Performance Evaluation of Stormwater Management Systems and Its Impact on Development Costing

The contribution of this paper is a comparison of the installation cost of a conventional drainage system consisting of a network of pits and pipes, with that of a hybrid drainage system comprising a network of pits and pipes, supported by allotment scale infiltration measures in a modern greenfield residential development. The case study site is located in Pipers Crest, near Strathalbyn, South Australia. This as-built site consists of 56 allotments, 42 pits (hence 42 sub-catchments), one detention basin and over 1000 m of drainage pipes. In this study, conventional and hybrid (combination of conventional and Water Sensitive Urban Design, WSUD systems) drainage systems were designed to convey minor storm events of 10% annual exceedance probability (AEP), and checked for major storm events of 5% AEP, using the DRAINS model and/or source control principles. The installation costs of the conventional and hybrid drainage systems were estimated and compared based upon cost estimates derived from Australian literature. The results of the study indicate that satisfactory drainage was possible using the conventional or hybrid system when the two systems were designed to have outflow not exceeding the pre-developed flow. The hybrid drainage system requires smaller pipe sizes compared to the conventional system. Also, the size of the detention basin and maximum outflow rate of the hybrid system were smaller than those for the conventionally drained site. The installation cost of the hybrid drainage system was 18% less than that of the conventional drainage system when the objective was to accommodate 10% and 5% AEP storms.

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The Relevance of Grated Inlets within Surface Drainage Systems in the Field of Urban Flood Resilience. A Review of Several Experimental and Numerical Simulation Approaches

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13137189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 7189

Author(s):

Beniamino Russo ◽

Manuel Gómez Valentín ◽

Jackson Tellez-Álvarez

Keyword(s):

Overland Flow ◽

Drainage System ◽

Critical Conditions ◽

Hydraulic Efficiency ◽

Storm Events ◽

Urban Resilience ◽

Urban Flood ◽

Drainage Systems ◽

Surface Drainage ◽

Intense Storm

Urban drainage networks should be designed and operated preferably under open channel flow conditions without flux return, backwater, or overflows. In the case of extreme storm events, urban pluvial flooding is generated by the excess of surface runoff that could not be conveyed by pressurized sewer pipes, due to its limited capacity or, many times, due to the poor efficiency of surface drainage systems to collect uncontrolled overland flow. Generally, the hydraulic design of sewer systems is addressed more for underground networks, neglecting the surface drainage system, although inadequate inlet spacings and locations can cause dangerous flooding with relevant socio-economic impacts and the interruption of critical services and urban activities. Several experimental and numerical studies carried out at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) and other research institutions demonstrated that the hydraulic efficiency of inlets can be very low under critical conditions (e.g., high circulating overland flow on steep areas). In these cases, the hydraulic efficiency of conventional grated inlets and continuous transverse elements can be around 10–20%. Their hydraulic capacity, expressed in terms of discharge coefficients, shows the same criticism with values quite far from those that are usually used in several project practice phases. The grate clogging phenomenon and more intense storm events produced by climate change could further reduce the inlets’ performance. In this context, in order to improve the flood urban resilience of our cities, the relevance of the hydraulic behavior of surface drainage systems is clear.

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Performance Evaluation of Drainage System in Shire Endaslasse Town, Northern Ethiopia

10.20944/preprints202010.0194.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hadush Gebreyohannes ◽

Ahmed Degu

Keyword(s):

Drainage System ◽

Primary Data ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Storm Events ◽

Field Surveys ◽

Drainage Systems ◽

The People ◽

Arc Gis ◽

Drainage Problem ◽

Flooding Risk

The stormwater drainage problem is one of the major challenges facing in Shire Endaslasse town, Ethiopia. In a town, Street flooding and overtopping drainage system problems are occurring during the rainy season. This causes ponding which poses difficulties in ease of transportation and it hinders the day-to-day activity of the people. So, the study focuses on the performance of the stormwater drainage system in Shire Endaslasse town using Arc GIS and SWMM5.1. For this study, the primary data were collected by field surveys and interviews with the council body. Simulation results for storm events show that in some of the drainage systems in different regions of Shire Endaslasse town have flooded. During the field observation, the drainage structures are filled with solid wastes, inadequate inlet and outlet structures and some of the top element of the manhole have been broken this may cause a problem of aesthetic and healthy at large it may increase flood risk. The flooding risk in the drainage systems is very high due to the drainage system is undersized to cope with the current rainfall rates, but also is very limited to face the upcoming predicted rainfall.

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Taxing for stormwater drainage systems

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2005.0331 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 52 (9) ◽

pp. 251-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Nascimento ◽

V. Cançado ◽

J.R. Cabral

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Drainage System ◽

Source Control ◽

Urban Drainage ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Drainage Systems ◽

Control Approach ◽

Alternative Water ◽

Definition Of ◽

Area Preserving

This article evaluates the possibility of creating a tax for urban drainage in order to make the system self-financing. Average costs of implementation and maintenance of the services were used to individualize the charges and definition of the tax. The conventional drainage system was evaluated along with a source control alternative, water detention in tanks on the lot. The magnitude of the values being charged varies in function of the impermeable surface and the density of the urban area. Preserving creeks in natural conditions and using source control approach, are all options with the advantages of lower investment and smaller burden for the users.

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A NEW STREETS CAPE FOR STORMWATERMANAGEMENT IN MEDITERRANEAN -CLIMATE CITIES: THE CONCEPT EXPLORED

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0003 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 23-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John R. Argue

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Climate ◽

Full Range ◽

South Australia ◽

Capital City ◽

Source Control ◽

Aquifer Recharge ◽

Effluent Water ◽

Surface Appearance ◽

Creative Solutions ◽

The Mediterranean Basin

The water resources crisis facing countries of the Mediterranean Basin is reflected, in diminished form, in the semi-arid, “Mediterranean-climate” zone of Australia. Some creative solutions involving the collection, treatment, storage, retrieval and use of storm runoff to replace the component of mainssupplied water presently used for “second quality” purposes, are emerging in Adelaide, capital city of South Australia. The paper describes one initiative being taken to achieve source control of stormwater – quantity and quality – in mixed-density residential streets. The resulting streetscape is suitable for use in both “greenfields” and re-development projects. The paper explores the hydrological/hydraulic performance of the system and shows that it satisfies all theoretical- requirements for safety in the full range of flooding up to and including the “once in 100-years” event. The new streetscape holds the following advantages over conventional streetscapes : reduced peak outflows, greatly improved effluent water quality, aids “greening” of the landscape, potential for aquifer recharge where appropriate, aquiferretrieved groundwater can replace mains water used for irrigation, “nuisance” flows are fully contained (no surface appearance), major flows only occupy the swale, street residences are less flood prone and the streetscape fits more harmoniously into undulating terrain.

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A study on the effects of urban runoff controls in the sandsli research catchment, Bergen, Norway

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0696 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (8-9) ◽

pp. 379-384

Author(s):

Sveinn T. Thorolfsson

Keyword(s):

Ground Water ◽

Stormwater Management ◽

Drainage System ◽

Urban Runoff ◽

Source Control ◽

Urban Stormwater ◽

Urban Stormwater Management ◽

Water Conditions

This paper describes a case study on a new alternative drainage system for urban stormwater management, the so-called “Sandsli-system”. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Sandsli system and the effects of the solution on ground water conditions. The study is carried out in the Sandsli research catchment in Bergen, Norway. The idea behind the “Sandsli-system is not to mix the polluted and the clean stormwater combined with a source control for both stormwater quantity and quality. The clean stormwater is percolated as quickly as possible, while the polluted stormwater is collected and conducted to an appropriate site for disposal or treatment. The Sandsli-system was developed as an alternative drainage system to the conventional drainage system. The system has been functioning satisfactorily since 1981 to date. The advantages of the use of the Sandsli-system is highlighted i.e. recharging the stormwater to the ground water. The Sandsli-system is appropriate to locations with climate and geology similar to that found in the coastal part of Norway

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Inclusion of Hydraulic Controls in Rehabilitation Models of Drainage Networks to Control Floods

Water ◽

10.3390/w13040514 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 514

Author(s):

Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez ◽

F. Javier Martínez-Solano ◽

Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey ◽

Daniel Mora-Melia ◽

Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Drainage System ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Hydraulic Control ◽

Drainage Systems ◽

Storm Water Management Model ◽

Drainage Networks ◽

Extreme Rain ◽

Rain Events ◽

The Cost

A problem for drainage systems managers is the increase in extreme rain events that are increasing in various parts of the world. Their occurrence produces hydraulic overload in the drainage system and consequently floods. Adapting the existing infrastructure to be able to receive extreme rains without generating consequences for cities’ inhabitants has become a necessity. This research shows a new way to improve drainage systems with minimal investment costs, using for this purpose a novel methodology that considers the inclusion of hydraulic control elements in the network, the installation of storm tanks and the replacement of pipes. The presented methodology uses the Storm Water Management Model for the hydraulic analysis of the network and a modified Genetic Algorithm to optimize the network. In this algorithm, called the Pseudo-Genetic Algorithm, the coding of the chromosomes is integral and has been used in previous studies of hydraulic optimization. This work evaluates the cost of the required infrastructure and the damage caused by floods to find the optimal solution. The main conclusion of this study is that the inclusion of hydraulic controls can reduce the cost of network rehabilitation and decrease flood levels.

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Fate of hydrocarbon pollutants in source and non-source control sustainable drainage systems

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2013.747 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 703-709 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Georgios Roinas ◽

Cath Mant ◽

John B. Williams

Keyword(s):

Organic Pollutants ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pollutant Removal ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Source Control ◽

Storm Events ◽

Pollutant Loads ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Local Roads ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic

Sustainable drainage (SuDs) is an established method for managing runoff from developments, and source control is part of accepted design philosophy. However, there are limited studies into the contribution source control makes to pollutant removal, especially for roads. This study examines organic pollutants, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in paired source and non-source control full-scale SuDs systems. Sites were selected to cover local roads, trunk roads and housing developments, with a range of SuDs, including porous asphalt, swales, detention basins and ponds. Soil and water samples were taken bi-monthly over 12 months to assess pollutant loads. Results show first flush patterns in storm events for solids, but not for TPH. The patterns of removal for specific PAHs were also different, reflecting varying physico-chemical properties. The potential of trunk roads for pollution was illustrated by peak runoff for TPH of > 17,000 μg/l. Overall there was no significant difference between pollutant loads from source and non-source control systems, but the dynamic nature of runoff means that longer-term data are required. The outcomes of this project will increase understanding of organic pollutants behaviour in SuDs. This will provide design guidance about the most appropriate systems for treating these pollutants.

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Development of flood probability charts for urban drainage network in coastal areas through a simplified joint assessment approach

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-15-3115-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 3115-3122 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

R. Archetti ◽

A. Bolognesi ◽

A. Casadio ◽

M. Maglionico

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Drainage System ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Threshold Condition ◽

Urban Drainage ◽

Climate Variables ◽

Storm Events ◽

Hydraulic Simulation ◽

Sea Levels

Abstract. The operating conditions of urban drainage networks during storm events depend on the hydraulic conveying capacity of conduits and also on downstream boundary conditions. This is particularly true in coastal areas where the level of the receiving water body is directly or indirectly affected by tidal or wave effects. In such cases, not just different rainfall conditions (varying intensity and duration), but also different sea-levels and their effects on the network operation should be considered. This paper aims to study the behaviour of a seaside town storm sewer network, estimating the threshold condition for flooding and proposing a simplified method to assess the urban flooding severity as a function of climate variables. The case study is a portion of the drainage system of Rimini (Italy), implemented and numerically modelled by means of InfoWorks CS code. The hydraulic simulation of the sewerage system identified the percentage of nodes of the drainage system where flooding is expected to occur. Combining these percentages with both climate variables' values has lead to the definition of charts representing the combined degree of risk "rainfall-sea level" for the drainage system under investigation. A final comparison between such charts and the results obtained from a one-year rainfall-sea level time series has demonstrated the reliability of the analysis.

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Evaluation of tephra for removing phosphorus from dairy farm drainage waters

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr07205 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 542 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. A. Hanly ◽

M. J. Hedley ◽

D. J. Horne

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Removal Efficiency ◽

Drainage System ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Drainage Systems ◽

P Adsorption ◽

Drainage Waters ◽

P Removal

Research was conducted in the Manawatu region, New Zealand, to investigate the ability of Papakai tephra to remove phosphorus (P) from dairy farm mole and pipe drainage waters. The capacity of this tephra to adsorb P was quantified in the laboratory using a series of column experiments and was further evaluated in a field study. In a column experiment, the P adsorption capabilities of 2 particle size factions (0.25–1, 1–2 mm) of Papakai tephra were compared with that of an Allophanic Soil (Patua soil) known to have high P adsorption properties. The experiment used a synthetic P influent solution (12 mg P/L) and a solution residence time in the columns of c. 35 min. By the end of the experiment, the 0.25–1 mm tephra removed an estimated 2.6 mg P/g tephra at an average P removal efficiency of 86%. The 1–2 mm tephra removed 1.6 mg P/g tephra at an average removal efficiency of 58%. In comparison, the Patua soil removed 3.1 mg P/g soil at a P removal efficiency of 86%. Although, the Patua soil was sieved to 1–2 mm, this size range consisted of aggregates of finer particles, which is likely to have contributed to this material having a higher P adsorbing capacity. A field study was established on a Pallic Soil, under grazed dairy pastures, to compare drainage water P concentrations from standard mole and pipe drainage systems (control) and drainage systems incorporating Papakai tephra. The 2 tephra treatments involved filling mole channels with 1–4 mm tephra (Mole-fill treatment) or filling the trench above intercepting drainage pipes with ‘as received’ tephra (Back-fill treatment). Over an entire winter drainage season, the quantity of total P (TP) lost from the control treatment drainage system was 0.30 kg P/ha. The average TP losses for the Mole-fill and the Back-fill treatments were 45% and 47% lower than the control treatment, respectively.

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Straight to Low-Sinuosity Drainage Systems in a Variscan-Type Orogen—Constraints from Tectonics, Lithology and Climate

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11090933 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 933

Author(s):

Harald G. Dill ◽

Andrei Buzatu ◽

Sorin-Ionut Balaban

Keyword(s):

Chemical Weathering ◽

Current Model ◽

Drainage System ◽

Numerical Data ◽

Structural Features ◽

Acute Angle ◽

Drainage Systems ◽

Starting Point ◽

Bedrock Lithology ◽

The Impact

A holistic-modular approach has been taken to study the evolution of three straight to low-sinuosity drainage systems (=SSS) in an uplifted basement block of the Central European Variscides. The development of the SSS is described by means of a quadripartite model. (1) The geological framework of the SSS: Forming the lithological and structural features in the bedrock as a result of different temperature, pressure and dynamic-metamorphic processes. (2) Prestage of SSS: Forming the paleo-landscape with a stable fluvial regime as a starting point for the SSS. (3) Proto-SSS: Transition into the metastable fluvial regime of the SSS. (4) Modern SSS: Operation of the metastable fluvial regime Tectonics plays a dual role. Late Paleozoic fold tectonic creates the basis for the studied SSS and has a guiding effect on the development of morphotectonic units during the Neogene and Quaternary. Late Cenozoic fault tectonics triggered the SSS to incise into the Paleozoic basement. The change in the bedrock lithology has an impact on the fluvial and colluvial sediments as well as their landforms. The latter reflects a conspicuous modification: straight drainage system ⇒ higher sinuosity and paired terraces ⇒ hillwash plains. Climate change has an indirect effect controlling via the bedrock the intensity of mechanical and chemical weathering. The impact on the development of the SSS can be assessed as follows: Tectonics >> climate ≅ bedrock lithology. The three parameters cause a facies zonation: (1) wide-and-shallow valley (Miocene), (2) wide-angle V-shaped valley (Plio-Pleistocene), (3) acute-angle V-shaped valley (Pleistocene), (4) V-shaped to U-shaped valleys (Pleistocene-Holocene). Numerical data relevant for the hydrographic studies of the SSS are determined in each reference area: (1) Quantification of fluvial and colluvial deposits along the drainage system, (2) slope angles, (3) degree of sinuosity as a function of river facies, (4) grain size distribution, (5) grain morphological categorization, (6) grain orientation (“situmetry”), (7) channel density, (8) channel/floodplain ratios. Thermodynamic computations (Eh, pH, concentration of solubles) are made to constrain the paleoclimatic regime during formation of the SSS. The current model of the SSS is restricted in its application to the basement of the Variscan-Type orogens, to an intermediate crustal maturity state.

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