Identification and genetic characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium strains in humans and dairy cattle in the Waikato Region of New Zealand

The present study aimed to investigate the prophylactic effect of Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum on Sulfadimidine induced urolithiasis in rabbits . Thirty New Zealand male rabbits were allocated into six equal groups (each of five): Group (1) was used as a negative control. Group(2) were administered sulfadimidine (200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection.Groups(3) and (4) were administered sulfadimidine(200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection and 330mg/kg of Cymbopogon proximus alcoholic and aqueous extracts respectively orally.Groups(5) and (6) were administered sulfadimidine(200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection and 400mg/kg of Alhagi maurorum alcoholic and aqueous extracts respectively orally. The period of experiment was 10 days. Blood and urine samples were collected from rabbits on the 10th day. The results recorded a significant decrease in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and crystalluria in Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum groups compared to sulfadimidine treated group.We conclude that Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum have a nephroprotective and antiurolithiatic effects against sulfadimidine induced crystalluria.

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Differentiating aspects of product innovation processes in the food industry

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-04-2013-0094 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 116 (8) ◽

pp. 1346-1368 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Rao Sanaullah Khan ◽

John Vincent Grigor ◽

Alan G. Win ◽

Mike Boland

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Value Added ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

Food Manufacturing ◽

Content Type ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Innovation Processes ◽

Group 1

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to sketch a comparative account of NPD approaches between registered New Zealand food companies that are doing some sort of functional foods (FF) development (Group 1) and those that are not (Group 2); to generate a better understanding of differences and commonalities in their NPD approaches from resource-based view of competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach – This paper opted an exploratory approach using a quantitative survey across food manufacturing companies in New Zealand. The primary foci of this empirical investigation were: orientation towards the NPD, innovation processes, collaborative NPD links and routes to commercialisation. Findings – The results (based on a 22 per cent response rate) show a significant difference (p<0.05) in the aims and mode of NPD between Groups 1 and 2. Further it was observed that food companies in Group 1 have significantly (p<0.05) more diverse external collaborations with broader aims to collaborate, in comparison with food companies in Group 2. Research limitations/implications – This study was conducted in New Zealand and thus generalisability of the findings may have to be interpreted carefully. Practical implications – The traditional NPD approach (independent and closed NPD), with loose intellectual property protection practices, dominates the food manufacturing industry in New Zealand. Research-oriented collaborations need to be strengthened in their scope and content to develop the innovative capabilities and capacities of small and medium enterprises (SME's) within future value-added food productions. Originality/value – This research provides the comparative narration of innovation process of food manufacturing companies with reference to FFs development.

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Sealing ability of two commonly used root canal sealers with and with out smear layer

Journal of Research in Dentistry ◽

10.19177/jrd.v2e42014327-334 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 327

Author(s):

Nazish Fatima ◽

Mehwish Hussain

Keyword(s):

Smear Layer ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Time Interval ◽

Sealing Ability ◽

Nail Polish ◽

Ah Plus ◽

Time Periods ◽

Group 2 ◽

Crown Roots ◽

Group 1

AIM: The aim of current research was to find out the sealing ability of two commonly used sealers in the presence and absence of smear layer at different time interval. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Total of 180 single rooted vital teeth were used. Transversal section was made with the help of digital slow speed cutting saw to divide the root and crown part. After removal of crown roots part was instrumented and prepared. The 180 teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=90) 1 and 2. In group 1 the smear layer was kept intact but it was removed from group 2 with EDTA (17%). Group 1 was then divided into two sub-groups, A1, A2. Group 2 was again separated into two sub-groups, B1 and B2. Each sub-group contained of 45 samples. In sub-groups A1 and B1, AH Plus sealer, in sub-groups A2 and B2, Ketac-endo sealer and cold lateral condensation technique was used for obturation with gutta percha. All samples were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours, with help of nail polish/varnish all samples root surfaces was painted only excluding apical area after words each sub group were further divided in to three groups of 15 to represent immersion periods of 7,15 and 30 days. All samples were then kept in 5 % methylene blue dye solution at 37o c for their respective time periods. After specific time period, the roots of every group were cut longitudinally and evaluate under a stereomicroscopes to evaluate apical micro leakage in millimeter. Data was subjected to Repeated measure ANOVA with post-hoc analysis using Tukey and bonferroni tests. RESULTS: Overall analysis indicated significant reduction in sealing ability canals in with and without smear layer over different time periods (p <0.0001). CONCLUSION: Current study has concluded that AH plus sealer provides significantly better seal in the absence of smear layer than in the presence of smear layer in addition it gave better seal than Ketac-Endo sealer in the absence and presence of smear layer.

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Immunological Relationships and Generic Revision of the Australian Lizards Assigned to the Genus Leiolopisma (Scincidae, Lygosominae)

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9900535 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 535 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

MN Hutchinson ◽

SC Donnellan ◽

PR Baverstock ◽

M Krieg ◽

S Simms ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Serum Albumin ◽

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Type Species ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

New Caledonia ◽

Australian Species ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

The phylogenetic relationships of the Australian scincid lizards currently assigned to the genus Leiolopisma have been examined by quantitative micro-complement fixation (MC'F) comparisons of serum albumin. The results of these comparisons do not support the monophyly implicit in these species' current congeneric status, but suggest instead that the Australian species of Leiolopisma belong to several distinct phyletic lineages within the Eugongylus group. These findings are supported by several sets of non-biochemical characters, including features of scalation, osteology and karyotype. None of the Australian species shares a close relationship with the type-species of Leiolopisrna (L. telfairii), and so a new taxonomic arrangement is proposed which distributes them among the following genera: Bartleia, gen. nov. (jigurru); Bassiana, gen. nov. (duperreyi, platynotum and trilineata); Cautula, gen. nov. (zia); Niveoscincus, gen. nov. (coventryi, greeni, metallicus, microlepidotus, ocellatus, orocryptus, palfreymani and pretiosus); and Pseudemoia Fuhn, 1967 (baudini, entrecasteauxii Group 1; entrecasteauxii Group 2, rawlinsoni and spenceri). Preliminary comparisons suggest that other Leiolopisma species, from New Caledonia, Lord Howe I. and New Zealand, belong to phyletic lineages which are distinct from any of the Australian 'Leiolopisma' and from the type-species.

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An outbreak of oriental theileriosis in dairy cattle imported to Vietnam from Australia

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182016002328 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 144 (6) ◽

pp. 738-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

HAGOS GEBREKIDAN ◽

LINDA NELSON ◽

GREG SMITH ◽

ROBIN B. GASSER ◽

ABDUL JABBAR

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Surface Protein ◽

Theileria Orientalis ◽

Group 3 ◽

Cattle Blood ◽

The Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Major Piroplasm Surface Protein ◽

Group 1

SUMMARYThis study reports an outbreak of oriental theileriosis in dairy cattle imported to Vietnam from Australia. Following clinical and pathological diagnoses, a total of 112 cattle blood samples were divided into three groups and tested using multiplexed tandem PCR. Group 1 were from aborted heifers in Vietnam; group 2 were from cattle before shipment from group 1 cattle and group 3 were from the same batch of cattle but transported to Taiwan. Theileria orientalis DNA was detected in 72·3% cattle. The prevalences of T. orientalis in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 77·6, 86·9 and 57·5%, respectively, and the difference in prevalence was significant between groups 1 and 3 (P < 0·0001). The infection intensities of genotypes chitose and ikeda of T. orientalis were higher in groups 1 (57 721 and 33 709, respectively) and 3 (5897 and 61 766, respectively) than those in group 2 (2071 and 6331, respectively). Phylogenetic analyses of the major piroplasm surface protein sequences revealed that genotypes chitose and ikeda determined herein were closely related to those previously reported from Australia. This first report of an outbreak of oriental theileriosis in imported cattle emphasizes improved measures for the export and import of cattle infected with T. orientalis.

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Investigation into the seasonal salmonellosis in lactating dairy cattle

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268807008680 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 136 (3) ◽

pp. 381-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

T. S. EDRINGTON ◽

T. T. ROSS ◽

T. R. CALLAWAY ◽

C. H. MARTINEZ ◽

M. E. HUME ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Late Summer ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Total Mixed Ration ◽

Early Autumn ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Lactating Dairy Cattle ◽

Apparently Healthy

SUMMARYSporadic salmonellosis has been reported in mature lactating dairy cattle in the southwestern United States and is an intriguing problem in that Salmonella can be cultured from faecal samples of these cattle throughout the year. However, it is pathogenic only during late summer/early autumn and in certain years. We sampled apparently healthy (n=10) and diarrhoeic (n=10) cattle during an outbreak on a 2000 head dairy in 2003. The following year, monthly faecal (from the same 30 head), total mixed ration, water, and pen soil samples were collected for Salmonella culture. No serogroup, serotype, genetic, or antimicrobial susceptibility differences were observed in comparison of isolates from healthy and sick cattle. During year 2 of the study, Salmonella was routinely cultured (although highly variable from month to month) from the cattle and the environment, although no outbreak of salmonellosis was observed.

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Comparison of the rate of claw horn growth and wear and sole thickness in dairy cattle housed in a free stall barn with concrete and rubber flooring

10.7287/peerj.preprints.2061v1 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Sarel Van Amstel ◽

Charles Young ◽

Clare Scully ◽

Barton Rohrbach

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Milk Production ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Control Group ◽

Horn Growth ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Concrete Control ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Group 1

Background. Thin soles and resulting lameness in cows are often due to abrasive walking surfaces that cause increased wear. The aim of this project was to compare horn growth and wear and sole thickness in cows kept on rubber mats versus concrete in a free-stall barn. Methods. To examine horn growth and wear and sole thickness, we examined two groups (Group 1 kept on concrete [control] and Group 2 on rubber mats) of 12 cows each at 2-week intervals over a 12-week period. The 12 cows in each group were selected to achieve equal parity in each group, as follows: four cows, parity 1; four cows, parity 2; two cows, parity 3; and two cows, parity 4. The four cows from the parity 1 group had the most days in milk in the herd irrespective of milk production. The remaining eight cows had the fewest days in milk (most recently calved) irrespective of milk production. Results. Cows in the control group had a significant increase in claw horn growth over the study period, compared to the control group. Most of this difference in horn growth occurred during the first 2 weeks of the study. There was no significant difference in claw horn wear and sole thickness at 2 weeks or at the end of the study. There was, however, a non-significant difference in wear between cows in the 2 groups at the end of the study, with cows in the control group showing most wear. Cows in the experimental group exhibited significant increases in all parameters (claw length, wear, and growth; sole thickness) when measured at the beginning and end of the trial, whereas cows in the control group showed a significant increase in claw length and sole thickness.Discussion. These findings suggest that there was a compensatory increase in horn production in response to accelerated claw horn wear in the control group. Statistical significance in wear might have been attained between groups at the end of the study if the study had continued over a longer period.

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Prevalence and Novel Genotypes Identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Dairy Cattle in Yunnan Province, China

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11113014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3014

Author(s):

Hai-Yang Song ◽

Kai-Sheng Wang ◽

Jian-Fa Yang ◽

Hua-Ming Mao ◽

Li-Hua Pu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Yunnan Province ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Genotype Distribution ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Enteric Diseases ◽

Group 2 ◽

Dairy Buffalo ◽

Effective Prevention Strategies ◽

Group 1

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a fungus-like protist parasite that can cause diarrhea and enteric diseases. The infection of E. bieneusi has been reported in many host species, including cattle and humans. However, information on prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi in dairy cattle in Yunnan province in China is still absent. In this study, 490 Holstein Cows and 351 dairy buffalo fecal samples were collected from three regions in Yunnan province, China. By using nest-PCR that targets the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), we found that the prevalence of E. bieneusi was 0.59% (5/841). DNA sequence analysis showed that five E. bieneusi genotypes were identified in this study, including two novel genotypes, YNDCEB-90 and YNDCEB-174, and three known genotypes (I, J, BEB4). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two novel genotypes, YNDCEB-90 and YNDCEB-174, were clustered into Group 1, representing the zoonotic potential. The remaining genotypes I, J, and BEB4, which are the most frequent genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in cattle and lead to E. bieneusi infection in humans, belonged to Group 2. Although the lower prevalence of E. bieneusi was detected in dairy cattle in Yunnan province, it indicates that dairy cattle should be considered to be one of the potential hosts for transmitting E. bieneusi to humans. These findings are important for the development of effective prevention strategies for microsporidiosis.

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Comparison of the rate of claw horn growth and wear and sole thickness in dairy cattle housed in a free stall barn with concrete and rubber flooring

10.7287/peerj.preprints.2061 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Sarel Van Amstel ◽

Charles Young ◽

Clare Scully ◽

Barton Rohrbach

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Milk Production ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Control Group ◽

Horn Growth ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Concrete Control ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Group 1

Background. Thin soles and resulting lameness in cows are often due to abrasive walking surfaces that cause increased wear. The aim of this project was to compare horn growth and wear and sole thickness in cows kept on rubber mats versus concrete in a free-stall barn. Methods. To examine horn growth and wear and sole thickness, we examined two groups (Group 1 kept on concrete [control] and Group 2 on rubber mats) of 12 cows each at 2-week intervals over a 12-week period. The 12 cows in each group were selected to achieve equal parity in each group, as follows: four cows, parity 1; four cows, parity 2; two cows, parity 3; and two cows, parity 4. The four cows from the parity 1 group had the most days in milk in the herd irrespective of milk production. The remaining eight cows had the fewest days in milk (most recently calved) irrespective of milk production. Results. Cows in the control group had a significant increase in claw horn growth over the study period, compared to the control group. Most of this difference in horn growth occurred during the first 2 weeks of the study. There was no significant difference in claw horn wear and sole thickness at 2 weeks or at the end of the study. There was, however, a non-significant difference in wear between cows in the 2 groups at the end of the study, with cows in the control group showing most wear. Cows in the experimental group exhibited significant increases in all parameters (claw length, wear, and growth; sole thickness) when measured at the beginning and end of the trial, whereas cows in the control group showed a significant increase in claw length and sole thickness.Discussion. These findings suggest that there was a compensatory increase in horn production in response to accelerated claw horn wear in the control group. Statistical significance in wear might have been attained between groups at the end of the study if the study had continued over a longer period.

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Effect of Duration of Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Therapy on the Development of Peritonitis

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.1177/089686089901900416 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 376-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Laura Troidle ◽

Nancy Gorban–Brennan ◽

Alan S. Kliger ◽

Fredric O. Finkelstein

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Group 3 ◽

Time Periods ◽

Group 2 ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Group 1

Objective Long-term chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) therapy has been associated with alterations in peritoneal membrane structure and peritoneal macrophage function. We thus reviewed our experience with the development of peritonitis among patients maintained on CPD therapy for various time periods to determine if the spectrum of organisms, rates of peritonitis, and outcome changed with the duration of CPD therapy. Setting and Patients Patients maintained on CPD therapy in our out-patient unit in New Haven, Connecticut. Design Retrospective review of the charts of patients maintained on CPD therapy (HomeChoice Cycler or Ultrabag, Baxter, McGaw Park, IL, U.S.A.) between 1 January 1997 and 31 March 1998. These patients were divided into three groups: group 1, patients maintained on CPD therapy < 12 months; group 2, patients maintained on CPD therapy for 13 - 36 months; and group 3, patients maintained on CPD therapy for ≥ 37 months. Results The study included 256 patients: 101 patients in group 1, 110 patients in group 2, and 45 patients in group 3. All groups of patients were similar in age. There were significantly fewer Caucasians and fewer males in group 3 in comparison to groups 1 and 2. The incidence of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease was significantly lower among patients in group 3 in comparison to groups 1 and 2. There were 155 episodes of peritonitis during the study period for an overall rate of 1 episode in 18.7 patient-months. The overall, gram-positive, and gram-negative rates of peritonitis were not significantly different among the patients in groups 1, 2, and 3. There were more episodes of Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis among patients in group 3 in comparison to group 2 (1 episode in 59.6 vs 1 episode in 280.2 patient-months, respectively). Two weeks after the development of peritonitis, 94.6% of the patients in group 3 continued CPD therapy, while 79.4% of the patients in group 1 continued CPD therapy ( p < 0.05). No patient in group 3 transferred to hemodialysis, while 10.3% and 8.2% of the patients in groups 1 and 2 transferred to hemodialysis ( p < 0.05). The death rate 2 weeks after the onset of peritonitis was 10.3%, 9.8%, and 5.4% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively ( p = NS). Conclusions Despite the immunological and morphological changes that occur in the peritoneal cavity with increased time on CPD therapy, there was no difference in the overall, gram-positive, or gram-negative rates of peritonitis for patients maintained on CPD therapy for various time periods. Patients in group 3 continued CPD therapy more often than did patients in group 1. Patients in group 3 transferred to hemodialysis less often than did the remaining patients in the study period. The incidence of death was not significantly different for the three groups of patients.

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