Simultaneous Ultrasonic Monitoring of Gallbladder Emptying and Gastric Emptying after Liquid Test Meal.

Previous work has shown that the gastric emptying rate in animals and humans can adapt due to previous dietary intake. The present study investigated whether adaptation in gastric emptying rate due to consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is nutrient specific in humans. Gastric emptying of high-fat and high-carbohydrate test meals was measured (using gamma scintigraphy) before and after consumption of an HFD for 14 days in eight free-living male volunteers. Visual analog ratings of appetite were recorded throughout each test. There was no effect of HFD on any parameters of gastric emptying rate (lag phase, half-emptying time, and linear emptying rate) measured for carbohydrate test meals. HFD led to an acceleration of the linear emptying rate of the high-fat test meal (0.36 vs. 0.47%/min; P < 0.05). All meals reduced appetite ratings, but there were no differences between tests. These results support our previous findings of accelerated gastric emptying of high-fat test meals following an HFD and show that these changes appear to be nutrient specific, confirming recent studies in rats.

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Comparative influences of acoustic and cold stress on gastrointestinal transit in mice

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.2.g124 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 253 (2) ◽

pp. G124-G128 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Gue ◽

J. Fioramonti ◽

L. Bueno

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Test Meal ◽

Magnetic Tape ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Gastrointestinal Transit ◽

Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽

Intestinal Transit ◽

Intracerebroventricular Administration ◽

Geometric Center

The effects of acoustic and cold stress on gastric emptying and intestinal transit were evaluated in mice treated with saline, diazepam, muscimol, propranolol, and naloxone using a radiolabeled chromium test meal. Acoustic stress (AS) was produced by playing music from a magnetic tape through loudspeakers (less than 86 dB) in a confined box at room temperature; and cold stress (CS) was produced by cold (10 degrees C) exposure. AS and CS sessions lasted 20 min. Both AS and CS were accompanied by a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in gastric emptying during at least 1 h. When measured 30 min after the meal, AS and CS increased gastric emptying from 43% of the test meal to 63 and 73%, respectively. Only CS affected intestinal transit, causing a 12.1% increase of the geometric center when measured 30 min after the test meal. Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) muscimol (0.5 mg/kg), or propranolol (1 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally reduced or abolished the effects of AS and CS on both gastric emptying and intestinal transit. In contrast naloxone (0.2 mg/kg im), which increased gastric emptying when injected alone, was unable to affect the AS-induced alterations of gastric emptying but partially reduced those of CS. Intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (250 ng/kg) also increased by 52.1% the gastric emptying, whereas the geometric center was not affected. It is concluded that both AS and CS accelerate gastric emptying in mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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THE INFLUENCE OF TEST MEAL COMPOSITION ON GASTRIC EMPTYING IN MAN

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1947.149.1.107 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 149 (1) ◽

pp. 107-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Austin Henschel ◽

Ancel Keys ◽

Angie Mae Sturgeon ◽

Henry Longstreet Taylor

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Test Meal ◽

Meal Composition

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Does calcium mediate the slowing of gastric emptying in primates?

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1982.243.3.g200 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 243 (3) ◽

pp. G200-G203

Author(s):

J. N. Hunt ◽

P. R. McHugh

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Tight Junctions ◽

Test Meal ◽

Binding Sites ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Disodium Edetate ◽

Set Up ◽

Duodenal Epithelium

Disodium edetate (EDTA, 1 g/l) in test meals of water slowed gastric emptying strongly in one human and in four rhesus monkeys. When the binding sites of the EDTA were loaded with calcium before it was given in the test meal, there was little effect on gastric emptying. It is suggested that EDTA takes up calcium from the “tight junctions” of the duodenal epithelium. As a result a signal is set up that slows gastric emptying. It is postulated that the anions of fatty acids produced during the digestion of triglycerides in the duodenum also slow gastric emptying by the same mechanism. We explain how fats, carbohydrates, and proteins could all slow gastric emptying by operating on the same receptor.

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Effect of baclofen on liquid and solid gastric emptying in rats

Arquivos de Gastroenterologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-28032010000300015 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 290-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Edgard Ferro Collares ◽

Adriana Mendes Vinagre

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Test Meal ◽

Glucose Solution ◽

Gastric Retention ◽

Phenol Red ◽

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Solid Meal ◽

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽

Sterile Saline

CONTEXT: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter. There is evidence that GABA B receptors located in the dorsal complex and in afferent fibers of the vagus nerve participate in the control of gastrointestinal motility. OBJECTIVE: To assess the intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and intravenously (IV) effect of baclofen, a GABA B receptor agonist, on liquid and solid gastric emptying in rats. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g (n = 6-8 animals) were used. Gastric emptying of liquid test meals labeled with phenol red was evaluated by the determination of percent gastric retention (%GR) 10 and 15 min after orogastric administration of saline and 10% glucose meals, respectively. Baclofen was injected ICV (1 and 2 µg/animal) through a tube implanted into the lateral ventricle of the brain and was injected IV (1 and 2 mg/kg) into a tail vein. The gastric emptying of liquid was determined 10 or 30 min after ICV and IV baclofen administration, respectively. The gastric emptying of the solid meal was assessed by the determination of percent gastric retention 2 h after the beginning of the ingestion of the habitual ratio by the animal, consumed over a period of 30 min. Baclofen was administered ICV (1 and 2 µg/animal) or IV (1 and 2 mg/kg) immediately after the end of the ingestion of the solid meal. The control groups received vehicle (sterile saline solution) ICV or IV. RESULTS: The group of animals receiving baclofen ICV (2 mg/animal) presented a significantly lower (P<0.05, Tukey test) %GR (mean ± SEM) of the saline (18.1 ± 2.5%) compared to control (33.2 ± 2.2%). In the group receiving the drug IV, the gastric retention of the same test meal did not differ from control. ICV and IV administration of baclofen had no effect on the gastric emptying of the 10% glucose solution compared to control. ICV administration of 1 or 2 mg baclofen/animal significantly increased the gastric retention of the solid test meal (57.9 ± 6.5% and 66.6 ± 6.3%, respectively) compared to control (35.1 ± 4.4%). The same phenomenon was observed only with the IV dose of 2 mg/kg (71.9 ± 2.6%) compared to control (52.7 ± 2.8%). CONCLUSION: Baclofen administered: 1. ICV (2 µg/animal), but not IV, increased gastric emptying of a non-caloric isotonic liquid test meal (saline); 2. when administered ICV or IV, it had no effect of gastric emptying of a 10% glucose solution; 3) when administered ICV (1 and 2 mg/animal) and IV (2 mg/kg) it delayed the gastric emptying of the solid meal.

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Simultaneous Measurement of Gastric Emptying of a Soup Test Meal Using MRI and Gamma Scintigraphy

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics10030170 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Asseel Khalaf ◽

Caroline L. Hoad ◽

Elaine Blackshaw ◽

Jaber Alyami ◽

Robin C. Spiller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Test Meal ◽

Retention Rate ◽

Stomach Contents ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Gamma Scintigraphy ◽

Clinical Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

The Individual

Measurement of gastric emptying is of clinical value for a range of conditions. Gamma scintigraphy (GS) has an established role, but the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently increased. Previous comparison studies between MRI and GS showed good correlation, but were performed on separate study days. In this study, the modalities were alternated rapidly allowing direct comparison with no intra-individual variability confounds. Twelve healthy participants consumed 400 g of Technetium-99m (99mTc)-labelled soup test meal (204 kcal) and were imaged at intervals for 150 min, alternating between MRI and GS. The time to empty half of the stomach contents (T1/2) and retention rate (RR) were calculated and data correlated. The average T1/2 was similar for MRI (44 ± 6 min) and GS (35 ± 4 min) with a moderate but significant difference between the two modalities (p < 0.004). The individual T1/2 values were measured, and MRI and GS showed a good positive correlation (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001), as well as all the RRs at each time point up to 120 min. Gastric emptying was measured for the first time by MRI and GS on the same day. This may help with translating the use of this simple meal, known to elicit reliable, physiological, and pathological gastrointestinal motor, peptide, and appetite responses.

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VAGALLY INDUCED GASTRIC ANTRAL CONTRACTIONS AND GASTRIC EMPTYING OF A LIQUID TEST MEAL

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences ◽

10.1113/expphysiol.1978.sp002414 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 49-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

David H. Carr ◽

Frank P. Brooks

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Test Meal

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Effect of oral CCK-1 agonist GI181771X on fasting and postprandial gastric functions in healthy volunteers

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00074.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 287 (2) ◽

pp. G363-G369 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Emma Janet Castillo ◽

Silvia Delgado-Aros ◽

Michael Camilleri ◽

Duane Burton ◽

Debra Stephens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Single Photon ◽

Photon Emission ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Gastric Volume ◽

Oral Solution ◽

Gallbladder Emptying ◽

Double Blind ◽

Computed Tomographic

CCK influences satiation and gastric and gallbladder emptying. GI181771X is a novel oral CCK-1 agonist; its effects on gastric emptying of solids, accommodation, and postprandial symptoms are unclear. Effects of four dose levels of the oral CCK-1 agonist GI181771X and placebo on gastric functions and postprandial symptoms were compared in 61 healthy men and women in a randomized, gender-stratified, double-blind, double-dummy placebo-controlled, parallel group study. Effects of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.5 mg of oral solution and a 5.0-mg tablet of GI181771X on gastric emptying of solids by scintigraphy, gastric volume by 99mTc-single photon emission computed tomographic imaging, maximum tolerated volume of Ensure, and postprandial nausea, bloating, fullness, and pain were studied. On each of 3 study days, participants received their randomly assigned treatment. Adverse effects and safety were monitored. There were overall group effects of GI181771X on gastric emptying ( P < 0.01) and fasting and postprandial volumes ( P = 0.036 and 0.015, respectively). The 1.5-mg oral solution of GI181771X significantly delayed gastric emptying of solids ( P < 0.01) and increased fasting ( P = 0.035) gastric volumes without altering postprandial ( P = 0.056) gastric volumes or postprandial symptoms relative to placebo. The effect of the 5.0-mg tablet on gastric emptying of solids did not reach significance ( P = 0.052). Pharmacokinetic profiles showed the highest area under the curve over 4 h for the 1.5-mg solution and a similar area under the curve for the 0.5-mg solution and 5-mg tablet. Adverse effects were predominantly gastrointestinal and occurred in a minority of participants. GI181771X delays gastric emptying of solids and exhibits an acceptable safety profile in healthy participants. CCK-1 receptors can be modulated to increase fasting gastric volume.

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