Acute toxicity tests on raw leachate from a Malaysian dumping site

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatihah Sujá ◽  
Arij Yusof ◽  
Md. Anuar Osman
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
In Vivo Toxicity ◽  
Dumping Site ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Leachate samples collected from the Ampar Tenang open dumping site at Dengkil, Malaysia, were analyzed for acute toxicity. Two in vivo toxicity tests, Acute Oral Toxicity (AOT) and Primary Skin Irritation (PSI), were performed using Sprague Dawley rats and New Zealand Albino rabbits, respectively. The leachate samples were also analyzed chemically for nitrate and phosphate, ammonia-nitrogen, Kjeldahl-nitrogen and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Results from both the AOT and PSI tests showed that the leachate did not contribute to acute toxicity. The AOT test yielded a negative result: no effect was observed in at least half of the rat population. The PSI test on rabbits produced effects only at a leachate concentration of 100%. However, the skin irritation was minor, and the test returned a negative result. The four chemical tests showed high levels of nutrient pollution in the leachate. The nitrate and phosphate concentrations were 2.1 mg/L and 23.6 mg/L, respectively. Further, the ammonia-nitrogen concentration was 1,000 mg NH3-N/L the Kjeldahl-nitrogen level was 446 mg NH3-N/L, and the Chemical Oxygen Demand was 1,300 mg/L. The in vivo toxicity and chemical analyses showed that the leachate is polluted but not acutely toxic to organisms.

scholarly journals Digestate Liquid Fraction Treatment with Filters Filled with Recovery Materials

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Ilaria Piccoli ◽  
Giuseppe Virga ◽  
Carmelo Maucieri ◽  
Maurizio Borin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Material Particle ◽  
N Removal

Constructed wetlands (CWs) represent a green technology for digestate liquid fraction (DLF) treatment. However, previous research has warned about their performance when treating wastewater with high suspended solid and organic loads. In addition, the high NH4-N concentration typical of this wastewater can compromise vegetation establishment and activity. In view of this, a digestate pretreatment is needed. This study aimed to test the performance of filters filled with recovery materials, such as brick and refractory material, for DLF pretreatment. The effect on DLF physical (electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature) and chemical (total nitrogen, ammonia–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand) characteristics was monitored during eight weekly cycles. The effect of filtration on total nitrogen and ammonia–nitrogen removal began after about one month of loading, suggesting that an activation period is necessary for bacteria. For effective N removal, the presence of multiple digestate recirculations per day through the filters appears mandatory to guarantee the alternation of nitrification and denitrification conditions. For P removal, filling material particle size appeared to be more important than its composition. Unclear performances were observed considering chemical oxygen demand. Further studies on filling media and microbial community interactions, and the long-term efficiency of filters, are desirable.

scholarly journals Kinetics, Mechanism, and Toxicity of Amlodipine Degradation by the UV/Chlorine Process

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3150
Author(s):  
Jianye Xu ◽  
Siqi Zhou ◽  
Erdeng Du ◽  
Yongjun Sha ◽  
Lu Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Toxicity Tests

The UV/chlorine process, as a new type of AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process), was utilized to treat amlodipine (AML)-containing water. The influencing factors, including chlorine dose, UV intensity, solution initial pH value, and ammonia concentration, were investigated. The degradation of AML in real water and the relative contributions of OH• and Cl• were also studied. Finally, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and GC-MS were used to identify the possible degradation products. The results demonstrated that the AML degradation process was fitted with apparent first-order kinetics. AML degradation had a positive correlation with UV intensity and chlorine dose, and a negative correlation with ammonia concentration. In the presence of ammonia nitrogen and DOM, the removal of AML from real water was reduced. OH• made a dominant percentage contribution of 55.7% to the degradation of AML. Sixteen intermediates were detected and identified. A possible degradation mechanism was also proposed. Acute toxicity tests and risk prediction both illustrated that the complete removal of AML does not guarantee the reduction of acute toxicity, but a prolonged degradation promoted the detoxification of toxic intermediates. The UV/chlorine process can be regarded to be an effective method to remove AML and reduce ecological risk.

scholarly journals Synthesis and properties of zeolite/N-doped porous carbon for the efficient removal of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia-nitrogen from aqueous solution

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 6452-6459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangzhi Xin ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Yuzhou Zhang ◽  
Meicheng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Porous Carbon ◽  
Mesoporous Carbon ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Efficient Removal ◽  
Porous Activated Carbon

A novel adsorbent zeolite/N-doped porous activated carbon (ZAC) was prepared by the synthesis of zeolite and mesoporous carbon to remove ammonia nitrogen (NH4+–N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from aqueous solution.

The Study of Prediction of Agricultural Source Pollution Emissions of Ammonia Nitrogen (AN) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Based on Bionic Neural Network Algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 544-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Peng Guo ◽  
Gan Yu Feng ◽  
Chun Xia Liu ◽  
Xiao Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Network Algorithm ◽  
Neural Network Algorithm ◽  
Pollution Emissions

Nearly 40% of Chinese water pollution comes from agricultural sources of pollution, and the annual emissions are difference. If we want to control pollution emissions effectively, we need to accurately predict the amount of agricultural emissions of Ammonia Nitrogen (AN) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Due to the complex mechanism of the agricultural non-point source pollution, its emissions are very difficult to measure. Currently, the Bionics Research is in a stage of rapid development, and it continues to expand into many new areas of research. So the comprehensive study of Bionics and pollutant control study will be a good choice. This research used bionic BP（Back Propagation） neural network algorithm, and used pollution census data from 2002 to 2007 and established neural network model with neural network algorithm. And we predicted the agricultural sources of emissions of AN and COD with the data from 2008 to 2010. Finally we compared the predicted value and the actual value. Research results showed that, with using the bionic BP neural network, agricultural sources emissions of AN and COD are evaluated actually and the results indicate that the average error is under 5.0%. Research results proved that the model is effective. The neural network is a scientific predict method for the agricultural sources emissions of AN and COD. It can be widely used in the prediction of agricultural sources emissions of AN and COD.

Quantitative Eco-Compensation Criterion in Taihu Lake Area of Jiangsu Province, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4095-4100
Author(s):  
Rong Rong Xie ◽  
Yong Pang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Chinese Yuan

To redress the deteriorating environment, policies regarding river eco-compensation have been issued in China since 2008. Due to the high cost, eco-compensation has not been well implemented in the Taihu pilot region. Therefore, how to determine the compensation criterion is already a priority. In this paper, a compensation criterion model based on the treatment costs of sewage was introduced. Using the pollution source census data covering 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011 in the Taihu lake area of Jiangsu province, the average eco-compensation criterion for chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 2,000 Chinese Yuan (CNY) ± 325 CNY per ton and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and total phosphorus (TP) are 8,000 CNY ± 1,300 CNY and 80,000 CNY ± 13,000 CNY per ton, respectively. The new method can provide an important template for managers when drafting river eco-compensation schemes.

Effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratios on pollutants removal in the subsurface wastewater infiltration systems with/without intermittent aeration

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2662-2669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Song ◽  
Jing Pan ◽  
Shiwei Wu ◽  
Yijing Guo ◽  
Jingxiao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Intermittent Aeration ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Pollutants Removal

The matrix oxidation reduction potential level, organic pollutants and nitrogen removal performances of eight subsurface wastewater infiltration systems (SWISs) (four with intermittent aeration, four without intermittent aeration) fed with influent chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio of 3, 6, 12 and 18 were investigated. Nitrification of non-aerated SWISs was poor due to oxygen deficiency while higher COD/N ratios further led to lower COD and nitrogen removal rate. Intermittent aeration achieved almost complete nitrification, which successfully created aerobic conditions in the depth of 50 cm and did not change anoxic or anaerobic conditions in the depth of 80 and 110 cm. The sufficient carbon source in high COD/N ratio influent greatly promoted denitrification in SWISs with intermittent aeration. High average removal rates of COD (95.68%), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) (99.32%) and total nitrogen (TN) (89.65%) were obtained with influent COD/N ratio of 12 in aerated SWISs. The results suggest that intermittent aeration was a reliable option to achieve high nitrogen removal in SWISs, especially with high COD/N ratio wastewater.

Quality Monitoring and Property Analysis of Urban Initial Rainwater

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 684-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Hong Wang ◽  
Yun Wen ◽  
Luan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Rainwater Runoff ◽  
Sewer Overflows ◽  
Runoff Pollution Control

Pollutants of urban rainwater runoff on water environment as well as the influencing factors are reviewed. By comparing with combined sewer overflows (CSOs), the paper thinks that urban rainwater runoff pollution control is necessary. Four months road runoff and Combined Sewer Overflows quality monitoring was carried in Luoyang, where indices included suspended solids(SS)，chemical oxygen demand(CODcr), dissolved chemical oxygen demand, Ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N) and total phosphorus(TP).The results showed that the concentrations of pollutants of Combined Sewer Overflows(CSOs)were higher than that of street runoff. Concentrations of pollutants in initial flush were very high, but they descended gradually and approached to the stabilization after a period of flushing. The main pollutants were SS, CODcr and NH3-N. By analyzing the correlation between SS and CODcr, and contrasting the content between total CODcr and dissolved CODcr, it inferred that SS was the main contribution to CODcr. The initial split-flow is suggested to handle the heavily polluted runoff.

scholarly journals Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia Nitrogen Mycoremediation from Domestic Wastewater Effluent using Ganoderma lucidum in a Batch System.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silambarasi Mooralitharan ◽  
Zarimah Hanafiah ◽  
Teh Sabariah Abd Manan ◽  
Hassimi Hasan ◽  
Henritte Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Optimum Conditions

Abstract The fungi-based technology, wild-Serbian Ganoderma lucidum (WSGL) as myco-alternative to existing conventional microbial-based wastewater treatment is introduced in this study as a potential alternative treatment. The mycoremediation is highly persistent for its capability to oxidatively breakdown pollutant substrates and widely researched for its medicinal properties. Utilizing the non-hazardous properties and high degradation performance of WSGL, this research aims to find optimum conditions and model the mycoremediation treatment design for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Ammonia Nitrogen (AN) removal in domestic wastewater via response surface methodology (RSM). Combined process variables were temperature (⁰C) (Model 1) and the volume of mycelial pellets (%) (Model 2) against treatment time (hour). Response variables for these two sets of central composite design (CCD) were the removal efficiencies of COD (%) and AN (%). The regression line fitted well with the data with R2 values of 0.9840 (Model 1-COD), 0.9477 (Model 1-AN), 0.9988 (Model 2-COD) and 0.9990 (Model 2-AN). The lack of fit test gives the highest value of Sum of Squares equal to 9494.91 (Model 1- COD), 9701.68 (Model 1-AN), 23786.55 (Model 2-COD) and 13357.02 (Model 2-AN), with probability F values less than 0.05 showing significant models. The optimum conditions were established corresponding to the percentage of COD and AN removal obtained were 95.1% and 96.3%, accordingly at the optimum temperature 25°C at the treatment time of 24 h, meanwhile 0.25% of mycelial pellet with 76.0% and 78.4% COD and AN removal, respectively. The high performance achieved demonstrates that the mycoremediation of G. lucidum is highly potential as part of the wastewater treatment system in treating domestic wastewater of high organic loadings.

A Path Analysis for Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia Nitrogen Discharge from Industrial Sewage in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1012-1019
Author(s):  
Xin-Cong Liu ◽  
Meng-Di Zhang ◽  
Wei-Yu Zhou ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Shi-Huai Deng
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Industrial Sewage ◽  
Nitrogen Discharge

Comparison of Photo-Fenton Treatment and Coupled Photo-Fenton and Biological Treatment for Detoxification of Pharmaceutical Industry Contaminants

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Zapata ◽  
Isabel Oller ◽  
Raphael Gallay ◽  
César Pulgarín ◽  
Manuel Ignacio Maldonado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Oxidative Treatment

AbstractThis paper compares the feasibility of two different treatment approaches, chemical oxidative treatment by the solar photo-Fenton method and a combined approach applying the solar photo-Fenton method as a pre-treatment for aerobic biological wastewater treatment. The targets are two biorecalcitrant substances used as synthesis intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethanol (CAS 84682-23-5) (DIDM) and 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)- 1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethanol (CAS 67914-85-6) (DTDM). Solar photo-Fenton treatment was performed in Compound Parabolic Collector pilot-plants, and biological treatment in an immobilized biomass reactor pilot-plant. Analytical determinations included the measurement of dissolved organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, inorganic compounds (chloride, ammonium, nitrate), formed during degradation, acute toxicity tests applying Vibrio Fischeri luminescence bacteria and the Zahn-Wellens biodegradability test. The synthetic wastewater contained 200 mg/L of each compound, an initial DOC of 200 mg/l and an initial COD of 700 mg/L. The target compounds proved to be susceptible to complete degradation and partial mineralization (95%) by photo-Fenton. Total elimination of both substances occurred after 74 minutes of illumination and required the consumption of 27.5 mM of hydrogen peroxide. Nevertheless, acute toxicity persisted practically to the end of the treatment, and biodegradability could only be slightly enhanced, never rendering the wastewater completely biodegradable at any stage of the chemical oxidative treatment. By Zahn-Wellens test DIDM and DTDM proved to be non-biodegradable and only samples pre-treated by photo-Fenton until achieving a DOC below 98 mg/L showed a significant degree of biodegradability (60% after 11 days of biotreatment). This particular behaviour contrasts with other substances that have been tested before and may be related to the refractory nature of the imidazole and triazole moieties in the molecular structure of DIDM and DTDM.

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