scholarly journals The design argument salvaged? Assessing the contemporary argument from improbability

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Juuso Loikkanen
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Design ◽  
Design Argument ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
History Of

Some features within the physical universe appear to be so well-ordered that they have been regarded as evidence of the existence of a supernatural being who has designed them. This history of the so-called design argument is millennia-long, and various formulations of the argument have been presented. In this paper, I explore one contemporary version of the design argument proposed by the Intelligent Design movement, and analyze its advantages and disadvantages in comparison to one of the most famous classical versions of the argument.

On Purpose

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ruse
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Design ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Thought ◽  
The Way

Can we live without the idea of purpose? Should we even try to? Kant thought we were stuck with it, and even Darwin, who profoundly shook the idea, was unable to kill it. Indeed, purpose seems to be making a comeback today, as both religious advocates of intelligent design and some prominent secular philosophers argue that any explanation of life without the idea of purpose is missing something essential. This book explores the history of purpose in philosophical, religious, scientific, and historical thought, from ancient Greece to the present. The book traces how Platonic, Aristotelian, and Kantian ideas of purpose continue to shape Western thought. Along the way, it also takes up tough questions about the purpose of life—and whether it's possible to have meaning without purpose.

An overview of Osmotic Drug Delivery System: An update review

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 5426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiren J. Patel ◽  
Vaishnavi P. Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Life Cycle Management ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Osmotic Pump ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
New Chemical Entities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Drug

The pharmaceutical industry has faced several marked challenges in order to bring new chemical entities (NCEs) into the market over the past few decades. Various novel drug delivery approaches have been used as a part of life cycle management from which Osmotic drug delivery systems look the most promising one. After discussing the history of osmotic pump development, this article looks at the principles, advantages and disadvantages of osmotic drug delivery systems. Then, the basic components of osmotic pump and factors affecting the design of oral osmotic drug delivery systems are discussed in detail. In the later part of the manuscript, various types of osmotic pumps available in the market and evaluation methods for osmotic drug delivery systems are discussed in detail.

Kant and extragalactic revolution in astronomy

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
Milan Cirkovic
Keyword(s):  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Island Universes

In this paper we briefly consider the role Kant's early philosophy, and notably his "island universes" hypothesis played in the history of astronomy. There are many reasons for this, including the coincidence of Kant's jubilee year with 80 years since Hubble's discovery (1924) of the extragalactic universe. This discovery, confirming the "island universes" hypothesis revolutionized our picture of the physical universe. Prehistory of this revolution has another aspect, apart from the historical one, of significance for philosophy: it presents one of the best supported and empirically documented instances of the application of the Duhem-Quine thesis on subdetermination of theory by experiments.

scholarly journals The Ocular Gene Delivery Landscape

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135
Author(s):  
Bhubanananda Sahu ◽  
Isha Chug ◽  
Hemant Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
New Information ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Delivery Routes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Parts

The eye is at the forefront of developing therapies for genetic diseases. With the FDA approval of the first gene-therapy drug for a form of congenital blindness, numerous studies have been initiated to develop gene therapies for other forms of eye diseases. These examinations have revealed new information about the benefits as well as restrictions to using drug-delivery routes to the different parts of the eye. In this article, we will discuss a brief history of gene therapy and its importance to the eye and ocular delivery landscape that is currently being investigated, and provide insights into their advantages and disadvantages. Efficient delivery routes and vehicle are crucial for an effective, safe, and longer-lasting therapy.

scholarly journals Plato on Natural Kinds: The Promethean Method of the Philebus

Apeiron ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Proios
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Kind ◽  
Intelligent Design ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Natural World ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Abstract Plato’s invention of the metaphor of carving the world by the joints (Phaedrus 265d–66c) gives him a privileged place in the history of natural kind theory in philosophy and science; he is often understood to present a paradigmatic but antiquated view of natural kinds as possessing eternal, immutable, necessary essences. Yet, I highlight that, as a point of distinction from contemporary views about natural kinds, Plato subscribes to an intelligent-design, teleological framework, in which the natural world is the product of craft and, as a result, is structured such that it is good for it to be that way. In Plato’s Philebus, the character Socrates introduces a method of inquiry whose articulation of natural kinds enables it to confer expert knowledge, such as literacy. My paper contributes to an understanding of Plato’s view of natural kinds by interpreting this method in light of Plato’s teleological conception of nature. I argue that a human inquirer who uses the method identifies kinds with relational essences within a system causally related to the production of some unique craft-object, such as writing. As a result, I recast Plato’s place in the history of philosophy, including Plato’s view of the relation between the kinds according to the natural and social sciences. Whereas some are inclined to separate natural from social kinds, Plato holds the unique view that all naturalness is a social feature of kinds reflecting the role of intelligent agency.

MicroRNA annotation in plants: current status and challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxin Zhao ◽  
Zheng Kuang ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Xiaozeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mirna Biogenesis ◽  
Plant Mirnas ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Plant Mirna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mirna Biogenesis Pathway

Abstract Last two decades, the studies on microRNAs (miRNAs) and the numbers of annotated miRNAs in plants and animals have surged. Herein, we reviewed the current progress and challenges of miRNA annotation in plants. Via the comparison of plant and animal miRNAs, we pinpointed out the difficulties on plant miRNA annotation and proposed potential solutions. In terms of recalling the history of methods and criteria in plant miRNA annotation, we detailed how the major progresses made and evolved. By collecting and categorizing bioinformatics tools for plant miRNA annotation, we surveyed their advantages and disadvantages, especially for ones with the principle of mimicking the miRNA biogenesis pathway by parsing deeply sequenced small RNA (sRNA) libraries. In addition, we summarized all available databases hosting plant miRNAs, and posted the potential optimization solutions such as how to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in these databases. Finally, we discussed the challenges and perspectives of plant miRNA annotations, and indicated the possibilities offered by an all-in-one tool and platform according to the integration of artificial intelligence.

Advantages and disadvantages of main surgical approaches for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-354
Author(s):  
Dmitriy M. Il’in ◽  
Vladimir A. Makeev
Keyword(s):  
Radical Prostatectomy ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Robotic Assisted Surgery ◽  
History Of

The introduction of robotic-assisted surgery into clinical practice has opened up new possibilities for the surgical treatment of urological patients. Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is one of the most commonly performed robot-assisted surgery. The review is devoted to the main surgical approaches for RARP. An analysis of publications on this topic was carried out using the search engines of the scientific databases PubMed, Medscape, Google Scholar, eLibrary when writing the article The article presents an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the existing four access options for RARP: anterior, perineal, lateral and posterior, as well as oncological and functional outcomes of operations. It has been shown that a surgeon with different approaches can choose the most suitable one for a given clinical situation, focusing on the stage of the disease, the patients age, anatomical features of the prostate gland, the state of the patients erectile function, and the history of operations on the abdominal cavity and pelvic organs.

Pelestarian Terbitan Berkala Koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia dengan Metode Penjilidan “Malaysia”

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Damaji Ratmono
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
National Library ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Interviews ◽  
To Come ◽  
Insight Into

Preservation of library materials or library collections is an effort made so that library materials can be used by future generations. This paper describes the "Malaysian" binding method used by the Sub Division of Technical Binding Materials of the National Library of Indonesia in preserving the collection of periodicals such as tabloids and newspapers. Apart from that, this paper also describes some of the advantages and disadvantages seen in the use of the "Malaysian" method as well as the early history of using this method in preserving the collection of periodicals in the National Library of Indonesia. This writing aims to make readers, especially library managers, know and gain insight into the "Malaysian" binding method. This writing method is through descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Methods of data collection are carried out through the field research, interviews, and literature study. The results show that the National Library of Indonesia uses this method after studying it from Malaysia in May 1990. From observations it is also known that this method has several advantages, namely the binding result is stronger, the collection is more preserved, the binding can be assembled and has an aesthetic side. Meanwhile, the disadvantages of this binding method are that the process tends to be longer, more expensive, cannot be put on too many shelves because the collection will shift backwards, the pages tend to come off easily if the stitches are not strong enough, and can only be used in binding periodical collections.

scholarly journals Use of cadaver skin in the treatment of wounds

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-335
Author(s):  
A. V. Sachkov ◽  
N. V. Borovkova ◽  
E. A. Zhirkova ◽  
A. S. Mironov ◽  
V. S. Borisov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Donor Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Cadaver Skin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Decellularized Tissue ◽  
Material Conservation ◽  
Treatment Of Wounds ◽  
Tissue Grafts ◽  
Native Skin

The article has analyzed the world experience and main trends in the preparation of cadaveric skin for use in the treatment of patients with wounds of various etiologies. The history of the question is described from the first attempts of transplantation of the native skin to the creation of specialized banks of allogenic decellularized tissue grafts. Presented are the modern approaches of donor material conservation, specifically, to the principle and topical question: whether the viability of the cells should be preserved in the graft, or it is more efficient to transplant the skin devoid of cellular elements. The advantages and disadvantages of lyophilized grafts have been described, namely the possibility of longterm storage, but loss of elasticity, after rehydration. The methods of cryoconservation of cutaneous allografts, their properties, and acceptable methods of sterilization have been discussed. A perspective technology of graft decellularization has been assessed and the methodologies of their manufacturing have briefly been presented.

scholarly journals M. Mandelbaum and Historiography of Philosophy

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-244
Author(s):  
Marina N. Volf
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Philosophical Methodology ◽  
Philosophical Position ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Holistic Approaches ◽  
History Of

The views of M. Mandelbaum on the historiography of philosophy have undergone a certain evolution. The paper shows the epistemological foundations of Mandelbaum’s historical and philosophical position. From the standpoint of critical realism and its application to social sciences Mandelbaum shows the advantages and disadvantages of the monistic or holistic approaches, partial monisms and pluralism. He considers A. O. Lovejoy's history of ideas to be the most reasonable pluralistic conception, although its use as a historical and philosophical methodology is limited. Intellectual history, which replaced it, should be called a partial monism, however, according to Mandelbaum, it gets a number of advantages if it begins to use a pluralistic methodology. In this version of methodology, the history of philosophy and intellectual history can be identified. The paper also presents some objections of analytic philosophers against this identification.

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