Characterisation of RO fouling in an integrated MBR/RO system for wastewater reuse

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 780-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Moreno ◽  
H. Monclús ◽  
M. Stefani ◽  
E. Cortada ◽  
J. Aumatell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Inorganic Precipitation

Membrane filtration has gradually gained acceptance as the preferred pre-treatment for reverse osmosis (RO). In this paper, an integrated membrane bioreactor (MBR)/RO system for wastewater reuse treating real sewage water has been evaluated and the RO fouling has been characterised. The MBR achieved low values of organic matter, total nitrogen, PO43−, total organic carbon, turbidity and conductivity. Filtration with two different RO commercial membranes was performed after the MBR pre-treatment and the same average fouling rate (0.08 bar day−1) was noted. These results gained from the characterisation of the high quality MBR/RO permeate show its potential for water reuse. Inorganic precipitation appears to be the predominant form of fouling in the RO membranes. Calcium phosphate and alumino-silicates were identified by a scanning electron microscope combined with an energy dispersive X-ray and polysaccharides, amide and aliphatic structures were detected with attenuated total reflection infrared microspectroscopy.

scholarly journals Extraction and characterisation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from sugarcane bagasse using ionic liquids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gcinile Pretty Mdletshe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Pre Treatment

Lignocellulosic materials have the potential to partly replace fossil-based resources as a source of bio-fuels, bio-chemicals, bio-composites and other bio-products. In this study, ionic liquids (ILs) were used in the pre-treatment of ground sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The ILs used were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate at varied times. The ILs were able to remove lignin and hemicellulose from biomass. The IL [bmim][HSO4] had the highest amount of lignin removed after 12 h than all samples. Moreover, it resulted in the greatest cellulose amount. Milled SCB was pre-treated with IL/dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) mixtures. The IL [bmim][HSO4] was able to produce cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) at 90 % IL and 100 % IL. The other IL failed to produce CNCs. Freeze drying the CNC suspension showed morphologies of long fibrous structures and rods which were evident in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The crystallinity index of cellulose in the form of CNCs was calculated from powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD). Thermal analysis of the CNCs was obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) was used to confirm the absence of lignin and hemicellulose in CNCs. The size distribution of CNCs was obtained by using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) which showed that all the CNCs for the 100 % IL [bmim][HSO4] pre-treatment had a length < 500 nm. It was found that [bmim][HSO4], with no DMSO, was the most effective in terms of cellulose dissolution and the crystal sizes of CNCs. The conversion of cellulose to CNCs was successful with a 80 % and 100 % conversion for 90 % [bmim][HSO4]/DMSO and 100 % [bmim][HSO4], respectively.

An integrated wastewater reuse concept combining natural reclamation techniques, membrane filtration and metal oxide adsorption

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sperlich ◽  
X. Zheng ◽  
M. Jekel ◽  
M. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Ferric Hydroxide ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Total Phosphorus Concentration

In a Sino-German research project, a sustainable water reclamation concept was developed for different applications of municipal water reuse at the Olympic Green 2008 in Beijing, China. Results from pilot-scale experiments in Beijing and Berlin show that selective nutrient removal by adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) after a membrane bioreactor (MBR) can maintain a total phosphorus concentration of &lt;0.03 μg L−1 P, thus preventing eutrophication of artificial lakes. Operation time of GFH adsorption columns can be extended by regeneration using sodium hydroxide solution. A subsequent ultrafiltration (UF) membrane after bank filtration creates an additional barrier for pathogens and allows for further urban reuse applications such as toilet flushing. Short term bank / bio-filtration prior to UF is shown to effectively remove biopolymers and reduce membrane fouling.

scholarly journals Different Approaches to FT-IR Microspectroscopy on X-ray Exposed Human Cells

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Marianna Portaccio ◽  
Federico Manganello ◽  
Roberta Meschini ◽  
Ines Delfino ◽  
Valerio Ricciardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuroblastoma Cells ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Microspectroscopy

Fourier-Transform Infrared microspectroscopy (μFT-IR) has been usefully applied in the analysis of the complex biological processes occurring during X-ray radiation-cell interaction. Different experimental approaches are available for FT-IR spectra collection (transmission, attenuated total reflection (ATR), and transflection modes) from cells samples. Recently, some problems have been raised about the role of transmitted and reflected components of the infrared beam in transflection mode. For this reason, we investigated two different transflection approaches for collecting spectra from cells exposed to X-ray. In the former approach, cells were grown on MirrIR slides, and for the second approach, cell pellets were prepared. In both cases, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were used. X-ray exposure was performed at doses of 2 and 4 Gy. Spectra were obtained by using both the approaches in the 600–4000 cm−1 spectral range from exposed and not-exposed samples. The main contributions from proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA were clearly evidenced in spectra obtained with the two different acquisition approaches. A comparison among them has been also reported.

scholarly journals Application of membrane filtration techniques in sewage water reuse.

MEMBRANE ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 216-220
Author(s):  
Takuya Onitsuka ◽  
Koji Ueno ◽  
Kazuaki Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Sewage Water

scholarly journals Membranes coupled with physico chemical treatment in water reuse

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Guo ◽  
R. Zhang ◽  
S. Vigneswaran ◽  
H. H. Ngo ◽  
J. Kandasamy
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Refractory Organic Pollutants ◽  
Treated Sewage Effluent ◽  
Magnetic Ion

In this study, short-term experiments were conducted with different configurations of membrane hybrid systems to treat biological treated sewage effluent containing refractory organic pollutants: (i) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration (SMF) alone; (ii) spiral flocculator (SF)-SMF without settling; (iii) SF-PAC-SMF without settling and (iv) SMF with magnetic ion exchange resin MIEX® pretreatment. The results indicated that the pre-flocculation of SF could improve the mitigation of membrane fouling significantly even when the system was operated at a high membrane filtration rate. The transmembrane pressure (TMP) of SF-PAC-SMF only increased marginally (0.8 kPa over 8 hours). SF-SMF without the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) also took a relatively long duration for the TMP to increase. The TMP only increased by 2.5 kPa over 8 hours. The SF-PAC-MF system resulted in a high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal of more than 96%. When used as pre-treatment to submerged membranes, the fluidized bed MIEX® contactor could remove a significant amount of organic matter in wastewater. This pre-treatment helped to reduce the membrane fouling and kept the TMP low during the membrane operation.

Low-pressure membrane filtration of secondary effluent in water reuse: Pre-treatment for fouling reduction

2008 ◽  
Vol 320 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linhua Fan ◽  
Thang Nguyen ◽  
Felicity A. Roddick ◽  
John L. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Fouling Reduction

Performance comparison of direct membrane separation and membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment and water reuse

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-H. Ahn ◽  
K.-G. Song ◽  
I.-T. Yeom ◽  
K.-Y. Park
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Filtration Resistance ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Two pilot-scale wastewater treatment systems - direct membrane separation (DMS) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems - were designed and constructed in order to investigate the feasibility of membrane filtration technology for domestic wastewater treatment and water reuse. A submerged-type hollow-fiber microfiltration (HF-MF) membrane module with pore size of 0.1μm was employed to build each pilot system. The systems were tested using low- and high-strength domestic wastewaters and the system performance was continuously monitored for a long period to compare filtration characteristics and effluent quality in each system. The MBR system showed much better performance than the DMS system in terms of filtration characteristics and effluent quality. Even though the mixed-liquor suspended solid (MLSS) content in the MBR system was much higher than that in the DMS system, the MBR filtration resistance was much lower than the DMS filtration resistance. The DMS system was not able to remove dissolved organic matter, which seemed to be a major component of membrane fouling. The MBR effluent quality such as COD, BOD, TOC and T-N was more stable and better than the DMS. In the MBR process, the organic removal efficiency remained more than 95% regardless of fluctuation in influent qualities. The effluent quality of both systems was satisfying the legal standards for water reuse in Korea. Rejection of pathogenic microorganisms by membrane filtration was also investigated.

SANASA Capivari II – the first full-scale municipal membrane bioreactor in Latin America

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pagotto ◽  
R. Rossetto ◽  
R. L. P. Gasperi ◽  
J. P. Andrade ◽  
J. Trovati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Treated Effluent

The macro region of Campinas (Brazil) is rapidly evolving with new housing developments and industries, creating the challenge of finding new ways to treat wastewater to a quality that can be reused in order to overcome water scarcity problems. To address this challenge, SANASA (a publicly owned water and wastewater concessionaire from Campinas) has recently constructed the ‘EPAR (Water Reuse Production Plant) Capivari II’ using the GE ZeeWeed 500D® ultrafiltration membrane system. This is the first large-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) system in Latin America with biological tertiary treatment capability (nitrogen and phosphorus removal), being able to treat an average flow of 182 L/s in its first phase of construction. The filtration system is composed of three membrane trains with more than 36,000 m2 of total membrane filtration area. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant was commissioned in April 2012 and the permeate quality has exceeded expectations. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rates are around and above 97% on a consistent basis, with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and NH3 (ammonia) concentrations at very low levels, and turbidity lower than 0.3 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU). Treated effluent is sent to a water reuse accumulation tank (from where will be distributed as reuse water), and the excess is discharged into the Capivari River.

Low-pressure membrane filtration with unconventional coagulation regimes

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.Y. Choi ◽  
B.A. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Chemical Cleaning ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Charge Neutralization ◽  
Floc Size ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Pre Treatment

The objective of the research was to evaluate in-line coagulation to improve performance during ultrafiltration (UF). In-line coagulation means use of coagulants without removal of coagulated solids prior to UF. Performance was evaluated by removal of contaminants (water quality) and by resistance to filtration and recovery of flux after hydraulic or chemical cleaning (water production). We hypothesized that coagulation conditions inappropriate for conventional treatment, in particular under-dosing conditions that produce particles that neither settle nor are removed in rapid sand filters, would be effective for in-line coagulation prior to UF. A variety of pre-treatment processes for UF have been investigated including coagulation, powdered activated carbon (PAC) or granular activated carbon (GAC), adsorption on iron oxides or other pre-formed settleable solid phases, or ozonation. Coagulation pre-treatment is often used for removal of fouling substances prior to NF or RO. It has been reported that effective conventional coagulation conditions produced larger particles and this reduced fouling during membrane filtration by reducing adsorption in membrane pores, increasing cake porosity, and increasing transport of foulants away from the membrane surface. However, aggregates produced under sweep floc conditions were more compressible than for charge neutralization conditions, resulting in compaction when the membrane filtration system was pressurized. It was known that the coagulated suspension under either charge-neutralization or sweep floc condition showed similar steady-state flux under the cross-flow microfiltration mode. Another report on the concept of critical floc size suggested that flocs need to reach a certain critical size before MF, otherwise membranes can be irreversibly clogged by the coagulant solids. The authors were motivated to study the effect of various coagulation conditions on the performance of a membrane filtration system.

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