO) were studied. Powdered activated carbon was used as adsorbent agent and FeCl3 as a coagulant. Coupling adsorption and ultrafiltration resulted in satisfactory results: the efficiency of COD removal was increased by using PAC compared with results obtained when using only UF membranes.

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