Experiments on membrane filtration of effluent at wastewater treatment plants in the Netherlands

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
J. F. Kramer ◽  
J. Pluim ◽  
J. de Koning ◽  
M. Weijs
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Wwtp Effluent ◽  
Capillary Membranes ◽  
Almost All

In the Netherlands interest in advanced treatment is increasing now that almost all wastewater treatment plants apply full biological treatment and nutrient removal. Membrane filtration of WWTP-effluent appears to be a very promising method to remove suspended solids and, in addition, bacteria and viruses. Experiments with a pilot unit consisting of a dual media prefilter and a membrane filter, containing capillary membranes with a pore size of 0.01 μm (ultrafiltration) and working in a semi dead-end mode, gave rather promising results. A flux of 90 l/m2.h was achieved after optimizing the cleaning procedures (TMP 0.6 bar, recovery > 90%). Experiments with microfiltration (transverse flow module) based on the cross-flow principle were successful only at high cross flow velocities (flux 100 l/m2.h, TMP 0.5 bar, recovery 80%). The ultrafiltrate showed an excellent quality with the absence of suspended solids and bacteria. Finally, low costs for energy (NLG 0.02/m3 (1 NLG = 0.5 US$)) and chemicals (NLG 0.01/m3) were calculated. Further optimization will facilitate the applicability of membrane filtration in the near future.

Particle size analysis as a tool for performance measurements in high rate effluent filtration

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
J. de Koning ◽  
J. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Particle Removal ◽  
Deep Bed Filtration ◽  
Filter Performance

In the Netherlands almost all wastewater treatment plants have been redesigned and adapted in order to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended solids to a very low level. The improved effluent quality leads to a growing interest in the reuse of effluent of the modernised wastewater treatment plants. This again results in investigations on filtration techniques as deep bed filtration and membrane filtration. At the wastewater treatment plant Ede research was done on deep bed filtration in order to develop relations between particle removal and filter performance and to explore ways of optimization. The results of the experiments are rather typical for effluent of modern Dutch wastewater treatment plants. The very low concentrations of suspended solids and precipitable substances result in poor flocculating properties. From turbidity measurements it may be concluded that the best results were obtained with a dosage of flocculant. However, the particle size measurements indicated the opposite. Suspended solids calculations, based on the particle volume distributions, showed a better removal without a dosage of flocculant. From this it is concluded that a dosage of coagulant (Fe3+ or Al3+) has an adverse effect on the removal efficiencies even at low dosages (1 mg/l).

Influence of denitrification on suspended solids and phosphorus removal in multimedia filters

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
V. Miska ◽  
J.H.J.M. van der Graaf ◽  
J. de Koning
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Wwtp Effluent ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Due to more stringent WWTP-effluent requirements in The Netherlands, caused by adoption of the European legislation, the characteristics of WWTP-effluents need to be improved. For existing wastewater treatment plants extended nutrient removal will be required with final effluent concentrations of Ptot≤0.15 mg/L and Ntot≤2.2 mg/L. For suspended solids and phosphorus removal flocculation-filtration is used frequently as advanced treatment technique. Simultaneous denitrification would provide a tertiary treatment step for combined nutrient removal under the condition that simultaneous denitrification has no adverse effects on suspended solids and phosphate removal. Pilot-scale experiments have been carried out at the WWTP in Utrecht and lab-scale investigations at the WWTP in Beverwijk, both in the Netherlands. The removal efficiencies for phosphorus and suspended solids in multimedia filters, operated under optimal denitrifying conditions, had been evaluated by phosphorus analyses and particle counting. It is examined that denitrifying biomass has no negative effect on the removal efficiencies.

Bottlenecks in the Implementation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Plants on a Large Scale in The Netherlands

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Frits A. Fastenau ◽  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Gerard Martijnse
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Definition Of

More than 95 % of the total housing stock in the Netherlands is connected to central sewerage systems and in most cases the wastewater is treated biologically. As connection to central sewerage systems has reached its economic limits, interest in on-site treatment of the domestic wastewater of the remaining premises is increasing. A large scale research programme into on-site wastewater treatment up to population equivalents of 200 persons has therefore been initiated by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. Intensive field-research work did establish that the technological features of most on-site biological treatment systems were satisfactory. A large scale implementation of these systems is however obstructed in different extents by problems of an organisational, financial and/or juridical nature and management difficulties. At present research is carried out to identify these bottlenecks and to analyse possible solutions. Some preliminary results are given which involve the following ‘bottlenecks':-legislation: absence of co-ordination and absence of a definition of ‘surface water';-absence of subsidies;-ownership: divisions in task-setting of Municipalities and Waterboards; divisions involved with cost-sharing;-inspection; operational control and maintenance; organisation of management;-discharge permits;-pollution levy;-sludge disposal. Final decisions and practical elaboration of policies towards on-site treatment will have to be formulated in a broad discussion with all the authorities and interest groups involved.

Experiments on high rate effluent filtration in the Netherlands

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Arjen F. van Nieuwenhuijzen
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Effluent

As yet, filtration of wastewater treatment effluent has not been practised in the Netherlands. The main objections were the expected high costs. In order to gain practical experience an investigation programme studied the applicability and optimization of effluent filtration. Especially multi-layer filtration with the addition of ironchloride seemed to be very effective. Very low concentrations of suspended solids and phosphorus were achieved, even at high filtration rates (up to 30 m/h). This leads to an impressive reduction of expected costs, down to Dfl. 0.02/m3 (treated water).

scholarly journals The role of wastewater treatment plants in surface water contamination by plastic pollutants

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozena Mrowiec
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water Contamination

The aim of this paper was to review the literature data regarding the physico-chemical characteristic of plastic pollutants discharged with municipal sewage, the practical possibility of removing microplastic particles from wastewater during different treatment steps in WWTPs and the problem of surface water contamination within them. Microplastics (the size range of 1 nm to < 5 mm), have been recognized as an emerging threat, as well as an ecotoxicological and ecological risk for water ecosystems. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mentioned as the main point sources of microplastics in an aquatic environment. Microplastic particles can be effectively removed in the primary treatment zones via solids skimming and sludge settling processes. Different tertiary treatment processes such as: gravity sand filtration, discfilter, air flotation and membrane filtration provide substantial additional removal of microplastics, and the efficiency of wastewater treatment process can be at a removal level of 99.9%. Nevertheless, given the large volumes of effluent constantly discharged to receivers, even tertiary level WWTPs may constitute a considerable source of microplastics in the surface water.

Estrogenic and AhR activities in dissolved phase and suspended solids from wastewater treatment plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 408 (12) ◽  
pp. 2608-2615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Dagnino ◽  
Elena Gomez ◽  
Bernadette Picot ◽  
Vincent Cavaillès ◽  
Claude Casellas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Dissolved Phase

What to do after nutrient removal?

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap H.J.M. van der Graaf
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Filtration Membrane ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost

In the Netherlands, interest in advanced treatment is increasing now that almost all wastewater treatment plants apply full biological treatment and nutrient removal. The resulting effluents have an excellent quality which can be improved further by applying advanced treatment processes like flocculating filtration, membrane filtration, UV or activated carbon, and others. The treated effluent can be re-used for various purposes, as process water, household water, urban water, for groundwater suppletion and drinking water. Nowadays many applications are investigated. In order to confirm the applicability pilot test investigations are done at various WWTPs. The results are promising; the cost estimations show increasing prospects. This will finally lead to the maturity of the advanced treatment. It will certainly contribute to a more sustainable water cycle.

Performance of activated sludge diffusion for biological treatment of hydrogen sulphide gas emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1932-1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera L. Barbosa ◽  
Richard M. Stuetz
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
H2s Removal ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Solids Concentration

Odours from wastewater treatment plants are comprised of a mixture of various gases with hydrogen sulphide (H2S) often being the dominant constituent. Activated sludge diffusion (ASD) as a biotreatment system for odour abatement has been conducted for over 30 years but has limited broad application due to disagreement in the literature regarding the effect that ASD may have on wastewater treatment performance. The effects of continuous H2S diffusion at 25 ppmv, with weekly peaks of approximately 100 ppmv, on H2S removal efficiency and wastewater treatment performance was evaluated over a 2-month period using an activated sludge pilot plant. H2S removal averaged 100% during diffusion at 25 ppmv, and 98.9% during the 100 ppmv peak periods. A significant increase in mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentration (P &lt; 0.01) was observed during H2S diffusion, which may be due to an increase in H2S-degrading microorganisms. There was no adverse effect of H2S on nitrification throughout the ASD trials. Ammonia (NH3) removal was slightly better in the test receiving H2S diffusion (87.6%) than in the control (85.4%). H2S diffusion appeared to improve robustness of the AS biomass to operational upsets.

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