An inventory analysis of rural pollution loads in China

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chen ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
P. Du
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Pollution Loads ◽  
Rural Pollution

Rural pollution has attracted increasing attention over the past decade for its important consequences on surface and groundwater quality. This is particularly so in China due to the wide and effective control of industrial and municipal wastewater discharges over the past decade. Based on the discussion of rural activities in China, this paper develops a new method of inventory analysis through the definition of elementary unit (EU). This inventory analysis approach is then applied to estimate the total rural pollution loads of COD, TN and TP, as well as their spatial distributions in China. Further analysis is also conducted to investigate the correlations between rural pollution loads and agricultural production outputs, as well as population. It is found that China's agriculture is developing largely at the cost of environment quality, and a high population, as well as the increasing demand for agricultural products, is one of the dominant driving forces. The constructed EKC, which describes the relationship between rural pollution loads and agricultural income, also reveals that current agricultural development in China is mostly far from de-locked from the environmental problem.

Impact of Municipal Wastewater on the Quality of the River Sava

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
S. Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Fish Kills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heavy Pollution ◽  
Zagreb Area ◽  
Pollution Loads

The River Sava is very polluted in certain sections. At times, the dissolved oxygen is completely exhausted (1.0 to 3.0 mg O2/l) resulting in frequent massive fish kills. The water quality has significantly deteriorated during the past few decades, due to the industry developed in the watershed and the increased population in the area. Especially heavy pollution loads come from the greater Zagreb area (153 t BOD5/day). Treating the wastewater from Zagreb could upgrade the water quality of the Sava, and 68 to 72% oxygen saturation could be achieved even under the most unfavourable conditions. Particular attention should be given to the choice of the treatment process, due to the planned construction of multi-purpose reservoirs along the Sava.

Water resources management in Greece: current status and prospective outlook

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Angelakis ◽  
E. Diamadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
The Past ◽  
Precipitation Water ◽  
Pollution Loads

The basic aim of this paper is to present the existing conditions and problems of water resources management in Greece. Water demand has increased tremendously over the past 30 years. Despite adequate precipitation, water imbalance is often experienced, due to temporal and regional variations of the precipitation, the increased water demand during the summer months and the difficulty of transporting water due to the mountainous terrain. Integration of reclaimed wastewater originating from the wastewater treatment plant effluents into the water resources management is proposed. This plan exhibits the potential for reducing the pollution loads entering sea or inland waters, while at the same time providing water for irrigation.

scholarly journals Long-term O<sub>3</sub>–precursor relationships in Hong Kong: field observation and model simulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 10919-10935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Hai Guo ◽  
Xiaopu Lyu ◽  
Hairong Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Photochemical Pollution ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The Past ◽  
Total Volatile Organic Compounds

Abstract. Over the past 10 years (2005–2014), ground-level O3 in Hong Kong has consistently increased in all seasons except winter, despite the yearly reduction of its precursors, i.e. nitrogen oxides (NOx =  NO + NO2), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). To explain the contradictory phenomena, an observation-based box model (OBM) coupled with CB05 mechanism was applied in order to understand the influence of both locally produced O3 and regional transport. The simulation of locally produced O3 showed an increasing trend in spring, a decreasing trend in autumn, and no changes in summer and winter. The O3 increase in spring was caused by the net effect of more rapid decrease in NO titration and unchanged TVOC reactivity despite decreased TVOC mixing ratios, while the decreased local O3 formation in autumn was mainly due to the reduction of aromatic VOC mixing ratios and the TVOC reactivity and much slower decrease in NO titration. However, the decreased in situ O3 formation in autumn was overridden by the regional contribution, resulting in elevated O3 observations. Furthermore, the OBM-derived relative incremental reactivity indicated that the O3 formation was VOC-limited in all seasons, and that the long-term O3 formation was more sensitive to VOCs and less to NOx and CO in the past 10 years. In addition, the OBM results found that the contributions of aromatics to O3 formation decreased in all seasons of these years, particularly in autumn, probably due to the effective control of solvent-related sources. In contrast, the contributions of alkenes increased, suggesting a continuing need to reduce traffic emissions. The findings provide updated information on photochemical pollution and its impact in Hong Kong.

scholarly journals Identyfikacja głównych determinant rozwoju rolnictwa w krajach Unii Europejskie

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (3) ◽  
pp. 342-352
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Zaród
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Discriminatory Analysis ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Eu

The level of agricultural development in the EU countries is varies significantly. The knowledge of factors directly affecting changes in agriculture can contribute to reducing disparities between countries. The purpose of this study is to indicate the main factors which determine agricultural development in the European Union. To implement this task, the discriminant analysis was used. The research material were data from the GUS and EUROSTAT regarding agriculture in EU countries. The research shows that the development of agriculture in the EU is determined in particular by factors such as the share of sowing of cereals in the total area of arable land, consumption expenditure in households, labor productivity and agricultural income. In addition, the discriminatory analysis allowed assigning particular countries to groups with different levels of agricultural development.

Pursuing Forecasts of the Behavior and Arrival of Coronal Mass Ejections through Modeling and Observations

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S335) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hebe Cremades
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Solar Disturbances

AbstractSophisticated instrumentation dedicated to studying and monitoring our Sun’s activity has proliferated in the past few decades, together with the increasing demand of specialized space weather forecasts that address the needs of commercial and government systems. As a result, theoretical and empirical models and techniques of increasing complexity have been developed, aimed at forecasting the occurrence of solar disturbances, their evolution, and time of arrival to Earth. Here we will review groundbreaking and recent methods to predict the propagation and evolution of coronal mass ejections and their driven shocks. The methods rely on a wealth of data sets provided by ground- and space-based observatories, involving remote-sensing observations of the corona and the heliosphere, as well as detections of radio waves.

The potential for geothermal lithium in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierfranco Lattanzi ◽  
Andrea Dini ◽  
Giovanni Ruggieri ◽  
Eugenio Trumpy
Keyword(s):  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
High Enthalpy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Geothermal Fluids ◽  
Deep Reservoir ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Made In

&lt;p&gt;Italy has never been a lithium (Li) producer, and the potential for &amp;#8220;hard rock&amp;#8221; deposits is moderate at best. On the other hand, the increasing demand for Li-based rechargeable batteries fostered new interest in this metal, and prompted the quest for alternative resources. The extraction of Li from geothermal brines (&amp;#8220;geothermal lithium&amp;#8221;) is currently considered in several countries, including, in Europe, France, Germany, and UK (EGEC, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Italy has vast geothermal resources, and there is a potential for &amp;#8220;geothermal lithium&amp;#8221; as well. A preliminary survey of literature data pointed out several occurrences of fluids with Li contents up to hundreds of mg/L. Among high-enthalpy fluids, we point out those of Cesano, Mofete, and Latera. At Cesano, geothermal fluids contain about 350 mg/L lithium (Calamai et al., 1976). Early studies conducted in the past century (Pauwels et al., 1990) suggested the feasibility of lithium recovery from these fluids. Even higher contents (480 mg/L) occur in the deep reservoir at Mofete (Guglielminetti, 1986), whereas fluids in the shallow and intermediate reservoir in the same field contain 28 to 56 mg/L. Geothermal fluids at Latera have somewhat lower contents (max 13.5 mg/L; Gianelli and Scandiffio, 1989). Several low-enthalpy thermal waters in Emilia-Romagna, Sardinia, Sicily and Tuscany also show significant (&gt; 1 mg/L) Li contents (max 96 mg/L at Salsomaggiore; Boschetti et al., 2011). There are no published Li data for high-enthalpy fluids at Larderello; however, evidence of Li-rich fluids was found in fluid inclusions in hydrothermal minerals (Cathelineau et al., 1994). Moreover, the shallow (ca. 3.5 km) granitoid body underlying the field contains a Li-rich (about 1,000 ppm) biotite (A. Dini, unpublished data); it has been estimated that such rock may contain as much as 500 g Li per cubic meter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boschetti T., et al. - Aquat Geochem (2011) 17:71&amp;#8211;108&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calamai A., et al. &lt;strong&gt;- &lt;/strong&gt;Proc. U.N. Symp. Development Use Geotherm. Energy, S. Francisco, USA&amp;#160;(1976), 305-313&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cathelineau M., et al. &amp;#8211; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (1994) 58: 1083-1099&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;EGEC (European Geothermal Council). https://www.egec.org/time-to-invest-in-clean-geothermal-lithium-made-in-europe/. Accessed December 2, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gianelli G., Scandiffio G. - Geothermics (1989) 18: 447-463&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Guglielminetti M. - Geothermics (1986) 15: 781-790&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pauwels H., et al. - Proc. 12th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop (1990), 117-123&lt;/p&gt;

Deception Detection Tests: A Subdued Investigating Tool

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 419-422
Author(s):  
Senthil Kumaran M ◽  
Bedanta Sarma ◽  
Arun Kumar S
Keyword(s):  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Personal Liberty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Extract Information

The increasing demand to dispose of the cases swiftly, police often resort to third-degree methods to extract information from the individual; and in the process violate the fundamental rights to life and personal liberty stated under article 21 of the constitution of India. With the development of science and technology quickly eliciting the information is possible by adopting methods of polygraph, brain mapping, and narco analysis. In the past various experts, committees and judgements in courts have recommended these technologies to be used. Though there is a demand, it also raises serious legal, ethical and medical issues. Through this article we attempted to analyze the issues from various angles, and should take steps in the future to implement them. Keywords: Deception Detection Test (DDT), polygraph, brain mapping, narco analysis.

Indicators of Possible Driving Forces for the Spread of Quechua and Aymara Reflected in the Archaeology of Cuzco

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
GORDON F. McEWAN
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
Culture History ◽  
History Of

Linguistic studies have shown that the traditional idea that the expansion of the Inca Empire was the driving force behind the spread of all Quechua cannot be correct. Across much of its distribution, Quechua has far greater time-depth than can be accounted for by the short-lived Inca Empire. Linguistics likewise suggests that Aymara spread not from the south into Cuzco in the late Pre-Inca period, but also from an origin to the north. Alternative explanations must be sought for the expansion of these language families in the culture history of the Andes. Archaeological studies over the past two decades now provide a broad, generally agreed-upon outline of the cultural history of the Cuzco region. This chapter applies those findings to examine alternative possibilities for the driving forces that spread Quechua and Aymara, offering a clearer cross-disciplinary view of Andean prehistory.

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