Dairy washwater treatment using a horizontal flow biofilm system

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1879-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Clifford ◽  
M. Rodgers ◽  
D. de Paor
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Economical Alternative

In Ireland, land-spreading is the most widely used method for treating dairy wastewaters. This can be labour intensive and can cause, in some cases, nitrate contamination of groundwater. In this study a simple pilot-scale horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR) with a step-feed was developed and tested at a dairy farm site in County Offaly, Ireland for partial remediation of this soiled water prior to landspreading. During the 122-day study, the top surface plan area (TSPA) hydraulic loading rate was 50 L/m2/day. Influent concentrations averaged: 2904.2 mg total chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L, 950 mg 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)/L and 177.9 mg total nitrogen (TN)/L. Between Days 1 and 45 frequent ambient temperatures below 4°C inhibited the build-up of biomass resulting in low removals. From Day 45 the HFBR unit removed 74.9% total COD and 69.6% BOD5, equivalent to TSPA removals of 108.8 g COD/m2/day and 33.1 g BOD5/m2/day. On Sheet 29, by the end of the study, the NH4–N had reduced from 123.1 mg/L in the influent to 37.0 mg/L. TN removal in the reactor averaged 56.0% equating to a TSPA removal rate of 5.0 g TN/m2/day. The HFBR does not require any mechanical aeration, was simple and inexpensive to construct and can provide a robust and economical alternative for the remediation of agricultural soiled water before landspreading.

scholarly journals Polishing of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Using Moving Bed Bio-Reactor

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 1281-1285
Author(s):  
Jamal Ali Kawan ◽  
Rakmi Abd-Rahman ◽  
Othman bin Jaafar ◽  
Fatihah Suja
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Moving Bed ◽  
Building Engineering

The pilot-scale experiment in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with a capacity of 433 L was carried out for this study with real life situations, it was decided that the complete research work must be done under as realistic conditions as possible,i.e.with real municipal wastewater, chemical free and with local commercially available products such as carriers for biofilm reactor. The reactor was start-up in 30/9/2013 up to date, Effluent from clarifier of STP used as influence of MBBR for polishing. MBBR is using continues down flow to polish effluent municipal wastewater from a faculty of new building engineering community in UKM to get the water free from main pollutant parameters, for reuse in the irrigation or discharge to the river. Laboratory experiments will conduct with different hydraulic retention time (HRT), filling ratio of plastic (Enviro Multi Media) in the MBBR about 5%. Aerobic reactors used the majority of the decaying organic material. An average removal rate of 41.75%, 32.85%, 24.80% and 35.77% of initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) were achieved under a HRT of 24hr, 12hr, 6hr and 2hr, respectively. The model simulated results showed good agreements with experimental results. The model could be employed in the design of a full-scale MBBR process for simultaneous removal of organic carbon from effluent STP.

Treatment of Dairy Farm Wastewaters in Horizontal and Up-Flow Gravel-Bed Constructed Wetlands

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris C. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Time Reduction

The treatment performance of four horizontal and two up-flow pilot-scale constructed wetlands planted with Schoenoplectus validus were investigated over a 20 month period (two winters and two summers) treating dairy parlour wastewaters at a range of loading rates. Removal of BOD.TN and TP were positively correlated with retention time. Reduction of BOD (70 - 90%) and SS (40 - 90%) in relation to loading rate were similar in both flow formats. The horizontal-flow wetlands showed 40 - 90 % reduction of TN and 30 - 80 % reduction of TP. The up-flow wetlands showed reduced levels of TN and TP removal, particularly when the loading rates were increased during the latter 5 months of the trial. Results are compared with those of other published studies of horizontal and upflow wetlands treating NH4-N rich organic wastewaters.

Nitrogen removal in a combined system: vertical vegetated bed over horizontal flow sand bed

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kantawanichkul ◽  
P. Neamkam ◽  
R.B.E. Shutes
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Farm Wastewater

Pig farm wastewater creates various problems in many areas throughout Thailand. Constructed wetland systems are an appropriate, low cost treatment option for tropical countries such as Thailand. In this study, a combined system (a vertical flow bed planted with Cyperus flabelliformis over a horizontal flow sand bed without plants) was used to treat settled pig farm wastewater . This system is suitable for using in farms where land is limited. The average COD and nitrogen loading rate of the vegetated vertical flow bed were 105 g/m2.d and 11 g/m2.d respectively. The wastewater was fed intermittently at intervals of 4 hours with a hydraulic loading rate of 3.7 cm/d. The recirculation of the effluent increased total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency from 71% to 85%. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies were 95% and 98%. Nitrification was significant in vertical flow Cyperus bed, and the concentration of nitrate increased by a factor of 140. The horizontal flow sand bed enhanced COD removal and nitrate reduction was 60%. Plant uptake of nitrogen was 1.1 g N/m2.d or dry biomass production was 2.8 kg/m2 over 100 days.

Novel biofilm reactor for denitrification of municipal wastewater

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1566-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Rathnaweera ◽  
B. Rusten ◽  
K. Korczyk ◽  
B. Helland ◽  
E. Rismyhr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Good Filter ◽  
Solids Removal

Abstract A pilot-scale CFIC® (continuous flow intermittent cleaning) reactor was run in anoxic conditions to study denitrification of wastewater. The CFIC process has already proven its capabilities for biological oxygen demand removal with a small footprint, less energy consumption and low cost. The present study focused on the applicability for denitrification. Both pre-denitrification (pre-DN) and post-denitrification (post-DN) were tested. A mixture of primary treated wastewater and nitrified wastewater was used for pre-DN and nitrified wastewater with ethanol as a carbon source was used for post-DN. The pre-DN process was carbon limited and removal rates of only 0.16 to 0.74 g NOx-N/m²-d were obtained. With post-DN and an external carbon source, 0.68 to 2.2 g NO3-Neq/m²-d removal rates were obtained. The carrier bed functioned as a good filter for both the larger particles coming with influent water and the bio-solids produced in the reactor. Total suspended solids removal in the reactor varied from 20% to 78% (average 45%) during post-DN testing period and 9% to 70% (average 29%) for pre-DN. The results showed that the forward flow washing improves both the DN function and filtration ability of the reactor.

scholarly journals Nitrogen removal from wastewater in an anoxic–aerobic biofilm reactor

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Hamoda ◽  
R. A. Bin-Fahad
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Substrate Removal ◽  
Fixed Film ◽  
Oxidised Nitrogen

A pilot plant, using a four-compartment reactor packed with Biolace media, was operated in the anoxic/aerobic submerged fixed-film (A/ASFF) and the aerobic (ASFF) modes at loadings 0.03 to 0.3 g BOD. g−1 BVS. d−1, 0.01 to 0.11 g NH3. g−1 BVS d−1, HRTs 0.7 to 8 h, C/N of 6, and 28 ± 2 °C. The system proved to be very effective in treating municipal wastewater, achieving removals up to 98% for biological oxygen demand (BOD), 75% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 97% for ammonia. Performance was not adversely affected by a 10-fold increase in loading rate. Both modes of operation showed high specific nitrification rates up to 96 mg N. g−1 BVS d−1, but the A/ASFF was more stable and efficient at higher loadings. Its anoxic stage removed more than 90 and 60% for BOD and COD, respectively. The A/ASFF reactor also achieved denitrification, which eliminated 3.35 mg BOD (or 6.6 mg COD) versus 1 mg denitrified NO3-N, that resulted in higher organic removals. Denitrification rate increased linearly with the TON (total oxidised nitrogen) loading applied, and specific substrate removal reached up to 114 mg TON. g−1 BVS. d−1.

scholarly journals Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland for Greywater Treatment and Reuse: An Experimental Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Collivignarelli ◽  
Marco Carnevale Miino ◽  
Franco Hernan Gomez ◽  
Vincenzo Torretta ◽  
Elena Cristina Rada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
World Health ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Health Organization

In the coming years, water stress is destined to worsen considering that the consumption of water is expected to increase significantly, and climate change is expected to become more evident. Greywater (GW) has been studied as an alternative water source in arid and semiarid zones. Although there is no single optimal solution in order to treat GW, constructed wetlands proved to be effective. In this paper, the results of the treatment of a real GW by a horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) for more than four months are shown. In the preliminary laboratory-scale plant, Phragmites australis, Carex oshimensis and Cyperus papyrus were tested separately and showed very similar results. In the second phase, pilot-scale tests were conducted to confirm the performance at a larger scale and evaluate the influence of hydraulic retention time, obtaining very high removal yields on turbidity (>92%), total suspended solids (TSS) (>85%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (>89%), and five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) (>88%). Based on the results of the pilot-scale HFCW, a comparison with international recommendations by World Health Organization and European Union is discussed.

Effect of Hydraulic Loading on Removal Efficiency of the Folds Stable Surface Flow Wetland

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 1055-1060
Author(s):  
Cheng Duan Wang ◽  
Hai Xia Fu
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Hydraulic Loading ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Stable Surface ◽  
Suspended Substance

Three folds stable surface flow wetlands (FSSFWs) were operated at different hydraulic loadings of 0.80, 0.53 and 0.27m3/ (m2•d) to treat the decentralized domestic sewage. And we investigated the effect of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on the removal efficiency of FSSFWs by measuring five indicators of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH3-N), total phosphorus (TP) and suspended substance (SS). The research results indicated that the hydraulic loading had great impact on the removal efficiency of FSSFWs, and was looked upon as one crucial factor for FSSFWs design. The removal efficiency of FSSFWs presented a downward trend in various degrees along with the increase of hydraulic loading. Also the hydraulic loading had greater influences on the removal rate of NH3-N and TN than COD, TP and SS. Considering the operation costs, the treatment capacity and the purification effect in this experiment, we could ensure the efficient and stable operation of FSSFWs with HLR at 0.53 m3/ (m2•d) and HRT at 0.4 m3•d-1, which were the most appropriate options.

High biofilm activity under increased oxygen concentrations in a pressurised biofilm system

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.F. Janning ◽  
S.N. Bak ◽  
M. Andersen ◽  
G.H. Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Film ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Order Rate Constant ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Film Diffusion ◽  
Zero Order Reaction

A new pressurised biofilm reactor (PBR) process with a patented disc system that enables constant biofilm control has been developed to treat concentrated wastewater with respect to easily degradable organic matter under pressures of up to 6 bar. The pressurisation enables a six-fold increase of the O2 saturation level and aeration capacity, which potentially increases the reaction rate of COD as long as O2 is limiting the reaction rate. Experiments performed in a pilot-scale PBR-reactor fed by synthetic wastewater were conducted to verify the potential and kinetics of heterotrophic conversion of O2 and acetate. Under O2-limited conditions the maximum removal rate of O2 and CODf was measured to rA,O2=60 g O2/m2/d and rA,CODf=150 g CODf/m2/d at 70 mg O2/l. Experiments verified that half-order kinetics could be applied but liquid film diffusion apparently influenced the reaction rate considerably. The observed half-order rate constant was experimentally determined to K½A,O2=7.0 (g O2)1/2m−1/2d−1 but this value is underestimated by 15% due to the observed liquid film diffusion. Based on this the intrinsic zero-order reaction rate was estimated at k0f,O2=190 kg O2/m3 biofilm/d when both liquid film and biofilm diffusion were taken into account.

scholarly journals Operational Performances and Enzymatic Activities for Eutrophic Water Treatment by Vertical-Flow and Horizontal-Flow Constructed Wetlands

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2007
Author(s):  
Qijun Ni ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Jialin Liao ◽  
Wansheng Shi ◽  
Zhenxing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Remarkable Effect ◽  
Hydraulic Flow ◽  
Eutrophic Water

In this study, pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) and horizontal-flow constructed wetland (HFCW) were constructed to treat eutrophic water, and dissolved oxygen (DO) distributions, decontamination performances and key enzymes activities were compared under different influent loads. The influent load increase caused reductions of DO levels and removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), NH4+−N and organic nitrogen, but it had no remarkable effect on the removal of NO3−−N and total phosphorus (TP). The interior DO concentrations of VFCW were higher than those of HFCW, indicating a vertical hydraulic flow pattern was more conducive to atmospheric reoxygenation. The VFCW and HFCW ecosystems possessed comparable removal capacities for TN, NO3−−N and TP. VFCW had a remarkable superiority for COD and organic nitrogen degradation, but its effluent NH4+−N concentration was higher, indicating the NH4+−N produced from organic nitrogen degradation was not effectively further removed in the VFCW system. The activities of protease, urease and phosphatase declined with the increasing depth of substrate layers, and they were positively correlated with DO concentrations. The enzymatic activities of VFCW were significantly higher than that of HFCW in the upper layers. Taken together, VFCW and HFCW presented a certain difference in operational properties due to the different hydraulic flow patterns.

Nitrogen removal from high organic loading wastewater in modified Ludzack–Ettinger configuration MBBR system

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1274-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Torkaman ◽  
Seyed Mehdi Borghei ◽  
Sepehr Tahmasebian ◽  
Mohammad Reza Andalibi
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Denitrification Rate ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Reactor

A moving bed biofilm reactor with pre-denitrification configuration was fed with a synthetic wastewater containing high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia. By changing different variables including ammonium and COD loading, nitrification rate in the aerobic reactor and denitrification rate in the anoxic reactor were monitored. Changing the influent loading was achieved via adjusting the inlet COD (956–2,096 mg/L), inlet ammonium (183–438 mg/L), and hydraulic retention time of the aerobic reactor (8, 12, and 18 hours). The overall organic loading rate was in the range of 3.60–17.37 gCOD/m2·day, of which 18.5–91% was removed in the anoxic reactor depending on the operational conditions. Considering the complementary role of the aerobic reactor, the overall COD removal was in the range 87.3–98.8%. In addition, nitrification rate increased with influent ammonium loading, the maximum rate reaching 3.05 gNH4/m2·day. One of the most important factors affecting nitrification rate was influent C:N entering the aerobic reactor, by increasing which nitrification rate decreased asymptotically. Nitrate removal efficiency in the anoxic reactor was also controlled by the inlet nitrate level entering the anoxic reactor. Furthermore, by increasing the nitrate loading rate from 0.91 to 3.49 gNO/m3·day, denitrification rate increased from 0.496 to 2.47 gNO/m3·day.

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