Taxing for stormwater drainage systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nascimento ◽  
V. Cançado ◽  
J.R. Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Area Preserving

This article evaluates the possibility of creating a tax for urban drainage in order to make the system self-financing. Average costs of implementation and maintenance of the services were used to individualize the charges and definition of the tax. The conventional drainage system was evaluated along with a source control alternative, water detention in tanks on the lot. The magnitude of the values being charged varies in function of the impermeable surface and the density of the urban area. Preserving creeks in natural conditions and using source control approach, are all options with the advantages of lower investment and smaller burden for the users.

A stochastic approach for automatic generation of urban drainage systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Möderl ◽  
D. Butler ◽  
W. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Real World ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Urban Drainage System ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems

Typically, performance evaluation of new developed methodologies is based on one or more case studies. The investigation of multiple real world case studies is tedious and time consuming. Moreover extrapolating conclusions from individual investigations to a general basis is arguable and sometimes even wrong. In this article a stochastic approach is presented to evaluate new developed methodologies on a broader basis. For the approach the Matlab-tool “Case Study Generator” is developed which generates a variety of different virtual urban drainage systems automatically using boundary conditions e.g. length of urban drainage system, slope of catchment surface, etc. as input. The layout of the sewer system is based on an adapted Galton-Watson branching process. The sub catchments are allocated considering a digital terrain model. Sewer system components are designed according to standard values. In total, 10,000 different virtual case studies of urban drainage system are generated and simulated. Consequently, simulation results are evaluated using a performance indicator for surface flooding. Comparison between results of the virtual and two real world case studies indicates the promise of the method. The novelty of the approach is that it is possible to get more general conclusions in contrast to traditional evaluations with few case studies.

Guiding the development of urban drainage systems by sustainability criteria

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Krebs ◽  
Tove A. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Technical System ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Sustainability Criteria ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems ◽  
Receiving Water

The development of urban drainage towards sustainability is discussed, primarily on the basis of case studies of mature urban drainage systems. Typical problems and a series of possible measures to enhance the systems performance are evaluated. We consider CSOs, receiving water quality, and decreasing ground water levels as actual problems. We distinguish between improvement strategies which focus on the technical system itself (e.g. storm water retention tanks, real time control) and strategies which may be described either as source control or as improving the resilience of the receiving water. Their efficiency is evaluated on the basis of short term ‘conventional’ criteria and by means of the following sustainability criteria: systems definition (time and space constants), resource efficiency and degrees of freedom. Surprisingly, the rating of the different strategies according to the two sets of criteria are quite close: In both cases, the measures which do not narrowly focus on the technical system obtain the better score.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Stormwater Management Systems and Its Impact on Development Costing

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farjana Akhter ◽  
Guna A. Hewa ◽  
Faisal Ahammed ◽  
Baden Myers ◽  
John R. Argue
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Detention Basin ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Case Study Site ◽  
Installation Cost

The contribution of this paper is a comparison of the installation cost of a conventional drainage system consisting of a network of pits and pipes, with that of a hybrid drainage system comprising a network of pits and pipes, supported by allotment scale infiltration measures in a modern greenfield residential development. The case study site is located in Pipers Crest, near Strathalbyn, South Australia. This as-built site consists of 56 allotments, 42 pits (hence 42 sub-catchments), one detention basin and over 1000 m of drainage pipes. In this study, conventional and hybrid (combination of conventional and Water Sensitive Urban Design, WSUD systems) drainage systems were designed to convey minor storm events of 10% annual exceedance probability (AEP), and checked for major storm events of 5% AEP, using the DRAINS model and/or source control principles. The installation costs of the conventional and hybrid drainage systems were estimated and compared based upon cost estimates derived from Australian literature. The results of the study indicate that satisfactory drainage was possible using the conventional or hybrid system when the two systems were designed to have outflow not exceeding the pre-developed flow. The hybrid drainage system requires smaller pipe sizes compared to the conventional system. Also, the size of the detention basin and maximum outflow rate of the hybrid system were smaller than those for the conventionally drained site. The installation cost of the hybrid drainage system was 18% less than that of the conventional drainage system when the objective was to accommodate 10% and 5% AEP storms.

scholarly journals Partitioning the impacts of spatial and climatological rainfall variability in urban drainage modeling

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1559-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadav Peleg ◽  
Frank Blumensaat ◽  
Peter Molnar ◽  
Simone Fatichi ◽  
Paolo Burlando
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Flow Variability ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems ◽  
Spatially Distributed

Abstract. The performance of urban drainage systems is typically examined using hydrological and hydrodynamic models where rainfall input is uniformly distributed, i.e., derived from a single or very few rain gauges. When models are fed with a single uniformly distributed rainfall realization, the response of the urban drainage system to the rainfall variability remains unexplored. The goal of this study was to understand how climate variability and spatial rainfall variability, jointly or individually considered, affect the response of a calibrated hydrodynamic urban drainage model. A stochastic spatially distributed rainfall generator (STREAP – Space-Time Realizations of Areal Precipitation) was used to simulate many realizations of rainfall for a 30-year period, accounting for both climate variability and spatial rainfall variability. The generated rainfall ensemble was used as input into a calibrated hydrodynamic model (EPA SWMM – the US EPA's Storm Water Management Model) to simulate surface runoff and channel flow in a small urban catchment in the city of Lucerne, Switzerland. The variability of peak flows in response to rainfall of different return periods was evaluated at three different locations in the urban drainage network and partitioned among its sources. The main contribution to the total flow variability was found to originate from the natural climate variability (on average over 74 %). In addition, the relative contribution of the spatial rainfall variability to the total flow variability was found to increase with longer return periods. This suggests that while the use of spatially distributed rainfall data can supply valuable information for sewer network design (typically based on rainfall with return periods from 5 to 15 years), there is a more pronounced relevance when conducting flood risk assessments for larger return periods. The results show the importance of using multiple distributed rainfall realizations in urban hydrology studies to capture the total flow variability in the response of the urban drainage systems to heavy rainfall events.

scholarly journals Modelling the ability of source control measures to reduce inundation risk in a community-scale urban drainage system

2018 ◽  
Vol 379 ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Mei ◽  
Jiahong Liu ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Weiwei Shao ◽  
Lin Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Drainage System

Abstract. Urban inundation is a serious challenge that increasingly confronts the residents of many cities, as well as policymakers, in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change worldwide. In recent years, source control measures (SCMs) such as green roofs, permeable pavements, rain gardens, and vegetative swales have been implemented to address flood inundation in urban settings, and proven to be cost-effective and sustainable. In order to investigate the ability of SCMs on reducing inundation in a community-scale urban drainage system, a dynamic rainfall-runoff model of a community-scale urban drainage system was developed based on SWMM. SCMs implementing scenarios were modelled under six design rainstorm events with return period ranging from 2 to 100 years, and inundation risks of the drainage system were evaluated before and after the proposed implementation of SCMs, with a risk-evaluation method based on SWMM and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results show that, SCMs implementation resulting in significantly reduction of hydrological indexes that related to inundation risks, range of reduction rates of average flow, peak flow, and total flooded volume of the drainage system were 28.1–72.1, 19.0–69.2, and 33.9–56.0 %, respectively, under six rainfall events with return periods ranging from 2 to 100 years. Corresponding, the inundation risks of the drainage system were significantly reduced after SCMs implementation, the risk values falling below 0.2 when the rainfall return period was less than 10 years. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of SCMs on mitigating inundation, and quantified the potential of SCMs on reducing inundation risks in the urban drainage system, which provided scientific references for implementing SCMs for inundation control of the study area.

Influence and modelling of urban runoff on the peak flows in rivers

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1919-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Vaes ◽  
T. Feyaerts ◽  
P. Swartenbroekx
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems ◽  
Urban Catchments

Surface waters and urban drainage systems are usually studied separately. However there are important interactions between both systems. Urban drainage systems can have an important impact on the surface waters, mainly at combined sewer overflows. On the other hand during periods of high water levels in a river, the runoff from the urban drainage system can be significantly influenced by backwater, which increases the probability of flooding in is not obvious, because the modelling tools for both systems are often hard to combine properly. To properly assess the probability of flooding for this kind of integrated water systems, different submodels are needed for both subsystems. In practice often one single model is used to describe the runoff to rivers despite the presence of urban catchments. The main objective of this study is to show the limits of this simplified approach. Furthermore, it is necessary to use continuous long term simulations, because of the differences in runoff behaviour. Detailed hydrodynamic models do not really fit for this purpose because of long simulation times and high demands in memory and disk space. Therefore simplified conceptual models are more useful.

Comparison between InfoWorks hydraulic results and a physical model of an urban drainage system

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Rubinato ◽  
James Shucksmith ◽  
Adrian J. Saul ◽  
Will Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems

Urban drainage systems are frequently analysed using hydraulic modelling software packages such as InfoWorks CS or MIKE-Urban. The use of such modelling tools allows the evaluation of sewer capacity and the likelihood and impact of pluvial flood events. Models can also be used to plan major investments such as increasing storage capacity or the implementation of sustainable urban drainage systems. In spite of their widespread use, when applied to flooding the results of hydraulic models are rarely compared with field or laboratory (i.e. physical modelling) data. This is largely due to the time and expense required to collect reliable empirical data sets. This paper describes a laboratory facility which will enable an urban flood model to be verified and generic approaches to be built. Results are presented from the first phase of testing, which compares the sub-surface hydraulic performance of a physical scale model of a sewer network in Yorkshire, UK, with downscaled results from a calibrated 1D InfoWorks hydraulic model of the site. A variety of real rainfall events measured in the catchment over a period of 15 months (April 2008–June 2009) have been both hydraulically modelled and reproduced in the physical model. In most cases a comparison of flow hydrographs generated in both hydraulic and physical models shows good agreement in terms of velocities which pass through the system.

Performance assessment of separate and combined sewer systems in metropolitan areas in southern China

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Li ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Cang Feng ◽  
Jun Shen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems

To assess the performance of urban drainage systems in metropolitan areas in southern China, 12 urban drainage systems, including nine separate sewer systems (SSSs) and three combined sewer systems (CSSs) were monitored from 2008 to 2012 in Shanghai and Hefei. Illicit connection rates of SSS were determined. The results indicate that serious illicit connections exist for most SSSs. Annual volume balance for two SSSs with serious illicit connection was assessed with a hydraulic model to determine the dry weather overflow volume. Although interception facilities have been implemented in SSSs, for some systems with serious illicit connections, a considerable volume of dry weather overflow still existed. Combined with monitoring of dry/wet weather flow quality, the pollutant load caused by wet/dry weather overflow was quantified. The results revealed that there was no obvious advantage of having SSSs over CSSs in terms of pollutant control. The serious pollution caused by illicit connections and insufficient management occurs in many cities in China. The performance assessment of separate and CSSs in Shanghai and Hefei provides important lessons and practical experience that can be applied to the construction and management of urban drainage system in China as well as other developing countries.

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